Foundational Elements of Hajj

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Foundational elements of Hajj (Arabic: أركان الحج, romanized: arkān al-ḥajj) are a part of hajj rituals, intentional abandoning of them invalidates hajj. Although, there are different views about some of them, jurists agree that ihram, tawaf (circumambulation), staying in Arafat, staying in Mash'ar al-Haram and running between Safa and Marwa are among the foundational elements of hajj.


Foundational Elements of Hajj

Agreed Upon Elements

There is a disagreement about the number of foundational elements of hajj; but, all Shi'a jurists believe that ihram, tawaf (circumambulation), staying in Arafat, staying in Mash'ar al-Haram and running between Safa and Marwa are among the foundational elements of hajj.[1]

Elements about Which There is a Disagreement

There is a disagreement on whether some other hajj rituals are foundational elements[2] or not. They are as below:

  1. Intention
  2. Talbiya
  3. Order: which is to observe the order in foundational elements of hajj or observing the order between tawaf and Sa'y.


Attributes of Foundational Elements of Hajj

There are two differences between foundational elements and other non-foundational elements of hajj:

1- Hajj becomes invalidated by intentionally abandoning any of the foundational elements; except the two acts of staying (staying in Arafat and Mash'ar) and unintentional abandoning of both of them invalidates hajj as well.[3] But, abandoning non-foundational obligations in hajj, even if committed intentionally, does not invalidate hajj.[4]

2- According to the views of some jurists, if the one performing hajj misses one foundational element, he can hire a proxy only if returning to Mecca is impossible or difficult for him; but, if he misses a non-foundational element, he can hire a proxy in order to make it up for him in any case.[5]

Notes

  1. Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, vol. 18, p. 136.
  2. Muḥaqqiq al-Karakī, Jāmiʿ al-maqāṣid, vol. 3, p. 110; Shahīd al-Awwal, al-Durūs, vol. 1, p. 328- 329; Ṣaymarī, Ghāyat al-marām, vol. 1, p. 456; Kāshif al-ghitāʾ, Kashf al-ghitāʾ, vol. 4, p. 470- 471.
  3. Shahīd al-Awwal, al-Durūs, vol. 1, p. 328.
  4. Ḥillī, al-Muhadhdhab al-bāriʿ, vol. 2, p. 206; Ṣaymarī, Ghāyat al-marām, vol. 1, p. 456; Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, vol. 18, p. 136; Gulpāygānī, Kitāb al-hajj, vol. 1, p. 17.
  5. Ḥillī, al-Muhadhdhab al-bāriʿ, vol. 2, p. 206; Ṣaymarī, Ghāyat al-marām, vol. 1, p. 456.

References

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  • Gulpāygānī, Muḥammad Riḍā. Kitāb al-hajj. Qom: Dār al-Qurʾān al-Karīm, 1403 AH.
  • Ḥillī, Ibn Idrīs al-. Kitāb al-sarāʾir al-ḥāwī li taḥrīr al-fatāwī. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1410 AH.
  • Ḥillī, Ibn Fahd. Al-Muhadhdhab al-bāriʿ fī sharḥ al-mukhtaṣar al-nāfiʿ. Qom: Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1407 AH.
  • Ḥillī, Yaḥya b. Saʿīd. Al-Jāmiʿ li-Sharāʾiʿ. [n.p], Muʾassisa Sayyid al-Shuhadāʾ (a) ʿIlmiyya, 1405 AH.
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  • Ibn Ḥamza, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī. Al-Wasīla ilā nayl al-faḍīla. Qom: Kitābkhāna-yi Āyatollāh Marʿashī al-Najafī, 1408 AH.
  • Ibn Qudāma, ʿAbd Allāh. Al-Mughnī. Beirut: Cairo: Maktabat al-Qāhira, 1388 AH.
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  • Mishkinī, ʿAlī. Muṣṭalaḥāt al-fiqh. Qom: Al-Hādī, 1410 AH.
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  • Shahīd al-Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn b. ʿAlī. Masālik al-ifhām ilā tanqīh sharāyiʿ al-Islām. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Maʿārif al-Islāmīyya, 1413 AH.
  • Ṣaymarī, Mufliḥ b. Ḥasan al-. Ghāyat al-marām fī sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām. Qom: Dār al-Ḥādī, 1420 AH.