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Al-Jarh wa l-Ta'dil: Difference between revisions
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'''Jarḥ and ta'dīl''' (Arabic: {{ia|الجَرح و التَعدیل}}) or '''criticism and praise''' is a branch of, and a terminology in, [[hadith sciences]] concerning the evaluation and criteria of the reliability and unreliability of the transmitters of [[hadith]]s, and consequently, the acceptance or rejection of those hadiths. Understanding the meanings of the [[Qur'an]] and the [[ | '''Jarḥ and ta'dīl''' (Arabic: {{ia|الجَرح و التَعدیل}}) or '''criticism and praise''' is a branch of, and a terminology in, [[hadith sciences]] concerning the evaluation and criteria of the reliability and unreliability of the transmitters of [[hadith]]s, and consequently, the acceptance or rejection of those hadiths. Understanding the meanings of the [[Qur'an]] and the [[tradition]], which is obtained via [[reliable hadith]]s, depends on jarh and ta'dil, because the assessment of the reliability of the transmitters of hadiths is required for knowing reliable and unreliable hadiths. | ||
==The Meaning== | ==The Meaning== | ||
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===Righteousness=== | ===Righteousness=== | ||
Some scholars of hadiths maintain that righteousness is a psychological character that necessarily accompanies abstinence from committing [[ | Some scholars of hadiths maintain that righteousness is a psychological character that necessarily accompanies abstinence from committing [[major sins]], persisting on [[minor sins]], and doing things that are contrary to [[morality]]. According to some people, the righteousness of a transmitter of hadiths can be demonstrated by the [[testimony]] of a single person. Factors such as the transmitter being unspecified or unknown (al-majhul), as well as features such as him or her being an unbeliever and being immature, and things such as insanity, heresy, lying, immorality, and wrong actions demonstrate that a transmitter of hadiths is not righteous. | ||
===Accuracy=== | ===Accuracy=== | ||
By accuracy ( | By accuracy (ḍabṭ), scholars of hadith mean the ability of a transmitter of hadiths to memorize or keep what they have heard in such a way that is immune to doubts, as well as apprehending the content of the hadith in a way that it cannot be confused with anything else. The transmitter of hadiths should practice accuracy from the time he or she hears the [[hadith]] until they transmit it to other people. This is not to say that the transmitter should never make mistakes in the transmission of hadiths, since this is normally impossible; rather this is to say that he or she should make only few mistakes and should not be careless. | ||
===Religious Tendency=== | ===Religious Tendency=== | ||
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==Succinct and Elaborated Types of Jarh and Ta'dil== | ==Succinct and Elaborated Types of Jarh and Ta'dil== | ||
Jarh and ta'dil are either succinct and vague or elaborated. In the former case, the person who expresses jarh or ta'dil does so in outline and in general terms; for example, by saying that such and such a person is reliable ( | Jarh and ta'dil are either succinct and vague or elaborated. In the former case, the person who expresses jarh or ta'dil does so in outline and in general terms; for example, by saying that such and such a person is reliable ({{ia|الثقه}}, al-thiqa), truthful, liar, or accused of wrong doings ({{ia|المتهم}}, al-muttaham), and in the latter case, the reason for jarh or ta'dil is clearly elaborated as well. | ||
===The Credibility of the Succinct Type of Jarh and Ta’dil=== | ===The Credibility of the Succinct Type of Jarh and Ta’dil=== | ||
There are discussions in books of [[diraya]] regarding the credibility of these two types of jarh and ta'dil. There are seven views about this. The popular view among the [[ | There are discussions in books of [[diraya]] regarding the credibility of these two types of jarh and ta'dil. There are seven views about this. The popular view among the [[Shi'a]]s and the Sunnis is that a general, succinct ta'dil is acceptable, but jarh cannot be accepted unless its reasons are elaborated. | ||
==Terms for Jarh and Ta'dil== | ==Terms for Jarh and Ta'dil== | ||
There are two types of terms for jarh and ta'dil: words and phrases. | There are two types of terms for jarh and ta'dil: words and phrases. | ||
Words of jarh and ta'dil are either simple terms such as [[reliable | Words of jarh and ta'dil are either simple terms such as [[reliable hadith|reliable]], "truthful" ({{ia|الصدوق}}, al-saduq), "well-reputed" ({{ia|الوجه}}, al-wajh), or complex terms such as having "appropriate hadith" ({{ia|صالح الحدیث}}, salih al-hadith), "bad in memorizing" ({{ia|سیّئ الحفظ}}, sayyi' al-hifz), and with unknown or "denied hadith" ({{ia|منکر الحدیث}}, munkar al-hadith). | ||
Phrases of jarh and ta'dil are sentences used to express jarh or ta'dil of a transmitter of hadiths, such as "yuktab hadithuh" (his hadith is written), or "yunzar fih" (there are considerations about him), and the like. | Phrases of jarh and ta'dil are sentences used to express jarh or ta'dil of a transmitter of hadiths, such as "yuktab hadithuh" (his hadith is written), or "yunzar fih" (there are considerations about him), and the like. | ||
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===Levels of Ta'dil=== | ===Levels of Ta'dil=== | ||
The first level of ta'dil is the one which is expressed by the use of verbs that denote excellence or superiority, and the next level is the one that is expressed with emphasis. The third level is to express a | The first level of ta'dil is the one which is expressed by the use of verbs that denote excellence or superiority, and the next level is the one that is expressed with emphasis. The third level is to express a person's reliability with ordinary phrases. Then there are transmitters of hadith about whom it is said: "truthful", "trusted" ({{ia|المأمون}}, al-ma'mun), "no problem with him", and then there are transmitters of hadith about whom no phrases are used that specifically express their reliability or unreliability. Finally, there are people who have transmitted very few hadith, and so, it is not known whether they are reliable or not. | ||
The majority of scholars of hadiths take the first four groups to be reliable and permit appealing to their hadiths, and they take hadiths transmitted by the fifth group to be acceptable only after more examination, because it is not known whether they are accurate. And hadiths transmitted by the sixth group are said to be of a still lower credibility. | The majority of scholars of hadiths take the first four groups to be reliable and permit appealing to their hadiths, and they take hadiths transmitted by the fifth group to be acceptable only after more examination, because it is not known whether they are accurate. And hadiths transmitted by the sixth group are said to be of a still lower credibility. | ||
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In the majority of early Shiite books of [[rijal]], reliable transmitters of hadiths are not distinguished from unreliable ones, except in the works of [[al-'Allama al-Hilli]] and [[Ibn Dawud al-Hilli]]. | In the majority of early Shiite books of [[rijal]], reliable transmitters of hadiths are not distinguished from unreliable ones, except in the works of [[al-'Allama al-Hilli]] and [[Ibn Dawud al-Hilli]]. | ||
[[fa:جرح و تعدیل]] | ==References== | ||
*The material for this article is mainly taken from {{ia|[[:fa:جرح و تعدیل|جرح و تعدیل]]}} in Farsi WikiShia. | |||
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[[fa:جرح و تعدیل]] | |||
[[Category:Rijal terminology]] | |||