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'''Goliath (Jālūt)''' (Arabic: {{ia|جالوت}}) is the name of a powerful Palestinian warrior defeated by Prophet [[David (a)]]. The name "Jalut" is mentioned in the noble [[Qur'an]] three times in the story of the battle between [[Palestine|Palestinians]] and [[Israelites]]. It has been narrated with more details in the [[Old Testament]], where Jalut is referred to as Goliath. The victory of Prophet David (a) reminds that at war, the victory belongs to the faithful and [[God]] helps them, even though they are small regarding number and provisions. | '''Goliath (Jālūt)''' (Arabic: {{ia|جالوت}}) is the name of a powerful Palestinian warrior defeated by Prophet [[David (a)]]. The name "Jalut" is mentioned in the noble [[Qur'an]] three times in the story of the battle between [[Palestine|Palestinians]] and [[Israelites]]. It has been narrated with more details in the [[Old Testament]], where Jalut is referred to as Goliath. The victory of Prophet David (a) reminds that at war, the victory belongs to the faithful and [[God]] helps them, even though they are small regarding number and provisions. | ||
== | == Its Terminology == | ||
In lexical and Islamic [[exegesis|exegetic]] sources, the word "Jalut" is considered non-Arabic, and it is said that [[Muslim]] scholars agree on it. In their linguistic researches about the Qur'an, some [[orientalist]]s studied the etymology of the word "Jalut". According to Josef Horovitz, a Jewish-German orientalist, this name is certainly related to the Hebrew word or the Aramaic word meaning wandering and exile, the fact that was common among the [[Jew]]s of [[Medina]]. | In lexical and Islamic [[exegesis|exegetic]] sources, the word "Jalut" is considered non-Arabic, and it is said that [[Muslim]] scholars agree on it. In their linguistic researches about the Qur'an, some [[orientalist]]s studied the etymology of the word "Jalut". According to Josef Horovitz, a Jewish-German orientalist, this name is certainly related to the Hebrew word or the Aramaic word meaning wandering and exile, the fact that was common among the [[Jew]]s of [[Medina]]. | ||
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The story of the battle between Talut and Goliath (Jalut) is mentioned in the noble [[Qur'an]] in brief and without details as the following: | The story of the battle between Talut and Goliath (Jalut) is mentioned in the noble [[Qur'an]] in brief and without details as the following: | ||
The prophet of [[Israelites]] at that time is mentioned [[Samuel]] in the Torah who chose [[Saul]] (Talut) as the king to fight Palestinians by the order of [[God]]. After Israelites made some objections to their prophet for his choice, finally accepted him as the king and under his command went to fight Goliath and his companions. On the way to the battlefield, after they passed a river which was a means of divine trial, most of the army of Talut expressed weakness against Goliath and his army and when the soldiers who remained loyal to Talut encountered Goliath and his army, asked God for patience and victory and thus conquered him by the [[will of God]] and [[David (a)]] killed Goliath. | The prophet of [[Israelites]] at that time is mentioned [[Samuel]] in the Torah who chose [[Saul]] (Talut) as the king to fight Palestinians by the order of [[God]]. After Israelites made some objections to their prophet for his choice, finally accepted him as the king and under his command went to fight Goliath and his companions. On the way to the battlefield, after they passed a river which was a means of divine trial, most of the army of Talut expressed weakness against Goliath and his army and when the soldiers who remained loyal to Talut encountered Goliath and his army, asked God for patience and victory and thus conquered him by the [[will of God]] and [[David (a)]] killed Goliath{{Enote|Refer to the [[Qur'an2]]: 247-251}}. | ||
== In Islamic Historical and Exegetic Sources == | == In Islamic Historical and Exegetic Sources == | ||
In Islamic historical and exegetic sources, there are points mentioned about Goliath. [['Ali b. Ibrahim al-Qummi]] considered him [[Coptic]], [[Dinwari]] mentioned him among the descendants of Walid b. Rayyan{{Enote| | In Islamic historical and exegetic sources, there are points mentioned about Goliath. [['Ali b. Ibrahim al-Qummi]] considered him [[Coptic]], [[Dinwari]] mentioned him among the descendants of Walid b. Rayyan{{Enote|Or Rayyan b. Walid, a contemporary [[pharaoh]] with the Prophet [[Moses (a)]] or the Prophet [[Joseph (a)]], based on contradictory information in the sources.}}, and [['Ali b. al-Husayn al-Mas'udi|al-Mas'udi]] mentioned his lineage as Jalut b. Malud b. Dabbal b. Hattan b. Faris{{Enote|"Ibn" literally means "son" in Arabic, whose abbreviated form is "b.".}}. [[Al-Tabari]] considered him among Amalek{{Enote|According to the Bible, Amalek was the first enemy that Israel encountered after the crossing of the Sea of Reeds.}} and mentioned Goliath (Jalut), the king of Amalek. Al-Mas'udi mentioned him from Berbers{{Enote|According to Britannica, Berber is any of the descendants of the pre-Arab inhabitants of North Africa. The Berbers live in scattered communities across Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Mali, Niger, and Mauretania.}} and [[Ibn Khaldun]] mentioned him from Canaanites{{Enote|According to livescience.com, the Canaanites were people who lived in the land of Canaan, an area which according to ancient texts may have included parts of modern-day Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan.}}. [[Al-Ya'qubi]] mentioned him as Goliath which is his Hebrew name and mentioned his height five cubits{{Enote|Acording to Collins dictionary, cubit is an ancient unit of linear measure, about 18-22 inches (45.4-55.5 cm); orig., the length of the arm from the end of the middle finger to the elbow.}}. Al-Tabari too described him a robust warrior. | ||
The story of the encounter between Israelites and Palestinians, especially the duel between Goliath and Prophet David (a) is reported in details in Islamic sources. It seems that these reports are typically influenced by Jews' reports of this story and entered historical and tafsir sources of [[Muslim]]s with additions and omissions and sometimes differences, while some of these reports have many differences with the Jewish narration. | The story of the encounter between Israelites and Palestinians, especially the duel between Goliath and Prophet David (a) is reported in details in Islamic sources. It seems that these reports are typically influenced by Jews' reports of this story and entered historical and tafsir sources of [[Muslim]]s with additions and omissions and sometimes differences, while some of these reports have many differences with the Jewish narration. | ||
== The Place of Killing Goliath == | == The Place of Killing Goliath == | ||
About the place of killing Goliath (Jalut), there are different reports in Islamic sources. | About the place of killing Goliath (Jalut), there are different reports in Islamic sources. Al-Mas'udi mentioned Beit She'an{{Enote|Currently, this city is located in the northern district of Israel.}} as the place the battle took place. [[Ibn 'Asakir]] mentioned "Qasr Umm Hakim" near "Marj al-Sufr", in the suburb of Damascus, the place where Goliath was killed. Dabbagh mentioned the place of that event, a village in southwest of [[Bethlehem]] which is now called "Khirbit al-Shawika". The naming of a region as "Ain Jalut" which is a village between "Beit She'an" and "Nablus" in [[Palestine]] is considered to be related with the battle of David (a) and Goliath. | ||
== David's Triumph, a Symbol of the Victory of the Faithful == | == David's Triumph, a Symbol of the Victory of the Faithful == | ||
In Islamic sources, the [[Qur'an]] | In Islamic sources, with reference to the [[Qur'an]], the [[miracle|miraculous]] triumph of David (a) over Goliath and thus a great victory of [[Israelites]] over Palestinians indicates that at war, the victory belongs to the faithful whom [[God]] helps; even though they are small in number and provisions{{Enote|Those who were certain that they would encounter Allah said, ‘How many a small party has overcome a larger party by Allah’s will!/[[Quran2]]:249}}. In the same way, the companions of the holy [[Prophet (s)]] in the [[battle of Badr]] are likened to the number of the faithful in the battle between the army of [[Talut]] and Jalut and the number of Muslims in this battle is considered the same as the number of the soldiers of Talut. | ||
Also, [[Jabir b. 'Abd Allah Ansari]], the [[companion of the Prophet (s)]] likened the killing of [['Amr b. 'Abdwadd]] by [[Imam Ali (a)]] in the [[battle of Ahzab]] to the story of Goliath and David (a). [[Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi | Also, [[Jabir b. 'Abd Allah Ansari]], the [[companion of the Prophet (s)]] likened the killing of [['Amr b. 'Abdwadd]] by [[Imam Ali (a)]] in the [[battle of Ahzab]] to the story of Goliath and David (a). [[Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi]] in his ''[[Mathnawi]]'' too, mentioned the battle between David (a) and Goliath in brief. | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
*The material for this article is mainly taken from {{ia|[[:fa:جالوت|جالوت]]}} in Farsi WikiShia. | *The material for this article is mainly taken from {{ia|[[:fa:جالوت|جالوت]]}} in Farsi WikiShia. | ||
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