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| {{Caliphs}} | | {{Caliphs}} |
| {{Imam al-Kazim (a)}} | | {{Imam al-Kazim (a)}} |
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| [[fa:هادی عباسی]]
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| [[ar:الهادي العباسي]]
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| [[ur:ہادی عباسی]]
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| [[id:Al-Hadi al-Abbasi]]
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| {{Infobox Ruler
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| | title = Al-Hadi al-'Abbasi
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| | known for = 4th 'Abbasid Caliph
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| | image =
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| | caption =
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| | Name = Musa b. Mahdi b. Mansur
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| | Kunya = Abu Ja'far or Abu Muhammad
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| | Epithet = al-Hadi al-'Abbasi
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| | Birth = [[145]]/762
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| | Death = [[170]]/786
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| | Father = [[Al-Mahdi al-'Abbasi]]
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| | Mother =
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| | Children = Ja'far
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| | Spouse(s) =
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| | Religion =
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| | Burial Place = <!--also use {{coord| |N| |E|display=inline}}-->
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| | Dynasty = [[Abbasids]]
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| | Area of Governance =
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| | Reign = 14 months
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| | Contemporary with = [[Imam al-Kazim (a)]]
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| | Capital =
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| | Activities = Suppression of the [[Uprising of Fakhkh]]
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| | Remnants =
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| | Predecessor = al-Mahdi al-'Abbasi
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| | Successor = [[Harun al-Rashid]]
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| }}
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| '''Mūsā b. Mahdi b. Manṣūr''' titled as '''al-Hādi al-'Abbāsi''' (b. [[145]]/762 - d. [[170]]/786) was the fourth [[Abbasid]] [[caliph]]. Al-Hadi al-'Abbasi ruled about 14 months. During his rule, [['Alids]] were under surveillance and their allowances were cut. During the rule of al-Hadi al-'Abbasi, [[Sahib Fakhkh]] made an uprising in [[Medina]] which was suppressed by him. He considered [[Imam al-Kazim (a)]] the main cause of provoking 'Alids in the [[Uprising of Fakhkh]]; and thus, he decided to kill Imam al-Kazim (a), but he died before committing that.
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| Al-Hadi al-'Abbasi wanted to appoint his small son (Ja'far) as the crown prince instead of [[Harun al-Rashid]], but he could not. He followed the policy of his father, [[al-Mahdi al-'Abbasi]] in standing against [[Zindiqs]] (non believers) and killed many of them. After him, his brother Harun al-Rashid acceded to [[caliphate]].
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| == Life ==
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| Musa b. Mahdi b. Mansur b. Muhammad b. Ali b. 'Abbas titled as al-Hadi was the fourth [['Abbasid]] [[caliph]]. His teknonym ([[kunya]]) was Abu Ja'far<ref>Masʿūdī, ''al-Tanbīh wa l-Ishrāf'', p. 297.</ref> or Abu Muhammad<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil'', vol. 6, p. 101; Ibn Qutayba, ''al-Maʿārif'', p. 381.</ref> and was born of a female servant called Khayzaran.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 3, p. 324.</ref> He acceded to caliphate at the age of 25 in [[Muharram]] [[169]]/786.<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 10, p. 157.</ref> He was the youngest caliph until that time.<ref>Ṭaqūsh, ''Dawlat-i ʿabbāsīyān'', p. 91.</ref>
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| He was very dear to his father<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 10, p. 159.</ref> and was appointed as the first crown prince by his father at the age of 16 and was chosen as the leader of the army.<ref>Khiḍrī, ''Tārīkh-i khalāfat-i ʿabbāsīyān'', p. 51.</ref> Toward the end of his life, al-Mahdi decided to replace al-Hadi with his other son, Harun, but he died before doing so.<ref>Ṭaqūsh, ''Dawlat-i ʿabbāsīyān'', p. 91.</ref> At the time of Mahdi's death, al-Hadi was in [[Jurjan]]<ref>Ibn Qutayba, ''al-Maʿārif'', p. 380; Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 10, p. 157.</ref> and was fighting with the people of [[Tabaristan]];<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 8, p. 187; Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 6, p. 87.</ref> therefore, his brother Harun gave [[allegiance]] to him at the very same day of al-Mahdi's death<ref>Ibn al-Jawzī, ''al-Muntaẓam'', vol. 8, p. 305.</ref> and took the allegiance of the great Abbasid chiefs and commanders of the army for him.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 3, p. 324; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 404.</ref>
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| Al-Hadi decided to transfer crown princehood from his brother Harun to his 7 year old son,<ref>Ibn Ḥazm, ''Jumhurat ansāb al-ʿarab'', p. 23.</ref> Ja'far;<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 3, p. 333; Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 10, p. 158.</ref> and made a lot of efforts in that way,<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 6, p. 96.</ref> and since Ja'far was very young, al-Hadi tried to put pressure on Harun and convince him to resign himself. So, Harun escaped from the capital and did not return there until the end of his brother's life.<ref>Ṭaqūsh, ''Dawlat-i ʿabbāsīyān'', p. 94.</ref>
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| He was physically strong.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''al-Tanbīh wa l-Ishrāf'', p. 297.</ref> He was famous for his bravery and talent in government and [[generosity]]. However, he was cruel, daring and zealous.<ref>Ṭaqūsh, ''Dawlat-i ʿabbāsīyān'', p. 91.</ref> Because of a defect he had in his lips, he was also known as "Musa Atbaq".<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 6, p. 101.</ref> He was interested in literature and history and loved songs very much.<ref>Ṭaqūsh, ''Dawlat-i ʿabbāsīyān'', p. 92.</ref>
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| === Death ===
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| He ruled for about one year and two months and died in [[Baghdad]]<ref>Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, ''al-Futūḥ'', vol. 8, p. 372.</ref> at the age of 25<ref>Masʿūdī, ''al-Tanbīh wa l-Ishrāf'', p. 297.</ref> or 26 in 170/786.<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 6, p. 101; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 406.</ref> Some considered his death due to illness and some others mentioned that he was killed in sleep by the order of his mother due to family disputes, by one of the female servants.<ref>Ibn Miskawayh, ''Tajārub al-umam'', vol. 3, p. 488.</ref> His brother Harun performed [[Funeral Prayer|prayer]] upon him and he was buried in 'Isa Abad.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 8, p. 205; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 406.</ref>
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| {{'Abbasi Dynasty}}
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| == Encounter with 'Alids ==
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| Al-Hadi al-'Abbasi was harsh on 'Alids and treated them cruelly. He cut all their allowances which were assigned for them at the time of al-Mahdi al-'Abbasi.<ref>Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, ''al-Aghānī'', vol. 5, p. 6.</ref> [[Abu l-Faraj al-Isfahani]] mentioned these actions because of the fear from 'Alids' uprising against al-Hadi.<ref>Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, ''al-Aghānī'', vol. 5, p. 6.</ref>
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| He ordered his agents to watch all 'Alids' activities, put some spies among them<ref>Ṭaqūsh, ''Dawlat-i ʿabbāsīyān'', p. 92.</ref> and made an order about them through his agents to go to Dar al-Imara and register their presence.<ref>Jāsim Ḥusayn, ''Tārīkh-i sīyāsī-yi ghaybat'', p. 67.</ref>
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| === Suppression of the Uprising of Fakhkh ===
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| {{main|Uprising of Fakhkh}}
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| In the first days of al-Hadi's government, [['Alids]] of [[Hijaz]] led by [[Sahib Fakhkh]] made an uprising in [[Medina]]<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 3, p. 326; Bilādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 3, p. 136; Maqdisī, ''al-Bidaʾ wa l-tārīkh'', vol. 6, p. 99.</ref> and were heavily defeated by the government. In this battle, many of 'Alids and Sahib Fakhkh's companions were killed.<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 10, p. 157; Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, ''Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn'', p. 365.</ref> Al-Hadi's harsh encounter made the situation in Hijaz difficult for 'Alids. To free from this situation, they turned to one of the chiefs of 'Alids known as Ali b. Husayn b. Hasan and urged him to make an uprising.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 404.</ref> However, some believe that he looked for an opportunity to take the power since many years ago, considered it among the rights of 'Alids and looked for an opportunity to make an uprising; and that the oppression of al-Hadi toward 'Alids gave him the opportunity for uprising.<ref>Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, ''Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn'', p. 372.</ref> In any case, he found the opportunity to make an uprising<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 10, p. 157.</ref> and began his movement in [[169]]/786. He first took over Medina and released the prisoners<ref>Ibn al-Ṭaqṭqaī, ''al-Fakhrī'', p. 189.</ref> and imprisoned Abbasid agents<ref>Khiḍrī, ''Tārīkh-i khalāfat-i ʿabbāsīyān'', p. 52.</ref> and made [[Masjid al-Nabi]] his command center. Then, he moved toward [[Mecca]] and camped in a valley called Fakh, six mils from Mecca.<ref>Ibn al-Ṭaqṭqaī, ''al-Fakhrī'', p. 190.</ref> People of Mecca did not accept his invitation. At that time, Abbasid army led by 'Isa b. Musa<ref>Maqdisī, ''al-Bidaʾ wa l-tārīkh'', vol. 6, p. 99.</ref> arrived in the region and after engaging in a battle, Husayn and his companions were defeated and killed.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 3, p. 326-327; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 8, p. 192-204.</ref> This event became famous as the event of Fakh in the history and Husayn became known as Shahid Fakhkh (the martyr of Fakhkh) or Sahib Fakhkh.<ref>Ṭaqūsh, ''Dawlat-i ʿabbāsīyān'', p. 93.</ref> After the [[Battle of Karbala]], this event was considered the most heart-wrenching events for 'Alids and many laments were composed about it.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 3, p. 327.</ref>
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| == Treating Imam al-Kazim (a) ==
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| After the event of Fakhkh, al-Hadi al-'Abbasi accused [[Imam al-Kazim (a)]] of provoking revolutionaries and considered him the chief blameworthy person for the uprising of 'Alids in the event of Fakhkh. So, he was very angry and decided to arrest and kill Imam (a), but he died before he could implement his decision.<ref>Jāsim Ḥusayn, ''Tārīkh-i sīyāsī-yi ghaybat'', p. 67.</ref>
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| == Continuing the Policy of Standing against Zindiqs ==
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| The same as his father, al-Hadi hated [[Zindiqs]] (non believers) and followed his father's policy in chasing and punishing them.<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 10, p. 157.</ref> So, he killed a group of them<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 6, p. 89.</ref> including Yazdan b. Badhan and 'Ali b. Yaqtin<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 8, p. 190.</ref> and also a group of them who had made an uprising in Jazira region.<ref>Khiḍrī, ''Tārīkh-i khalāfat-i ʿabbāsīyān'', p. 52.</ref>
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| ==Notes==
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| {{Notes}}
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| ==References==
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| {{ref}}
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| *Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn. ''al-Aghānī''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1994.
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| *Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn. ''Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn''. Edited by Sayyid Aḥmad Ṣaqar. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
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| *Bilādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. ''Ansāb al-ashrāf''. Edited by Suhayl Zakār & Riyāḍ al-Ziriklī. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
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| *Ibn al-Jawzī, ʿAbd al-Raḥman b. ʿAlī. ''Al-Muntaẓam fī tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk''. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭāʾ & Muṣṭafā ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭāʾ. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1412 AH.
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| *Ibn al-Ṭaqṭqaī, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī. ''Al-Fakhrī''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Qādir Muḥammad Māyū. Beirut: Dār al-Qalam al-ʿArabī, 1418 AH.
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| *Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, Aḥmad. ''Al-Futūḥ''. Edited by ʿAlī Shīrī. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, 1411 AH.
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| *Ibn Athīr, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad. ''Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh''. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, 1965.
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| *Ibn Ḥazm. ''Jumhurat ansāb al-ʿarab''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1403 AH.
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| *Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, [n.d].
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| *Ibn Miskawayh, Abū ʿAlī. ''Tajārub al-umam''. Edited by Abū l-Qāsim Imāmī. Tehran: Surūsh, 1379 Sh.
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| *Ibn Qutayba, ʿAbd Allah b. Muslim. ''Al-Maʿārif''. Edited by Tharwat ʿAkāsha. Second edition. Cairo: al-Hiyʾa al-Miṣrīyya al-ʿĀmma li-l-Kitāb, 1992.
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| *Jāsim Ḥusayn. ''Tārīkh-i sīyāsī-yi ghaybat-i Imām dawāzdahum''. Edited by Muḥammad Taqī Āyatollāhī. Tehran: Amīr Kabīr, 1376 Sh.
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| *Khiḍrī, Sayyid Aḥmad Riḍā. ''Tārīkh-i khalāfat-i ʿabbāsīyān''. Terhan: Samt, 1383 Sh.
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| *Maqdisī, Muṭahhar b. Ṭāhir al-. ''Al-Bidaʾ wa l-tārīkh''. Beirut: Maktabat al-Thiqāfa al-Dīnīyya, [n.d].
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| *Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Al-Tanbīh wa l-Ishrāf''. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh Ismāʿīl al-Ṣāwī. Cairo: Dār al-Ṣāwī, [n.d].
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| *Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Murūj al-dhahab''. Edited by Asʿad Dāghir. Qom: Dār al-Hijra, 1409 AH.
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| *Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk''. Edited by Muḥammad Abū l-Faḍl Ibrāhīm. Beirut: Dār al-Turāth, 1387 AH.
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| *Ṭaqūsh, Suhayl. ''Dawlat-i ʿabbāsīyān''. Translated to Farsi by Ḥujjat Allāh Jūdakī. Qom: Pazhūhishkada-yi Ḥawza wa Dānishgāh, 1380 Sh.
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| *Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī''. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, [n.d].
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| {{end}}
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| {{Caliphs}}
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| {{Imam al-Kazim (a)}}
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| <onlyinclude>{{Editorial Box
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| [[fa:هادی عباسی]]
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| [[ar:الهادي العباسي]]
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| [[ur:ہادی عباسی]]
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| [[id:Al-Hadi al-Abbasi]]
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| [[Category:Abbasid caliphs]] | | [[Category:Abbasid caliphs]] |
