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Imam Ja'far b. Muhammad al-Sadiq (a): Difference between revisions
Imam Ja'far b. Muhammad al-Sadiq (a) (view source)
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'''Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn (a)''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|جعفر بن محمد بن علي بن الحسین}}), (b. [[83]]/[[702 CE|702]] – d. [[148]]/[[765 CE|765]]) known as '''Imām al-Ṣādiq (a)''' ({{ia|الإمام الصادق}}), is the sixth [[Imam]] of [[Imamiyya]] and the fifth Imam of [[Isam'ilis]]. His Imamate lasted | '''Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn (a)''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|جعفر بن محمد بن علي بن الحسین}}), (b. [[83]]/[[702 CE|702]] – d. [[148]]/[[765 CE|765]]) known as '''Imām al-Ṣādiq (a)''' ({{ia|الإمام الصادق}}), is the sixth [[Imam]] of [[Imamiyya]] and the fifth Imam of [[Isam'ilis]]. His Imamate lasted thirty-four (lunar) years ([[114]]/733 - 148/765) and was concurrent with the reign of the last five [[Umayyad caliphs]] (that is, from [[Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik]] onwards) and with that of the first two [[Abbasid caliphs]], [[al-Saffah]] and [[al-Mansur al-Dawaniqi]]. Because of the weakness of the Umayyad rule at his time, Imam al-Sadiq (a) was able to have relatively wider scholarly activities. His companions, students, and those who quoted hadiths from him is said to have amounted to four-thousand people. Most of the hadiths of Ahl al-Bayt (a) recorded in Twelver Shiite hadith collections are from Imam al-Sadiq (a). This is why Imamiyya is called [[Ja'fari School]]. Imam al-Sadiq (a) has had a high status in the eyes of prominent [[Sunni]] scholars. [[Abu Hanifa]] and [[Malik b. Anas]] were among the people who quoted hadiths from him. | ||
Despite the weakness of the Umayyads and the requests from the Shi'a, Imam al-Sadiq (a) did not rise up against the caliphate. He rejected [[Abu Muslim al-Khurasani]] and Abu Salama, who asked him to become the caliph. He did not take part in the revolt of his uncle [[Zayd b. 'Ali]] either and discouraged the Shi'a from getting involved in any uprisings. However, he did not have good relations with the caliphs of his time either, and he had to do [[taqiyya]] (precautionary dissimulation) because of their persecution. | Despite the weakness of the Umayyads and the requests from the Shi'a, Imam al-Sadiq (a) did not rise up against the caliphate. He rejected [[Abu Muslim al-Khurasani]] and Abu Salama, who asked him to become the caliph. He did not take part in the revolt of his uncle [[Zayd b. 'Ali]] either and discouraged the Shi'a from getting involved in any uprisings. However, he did not have good relations with the caliphs of his time either, and he had to do [[taqiyya]] (precautionary dissimulation) because of their persecution. | ||
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== Wives and Children == | == Wives and Children == | ||
[[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] has listed | [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] has listed ten children for him:<ref>See: Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 209.</ref> | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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'''Burning the House of Imam al-Sadiq (a)''' | '''Burning the House of Imam al-Sadiq (a)''' | ||
According to a report, when al-Hasan b. Zayd was the governor of Mecca and Medina, he set fire to the house of Imam Sadiq (a). In the fire, the door and the corridor of the house burned. The Imam (a) came out of the house crossing the fire saying, "I am the son of the Roots of the Earth [i.e., Isma'il (a)]; I am the son of Ibrahim, God's Friend."<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 473.</ref> | According to a report, when al-Hasan b. Zayd was the governor of Mecca and Medina, he set fire to the house of Imam Sadiq (a). In the fire, the door and the corridor of the house burned. The Imam (a) came out of the house crossing the fire saying, "I am the son of the Roots of the Earth [i.e., Isma'il (a)]; I am the son of Ibrahim, God's Friend."<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 473.</ref> | ||
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There are many reports about the moral characteristics of Imam al-Sadiq (a), including his [[asceticism]], [[generosity]], abundant worship, and [[recitation of the Quran]].<ref>Irbilī, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', vol. 2, p. 691.</ref> [[Malik b. Anas]], the head of the Maliki school of jurisprudence reports that during the time he used to visit Imam al-Sadiq (a), the Imam (a) was always in one of the three states: praying, fasting, or saying [[dhikr]].<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 47, p. 16.</ref> | There are many reports about the moral characteristics of Imam al-Sadiq (a), including his [[asceticism]], [[generosity]], abundant worship, and [[recitation of the Quran]].<ref>Irbilī, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', vol. 2, p. 691.</ref> [[Malik b. Anas]], the head of the Maliki school of jurisprudence reports that during the time he used to visit Imam al-Sadiq (a), the Imam (a) was always in one of the three states: praying, fasting, or saying [[dhikr]].<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 47, p. 16.</ref> | ||
It is reported that the Imam (a) gave four hundred dirhams to a beggar, and when he thanked the Imam (a), he (a) gave him his ring which was worth | It is reported that the Imam (a) gave four hundred dirhams to a beggar, and when he thanked the Imam (a), he (a) gave him his ring which was worth ten thousand dirhams.<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 47, p. 61.</ref> According to another report, the Imam would put some bread, meat, and money in a bag and would take it to the houses of the poor and divide it among them, without letting them know who he was.<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 8.</ref> Abu Ja'far al-Khath'ami reports that Imam al-Sadiq (a) gave him a bag of money and asked him to give it to someone from Banu Hashim without telling him from where the money was coming. When Abu Ja'far gave the money to that man, he prayed for the sender and told him that this person always sends him money, but Imam al-Sadiq (a) never sends him anything even though he is rich!<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 273.</ref> | ||
==Travel to Iraq== | ==Travel to Iraq== | ||
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== Companions, Students, and Transmitters of Hadiths == | == Companions, Students, and Transmitters of Hadiths == | ||
In his ''[[Al-Rijal (al-Tusi) (book)|Rijal]]'', [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] have mentioned the name of 3200 people as the transmitters of [[hadiths]] from Imam al-Sadiq (a).<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Ikhtīyār maʿrifat al-rijāl'', vol. 2, p. 419-679.</ref> [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] in ''[[al-Irshad]]'' extended the count of his transmitters to | In his ''[[Al-Rijal (al-Tusi) (book)|Rijal]]'', [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] have mentioned the name of 3200 people as the transmitters of [[hadiths]] from Imam al-Sadiq (a).<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Ikhtīyār maʿrifat al-rijāl'', vol. 2, p. 419-679.</ref> [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] in ''[[al-Irshad]]'' extended the count of his transmitters to four thousand.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 254.</ref> It is said that [[Ibn 'Uqda]], have mentioned names of four thousand transmitters in a book about the students of Imam al-Sadiq (a).<ref>Qummī, ''al-Kinā wa l-alqāb'', vol. 1, p. 358.</ref> | ||
Most of [[al-Usul al-arba'ami'a]] were written by the students of Imam al-Sadiq (a)<ref>Pākatchī, "Jaʿfar Ṣādiq (a) Imām", p. 187.</ref> and most of [[People of Consensus]] were among his students.<ref>Pākatchī, "Jaʿfar Ṣādiq (a) Imām", p. 187.</ref> | Most of [[al-Usul al-arba'ami'a]] were written by the students of Imam al-Sadiq (a)<ref>Pākatchī, "Jaʿfar Ṣādiq (a) Imām", p. 187.</ref> and most of [[People of Consensus]] were among his students.<ref>Pākatchī, "Jaʿfar Ṣādiq (a) Imām", p. 187.</ref> | ||
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==Martyrdom== | ==Martyrdom== | ||
{{Map of al-Baqi'}} | {{Map of al-Baqi'}} | ||
His martyrdom is reported to have been in [[148]]/[[765 CE|765]] in Medina.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 180.</ref> Ibn Qutayba al-Dinawari has recorded his demise in 146 | His martyrdom is reported to have been in [[148]]/[[765 CE|765]] in Medina.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 180.</ref> Ibn Qutayba al-Dinawari has recorded his demise in 146/763-4,<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ''Al-Maʿārif'', 1992 CE, p. 215.</ref> which is considered an error.<ref>Pākatchī, " Imām Jaʿfar Ṣādiq (a)", p. 187.</ref> | ||
There is a disagreement about the day and the month of the martyrdom of Imam al-Sadiq (a). The famous viewpoint of earlier Shia scholars is that it was in Shawwal, but the day is not mentioned in earlier sources.{{cn}} However, later sources considered [[Shawwal 25]] ([[December 14]], [[765 CE|765]]) as the day of his martyrdom.<ref>Pākatchī, " Imām Jaʿfar Ṣādiq (a)", p. 187.</ref> In contrast to the famous viewpoint, it is quoted form ''[[Misbah al-Kaf'ami (book)|Misbah al-Kaf'ami]]'' in ''[[Bihar al-Anwar]]'' that Imam al-Sadiq (a) was martyred in [[Rajab 15]], but this report is not found in ''Misbah al-Kaf'ami''. <ref>See: Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', 1403 AH, vol. 47, p. 2.</ref> | There is a disagreement about the day and the month of the martyrdom of Imam al-Sadiq (a). The famous viewpoint of earlier Shia scholars is that it was in Shawwal, but the day is not mentioned in earlier sources.{{cn}} However, later sources considered [[Shawwal 25]] ([[December 14]], [[765 CE|765]]) as the day of his martyrdom.<ref>Pākatchī, " Imām Jaʿfar Ṣādiq (a)", p. 187.</ref> In contrast to the famous viewpoint, it is quoted form ''[[Misbah al-Kaf'ami (book)|Misbah al-Kaf'ami]]'' in ''[[Bihar al-Anwar]]'' that Imam al-Sadiq (a) was martyred in [[Rajab 15]], but this report is not found in ''Misbah al-Kaf'ami''. <ref>See: Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', 1403 AH, vol. 47, p. 2.</ref> | ||