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Fatwa: Difference between revisions
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==Meaning== | ==Meaning== | ||
Fatwa is the expression of the mujtahid's opinion on a religious ruling for informing his followers. Asking the jurist's opinion on a religious issue is called "istiftaʾ" [religious inquiry]. The one who issues fatwa is called a "mufti" and the person who receives the fatwa is called "mustafti". | Fatwa is the expression of the mujtahid's opinion on a religious ruling for informing his followers.<ref>Markaz-i Iṭilāʿāt wa Madārik-i Islāmī, ''Farhangnāma-yi usūl-i fiqh'', p. 600.</ref> Asking the jurist's opinion on a religious issue is called "istiftaʾ" [religious inquiry].<ref>ʿAmīd, ''Farhang-i ʿAmīd'', under the word "Fatwa''; Sajjādī, ''Farhang-i maʿārif-i Islāmī'', under the word "Istifta'".</ref> The one who issues fatwa is called a "mufti" and the person who receives the fatwa is called "mustafti".<ref>Shāhrūdī, ''Farhang-i fiqh'', vol. 5, p. 644.</ref> | ||
In [[jurisprudence|jurisprudential]] references, the rulings regarding fatwa are discussed in the chapter of [[ijtihad]] and [[taqlid]]. | In [[jurisprudence|jurisprudential]] references, the rulings regarding fatwa are discussed in the chapter of [[ijtihad]] and [[taqlid]].<ref>Shāhrūdī, ''Farhang-i fiqh'', vol. 5, p. 644.</ref> | ||
==Difference between Fatwa and Hukm [Ruling]== | ==Difference between Fatwa and Hukm [Ruling]== | ||
'''Jurists have mentioned some differences between fatwa and hukm including:''' | '''Jurists have mentioned some differences between fatwa and hukm including:''' | ||
* Fatwa is the expression of a general hukm [ruling]; e.g. drug use is forbidden for all people. But, the ruler's hukm is ordering or prohibiting a certain action; such as ruling the ban of a certain product. | * Fatwa is the expression of a general hukm [ruling]; e.g. drug use is forbidden for all people. But, the ruler's hukm is ordering or prohibiting a certain action; such as ruling the ban of a certain product.<ref>Makārim Shīrāzī, ''Dāʾirat al-maʿārif-i fiqh-i muqārin'', vol. 1, p. 437.</ref> | ||
* In fatwa, matching the religious ruling with the case and determining its subject is upon the [[mukallaf]], but matching the hukm with the case is upon the ruler, not mukallafs; such as the ruler's hukm about the [[sighting the crescent]] of the [[month of Ramadan]]. | * In fatwa, matching the religious ruling with the case and determining its subject is upon the [[mukallaf]], but matching the hukm with the case is upon the ruler, not mukallafs; such as the ruler's hukm about the [[sighting the crescent]] of the [[month of Ramadan]].<ref>Khoeī, ''Mabānī takmilat al-minhāj'', vol. 1, p. 3.</ref> | ||
* A mujtahid's fatwa is a binding proof only for his own followers; but, the religious ruler's hukm is not restricted to followers and is binding for all people; and even another mujtahid who is more learned than the [[religious ruler]] should follow his hukm as well. | * A mujtahid's fatwa is a binding proof only for his own followers; but, the religious ruler's hukm is not restricted to followers and is binding for all people;<ref>Makārim Shīrāzī, ''Dāʾirat al-maʿārif-i fiqh-i muqārin'', vol. 1, p. 437.</ref> and even another mujtahid who is more learned than the [[religious ruler]] should follow his hukm as well.<ref>Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, ''al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā'', vol. 1, p. 23; Gharawī Tabrīzī, ''al-Ijtihād wa l-taqlīd'', vol. 1, p. 388.</ref> | ||
==Sources of Issuing Fatwa== | ==Sources of Issuing Fatwa== | ||
{{Main|The Four Sources}} | {{Main|The Four Sources}} | ||
Fatwa is binding only if it is based on a valid shar'i proof; otherwise, acting based on it is forbidden. A valid shar'i proof can be acquired from [[four sources]]: | Fatwa is binding only if it is based on a valid shar'i proof; otherwise, acting based on it is forbidden.<ref>Shāhrūdī, ''Farhang-i fiqh'', vol. 5, p. 644.</ref> A valid shar'i proof can be acquired from [[four sources]]: | ||
* '''The Qur'an:''' about 500 [[verses]] of around 6 thousand verses of the Qur'an (about one thirteenth) are about religious rulings. However, according to the view of [[Muhammad Hadi Ma'rifat]], deduction of religious rulings is not limited to these 500 verses. | * '''The Qur'an:''' about 500 [[verses]] of around 6 thousand verses of the Qur'an (about one thirteenth) are about religious rulings.<ref>Fāḍil Miqdād, ''Kanz al-ʿirfān fī fiqh al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 5.</ref> However, according to the view of [[Muhammad Hadi Ma'rifat]], deduction of religious rulings is not limited to these 500 verses.<ref>Maʿrifat, ''Tafsīr wa mufassirān'', vol. 2, p. 228.</ref> | ||
* '''Tradition:''' which includes the speech, act and silent of the [[Infallible Ones (a)]] [indicating their approval]. Shia consider the life conduct of the [[Prophet (s)]] and [[Imams (a)]] as binding proofs; but, Sunnis only consider the [[conduct of the Prophet (s)]] as the binding proof. | * '''Tradition:''' which includes the speech, act and silent of the [[Infallible Ones (a)]] [indicating their approval].<ref>Muṭahharī, ''Kullīyāt-i ʿulūm-i Islāmī: usūl-i fiqh wa fiqh'', vol. 3, p. 17.</ref> Shia consider the life conduct of the [[Prophet (s)]] and [[Imams (a)]] as binding proofs; but, Sunnis only consider the [[conduct of the Prophet (s)]] as the binding proof.<ref>Markaz-i Iṭilāʿt wa Madārik-i Islāmī, ''Farhangnāma-yi usūl-i fiqh'', vol. 1, p. 131.</ref> | ||
* '''Consensus:''' It is agreement of religious scholars over an issue. In the view of Shi'a, consensus is binding if it indicates the view of the Prophet (s) or Imams (a). | * '''Consensus:''' It is agreement of religious scholars over an issue.<ref>Muṭahharī, ''Kullīyāt-i ʿulūm-i Islāmī: usūl-i fiqh wa fiqh'', vol. 3, p. 20.</ref> In the view of Shi'a, consensus is binding if it indicates the view of the Prophet (s) or Imams (a). <ref>Gurjī, ''Tārīkh-i fiqh wa fuqahā'', p. 68.</ref> | ||
* '''Intellect:''' Intellectual reason or rule by which acquisition of a shar'i ruling becomes possible. However, [[Akhbarism|akhbari]] people do not consider intellect as a valid source for deduction of shar'i rulings. | * '''Intellect:''' Intellectual reason or rule by which acquisition of a shar'i ruling becomes possible.<ref>Kalāntarī, ''Maṭāriḥ al-anẓār'', vol. 2, p. 319.</ref> However, [[Akhbarism|akhbari]] people do not consider intellect as a valid source for deduction of shar'i rulings.<ref>Muṭahharī, ''Kullīyāt-i ʿulūm-i Islāmī: usūl-i fiqh wa fiqh'', vol. 3, p. 22.</ref> | ||
==Qualifications of a Mufti== | ==Qualifications of a Mufti== | ||
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* Faqīh Baḥr al-ʿUlūm, Muḥammad Mahdī. ''Zīyāratgāh-hā-yi Irāq''. Tehran: Sāzmān-i Ḥajj wa Ziārat, 1393 Sh. | * Faqīh Baḥr al-ʿUlūm, Muḥammad Mahdī. ''Zīyāratgāh-hā-yi Irāq''. Tehran: Sāzmān-i Ḥajj wa Ziārat, 1393 Sh. | ||
* Gharawī Tabrīzī, Alī . ''Al-Ijtihād wa l-taqlīd''. Qom: Dār al-Hādī, 1410 AH. | * Gharawī Tabrīzī, Alī . ''Al-Ijtihād wa l-taqlīd''. Qom: Dār al-Hādī, 1410 AH. | ||
* Gurjī, Abu l-Qāsim. Tārīkh-i fiqh wa fuqahā. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Samt, 1379 Sh. | * Gurjī, Abu l-Qāsim. ''Tārīkh-i fiqh wa fuqahā''. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Samt, 1379 Sh. | ||
* Ḥillī, Jaʿfar b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Maʿārij al-uṣūl''. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt, 1423 AH. | * Ḥillī, Jaʿfar b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Maʿārij al-uṣūl''. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt, 1423 AH. | ||
* Ḥillī, Jaʿfar b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Mukhtalaf al-Shīʿa fī aḥkām al-sharīʿa''. Qom: Jāmiʿat al-Mudarrisīn, 1413 AH. | * Ḥillī, Jaʿfar b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Mukhtalaf al-Shīʿa fī aḥkām al-sharīʿa''. Qom: Jāmiʿat al-Mudarrisīn, 1413 AH. | ||
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* Markaz-i Iṭilāʿt wa Madārik-i Islāmī. ''Farhangnāma-yi usūl-i fiqh''. Qom: Pazhūhishgāh-i ʿUlūm wa Farhang Islāmī, 1389 sh. | * Markaz-i Iṭilāʿt wa Madārik-i Islāmī. ''Farhangnāma-yi usūl-i fiqh''. Qom: Pazhūhishgāh-i ʿUlūm wa Farhang Islāmī, 1389 sh. | ||
* Muqaddas Ardibīlī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. ''Majmaʿ al-fāʾida wa l-burhān fī sharḥ irshād al-adhhān''. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1403 AH. | * Muqaddas Ardibīlī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. ''Majmaʿ al-fāʾida wa l-burhān fī sharḥ irshād al-adhhān''. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1403 AH. | ||
* Muṭahharī, Murtaḍā. '' | * Muṭahharī, Murtaḍā. ''Kullīyāt-i ʿulūm-i Islāmī: usūl-i fiqh wa fiqh''. Qom: Intishārāt-i Ṣadrā, 1394 Sh. | ||
* Sajjādī, Jaʿfar. ''Farhang-i maʿārif-i Islāmī''. Tehran: Nashr-i Kūmish, 1373 Sh. | * Sajjādī, Jaʿfar. ''Farhang-i maʿārif-i Islāmī''. Tehran: Nashr-i Kūmish, 1373 Sh. | ||
* Sayyid Murtaḍā, ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn. ''Al-Masāʾil al-nāṣirīyyāt''. First edition. Tehran: Rābitat al-Thiqāfa wa l-ʿAlāqāt al-Islāmiyya, 1417 AH. | * Sayyid Murtaḍā, ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn. ''Al-Masāʾil al-nāṣirīyyāt''. First edition. Tehran: Rābitat al-Thiqāfa wa l-ʿAlāqāt al-Islāmiyya, 1417 AH. | ||