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Fatwa: Difference between revisions
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* '''The fatwa of jihad against the ISIS:''' the fatwa of [[Sayyid Ali Sistani]], Iraq-based marja', which was issued in 1393/2014-5 against the ISIS. In that fatwa, he considered defending [[Iraq]] and its sanctuaries as a collective duty and called on groups of the Iraqi people to confront the [[Takfiri]]s. Following the issuance of this fatwa, the Popular Mobilization Forces (aka al-Hashd al-Sha'bi) was formed, which led to the expulsion of [[ISIS]] from Iraqi territory.<ref>[http://ijtihadnet.ir/%DB%B9-%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%84-%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7/ Nine contemporary history-making fatwas (Persian).]</ref> | * '''The fatwa of jihad against the ISIS:''' the fatwa of [[Sayyid Ali Sistani]], Iraq-based marja', which was issued in 1393/2014-5 against the ISIS. In that fatwa, he considered defending [[Iraq]] and its sanctuaries as a collective duty and called on groups of the Iraqi people to confront the [[Takfiri]]s. Following the issuance of this fatwa, the Popular Mobilization Forces (aka al-Hashd al-Sha'bi) was formed, which led to the expulsion of [[ISIS]] from Iraqi territory.<ref>[http://ijtihadnet.ir/%DB%B9-%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%84-%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7/ Nine contemporary history-making fatwas (Persian).]</ref> | ||
* '''The fatwa of prohibition of insulting revered Sunni figures:''' the fatwa was issued in 1389/2010-1 by [[Ayatollah Khamene'i]] following the insult of Yassir al-Habib to [[Aisha]], the wife of the Prophet (s), and the istifta' of Shiite scholars of al-Ahsa region of [[Saudi Arabia]]. | * '''The fatwa of prohibition of insulting revered Sunni figures:''' the fatwa was issued in 1389/2010-1 by [[Ayatollah Khamene'i]] following the insult of Yassir al-Habib to [[Aisha]], the wife of the Prophet (s), and the istifta' of Shiite scholars of al-Ahsa region of [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>[https://ar.mehrnews.com/news/1161721/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%88-%D9%8 The leader of the Islamic revolution forbids attacking the symbols of the Sunnis and the wives of the Prophet (s) (Arabic).]</ref> | ||
* '''Shaltut's fatwa on permission of acting based on Shia school:''' [[Mahmud Shaltut]], among [[Sunni]] [[ | * '''Shaltut's fatwa on permission of acting based on Shia school:''' [[Mahmud Shaltut]], among [[Sunni]] [[jurists]] and the teacher of al-Azhar University, issued a fatwa in 1378/1958-9, and permitted following Shia (Ja'fari sect) similar to other Sunni schools.<ref>Bīāzār Shīrāzī, ''Shaykh Maḥmūd Shaltūt ṭalāya dār-i taqrīb'', p. 171.</ref> | ||
=="Shadhdh" Fatwas== | =="Shadhdh" Fatwas== | ||
Fatwas, which are against the common view, are called shadhdh (lit. “Bizarre”) fatwa or “tafarrud al-fatwa” (“isolated fatwa”). Some of such fatwas are as below: | Fatwas, which are against the common view, are called shadhdh (lit. “Bizarre”) fatwa or “tafarrud al-fatwa” (“isolated fatwa”).<ref>Makārim Shīrāzī, ''Anwār al-uṣūl'', vol. 2, p. 417.</ref> Some of such fatwas are as below: | ||
* '''Purity of soulless parts of dog and pig:''' [[Sayyid Murtada]], among Shia jurists, believed that the hairs of dog and pig are not [[najis]], since they are soulless. According to [[Muhammad Hasan Najafi]], the fatwa of Sayyid Murtada was against the common view of Shia jurists. | * '''Purity of soulless parts of dog and pig:''' [[Sayyid Murtada]], among Shia jurists, believed that the hairs of dog and pig are not [[najis]], since they are soulless.<ref>Sayyid Murtaḍā, ''al-Masāʾil al-nāṣirīyyāt'', p. 100.</ref> According to [[Muhammad Hasan Najafi]], the fatwa of Sayyid Murtada was against the common view of Shia jurists.<ref>Najafī, ''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol. 5, p. 331.</ref> | ||
* '''Purity of wine:''' according to the [[Muhammad Hasan al-Najafi]], some jurists including [[al-Shaykh al-Saduq]], [[Ibn Abi 'Aqil al-'Ummani]] and [[al-Muhaqqiq al-Ardabili]], issued fatwa suggesting the purity of [[Wine Drinking|wine]] and other liquid intoxicants, against the common view of Shia jurists. In ''[[Mukhtalaf al-Shi'a]]'', [[al-Allama al-Hilli]] attributed the view about [[najasa]] of wine and other liquid intoxicants to majority of Shia jurists. | * '''Purity of wine:''' according to the [[Muhammad Hasan al-Najafi]], some jurists including [[al-Shaykh al-Saduq]], [[Ibn Abi 'Aqil al-'Ummani]]<ref>Najafī, ''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol. 6, p. 3.</ref> and [[al-Muhaqqiq al-Ardabili]],<ref>Muqaddas Ardibīlī, ''Majmaʿ al-fāʾida wa l-burhān'', vol. 1, p. 310.</ref> issued fatwa suggesting the purity of [[Wine Drinking|wine]] and other liquid intoxicants, against the common view of Shia jurists. In ''[[Mukhtalaf al-Shi'a]]'', [[al-Allama al-Hilli]] attributed the view about [[najasa]] of wine and other liquid intoxicants to majority of Shia jurists.<ref>Ḥillī, ''Mukhtalaf al-Shīʿa'', vol. 1, p. 472.</ref> | ||
* '''Equality of the blood money of men and women:''' According to the fatwa of [[Ayatullah Sani'i]], the blood money of a Muslim man and a Muslim woman is equal. According to the common view of Shia jurists, the blood money of a Muslim woman is half of a Muslim man's. | * '''Equality of the blood money of men and women:''' According to the fatwa of [[Ayatullah Sani'i]], the blood money of a Muslim man and a Muslim woman is equal.<ref>Ibrāhīm Nizhād, Muḥammad. ''Barrasī wa naqd-i adilla-yi naẓarīyya-yi Āyatollāh Ṣāniʿī dar barābarī-yi dīya-yi zan wa mard-i musalmān'', p. 5.</ref> According to the common view of Shia jurists, the blood money of a Muslim woman is half of a Muslim man's.<ref>Najafī, ''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol. 43, p. 32.</ref> | ||
==Fatwa Council== | ==Fatwa Council== | ||
Fatwa council is following a group of jurists instead of one certain jurist. In this method, the view of the majority is followed, since no [[consensus]] is possible among the jurists in all issues. | Fatwa council is following a group of jurists instead of one certain jurist. In this method, the view of the majority is followed, since no [[consensus]] is possible among the jurists in all issues.<ref>Jazāyirī, ''Baḥthī darbāra-yi ruhāniyyat wa marjaʿīyyat'', p. 217-218.</ref> | ||
According to the advocates of this method, studying the arguments for the validity of fatwa and the necessity of following a mujtahid shows that the criteria for Shar'i validation of argument exist both in individual and council fatwa. However, this theory has been criticized by some researchers. | According to the advocates of this method, studying the arguments for the validity of fatwa and the necessity of following a mujtahid shows that the criteria for Shar'i validation of argument exist both in individual and council fatwa.<ref>Waraʿī, ''Ijtihād wa iftā-yi shawrāyī'', p. 117.</ref> However, this theory has been criticized by some researchers.<ref>Bahrāmī Khushkār, ''Shawrā-yi fiqhī yā fatwā-yi shawrāyī dar istinbāṭ-i aḥkām-i sharʿī'', p. 40.</ref> | ||
==Istifta' Council== | ==Istifta' Council== | ||
A group of mujtahids, who study about one religious issue and give council to the [[marja']] on that issue, is called istifta' council. In answering his followers, the marja' gives his opinion to the members of the council and they give their opinion if they have any idea for perfecting that fatwa, and finally, organizing, explaining and concluding the points for giving the fatwa is upon the marja'. | A group of mujtahids, who study about one religious issue and give council to the [[marja']] on that issue, is called istifta' council.<ref>[https://article.tebyan.net/195256/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A1-%DA%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%8A-%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF- How does the "Istifta' Council" work? (Persian).]</ref> In answering his followers, the marja' gives his opinion to the members of the council and they give their opinion if they have any idea for perfecting that fatwa, and finally, organizing, explaining and concluding the points for giving the fatwa is upon the marja'.<ref>Hāshimī Shāhrūdī and Muʾmin, ''Shawrā-yi iftāʾ-i maqām-i muʿaẓẓam-i rahbarī: dar muṣāḥaba bā ḥaḍarāt-i āyāt Hāshimī wa Muʾmin'', p. 257.</ref> | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
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* ʿĀmilī, Yāsīn ʿĪsā . ''Al-Iṣṭilāḥāt al-fiqhīyya fī al-rasāʾil al-ʿamalīyya''. Beirut: Dār al-Balāgha, 1413 AH. | * ʿĀmilī, Yāsīn ʿĪsā . ''Al-Iṣṭilāḥāt al-fiqhīyya fī al-rasāʾil al-ʿamalīyya''. Beirut: Dār al-Balāgha, 1413 AH. | ||
* Āqā Buzurg Tihrānī, Muḥammad Ḥasan. ''Ṭabaqāt aʿlām al-Shīʿa wa huwa nuqabāʾ al-bashar fī qarn al-rābiʿ ʿashar''. Mashhad: Dār al-Murtaḍā, 1404 AH. | * Āqā Buzurg Tihrānī, Muḥammad Ḥasan. ''Ṭabaqāt aʿlām al-Shīʿa wa huwa nuqabāʾ al-bashar fī qarn al-rābiʿ ʿashar''. Mashhad: Dār al-Murtaḍā, 1404 AH. | ||
* Bahrāmī Khushkār, Muḥammad. ''Shawrā-yi fiqhī yā fatwā-yi shawrāyī dar istinbāṭ-i aḥkām-i sharʿī''. In ''Ḥukūmat-i Islāmī'' 2 (1391 Sh). | |||
* Banī Hāshimī Khomeinī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥasan. ''Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i marajiʿ''. Tehran: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī affiliated to Jāmiʿa-yi Mudarrisīn-i Ḥawza-yi ʿIlmīyya-yi Qom, [n.d]. | * Banī Hāshimī Khomeinī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥasan. ''Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil-i marajiʿ''. Tehran: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī affiliated to Jāmiʿa-yi Mudarrisīn-i Ḥawza-yi ʿIlmīyya-yi Qom, [n.d]. | ||
* Bīāzār Shīrāzī, ʿAbd al-Karīm. ''Shaykh Maḥmūd Shaltūt ṭalāya dār-i taqrīb''. Tehran: Majmaʿ Jahānī-yi Taqrīb Madhāhib, 1385 Sh. | * Bīāzār Shīrāzī, ʿAbd al-Karīm. ''Shaykh Maḥmūd Shaltūt ṭalāya dār-i taqrīb''. Tehran: Majmaʿ Jahānī-yi Taqrīb Madhāhib, 1385 Sh. | ||
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* Gharawī Tabrīzī, Alī . ''Al-Ijtihād wa l-taqlīd''. Qom: Dār al-Hādī, 1410 AH. | * Gharawī Tabrīzī, Alī . ''Al-Ijtihād wa l-taqlīd''. Qom: Dār al-Hādī, 1410 AH. | ||
* Gurjī, Abu l-Qāsim. ''Tārīkh-i fiqh wa fuqahā''. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Samt, 1379 Sh. | * Gurjī, Abu l-Qāsim. ''Tārīkh-i fiqh wa fuqahā''. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Samt, 1379 Sh. | ||
* Hāshimī Shāhrūdī, Sayyid Maḥmūd and Muʾmin, Muḥammad. ''Shawrā-yi iftāʾ-i maqām-i muʿaẓẓam-i rahbarī: dar muṣāḥaba bā ḥaḍarāt-i āyāt Hāshimī wa Muʾmin''. In ''Fiqh-i Ahl-i Bayt'' 2 (1374 Sh). | |||
* Ḥillī, Jaʿfar b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Maʿārij al-uṣūl''. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt, 1423 AH. | * Ḥillī, Jaʿfar b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Maʿārij al-uṣūl''. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt, 1423 AH. | ||
* Ḥillī, Jaʿfar b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Mukhtalaf al-Shīʿa fī aḥkām al-sharīʿa''. Qom: Jāmiʿat al-Mudarrisīn, 1413 AH. | * Ḥillī, Jaʿfar b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Mukhtalaf al-Shīʿa fī aḥkām al-sharīʿa''. Qom: Jāmiʿat al-Mudarrisīn, 1413 AH. | ||
* Ibrāhīm Nizhād, Muḥammad. ''Barrasī wa naqd-i adilla-yi naẓarīyya-yi Āyatollāh Ṣāniʿī dar barābarī-yi dīya-yi zan wa mard-i musalmān''. In ''Fiqh wa Ḥuqūq-i Islāmī'' 12 (1395 Sh). | |||
* Iṣfahānī Karbalāʾī, Ḥasan. ''Tārīkh-i dukhānīyya''. Qom: Nashr-i al-Hādī, 1377 Sh. | * Iṣfahānī Karbalāʾī, Ḥasan. ''Tārīkh-i dukhānīyya''. Qom: Nashr-i al-Hādī, 1377 Sh. | ||
* Jazāyirī and others. ''Baḥthī darbāra-yi ruhāniyyat wa marjaʿīyyat''. Tehran: Sahāmī-yi Intishār, 1341 Sh. | * Jazāyirī and others. ''Baḥthī darbāra-yi ruhāniyyat wa marjaʿīyyat''. Tehran: Sahāmī-yi Intishār, 1341 Sh. | ||
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* Muqaddas Ardibīlī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. ''Majmaʿ al-fāʾida wa l-burhān fī sharḥ irshād al-adhhān''. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1403 AH. | * Muqaddas Ardibīlī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. ''Majmaʿ al-fāʾida wa l-burhān fī sharḥ irshād al-adhhān''. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1403 AH. | ||
* Muṭahharī, Murtaḍā. ''Kullīyāt-i ʿulūm-i Islāmī: usūl-i fiqh wa fiqh''. Qom: Intishārāt-i Ṣadrā, 1394 Sh. | * Muṭahharī, Murtaḍā. ''Kullīyāt-i ʿulūm-i Islāmī: usūl-i fiqh wa fiqh''. Qom: Intishārāt-i Ṣadrā, 1394 Sh. | ||
* Najafī, Muḥammad al-Ḥasan al-. ''Jawāhir al-kalām fī sharḥ sharāʾiʿ al-Islām''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1404 AH. | |||
* Sajjādī, Jaʿfar. ''Farhang-i maʿārif-i Islāmī''. Tehran: Nashr-i Kūmish, 1373 Sh. | * Sajjādī, Jaʿfar. ''Farhang-i maʿārif-i Islāmī''. Tehran: Nashr-i Kūmish, 1373 Sh. | ||
* Sayyid Murtaḍā, ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn. ''Al-Masāʾil al-nāṣirīyyāt''. First edition. Tehran: Rābitat al-Thiqāfa wa l-ʿAlāqāt al-Islāmiyya, 1417 AH. | * Sayyid Murtaḍā, ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn. ''Al-Masāʾil al-nāṣirīyyāt''. First edition. Tehran: Rābitat al-Thiqāfa wa l-ʿAlāqāt al-Islāmiyya, 1417 AH. | ||
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* Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, Muḥammad Kāẓim al-. ''Al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā''. [n.p], Maktab Ayatullāh al-ʿUẓmā al-Sayyid al-Sīstānī, [n.d]. | * Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī, Muḥammad Kāẓim al-. ''Al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā''. [n.p], Maktab Ayatullāh al-ʿUẓmā al-Sayyid al-Sīstānī, [n.d]. | ||
* Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Al-ʿUdda fī uṣūl al-fiqh''. Qom: Intishārāt-i Tīz Hūsh. | * Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Al-ʿUdda fī uṣūl al-fiqh''. Qom: Intishārāt-i Tīz Hūsh. | ||
* Waraʿī, Sayyid Jawād. ''Ijtihād wa iftā-yi shawrāyī''. In ''Nashrīyya-yi Fiqh'' 98 (1398 Sh). | |||
* [http://ijtihadnet.ir/%DB%B9-%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%84-%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7/ نُه فتوای تاریخ ساز معاصر] (Nine contemporary history-making fatwas (Persian)). Accessed: 2024/03/11. | * [http://ijtihadnet.ir/%DB%B9-%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C%D9%84-%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7/ نُه فتوای تاریخ ساز معاصر] (Nine contemporary history-making fatwas (Persian)). Accessed: 2024/03/11. | ||
* [https://ar.mehrnews.com/news/1161721/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%88-%D9%8 قائد الثورة يحرم النيل من رموز اهل السُنة و نساء النبي(ص)] (The leader of the Islamic revolution forbids attacking the symbols of the Sunnis and the wives of the Prophet (s) (Arabic)). Accessed: 2024/03/11. | |||
* [https://article.tebyan.net/195256/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A1-%DA%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%8A-%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF- شورای استفتاء چگونه کار میکند؟] (How does the "Istifta' Council" work? (Persian)). Accessed: 2024/03/11. | |||
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