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{{infobox Imam | {{infobox Imam | ||
|name = Ja'far b. Muhammad | |name = Ja'far b. Muhammad | ||
|sequential number = | |sequential number = Sixth Imam of the Shia<!--e.g. 1st Imam of Shi'a--> | ||
|main title = | |main title = [[al-Sadiq]] (the truthful) | ||
|image = بقیع10.jpg | |image = بقیع10.jpg | ||
|caption = [[ | |caption = [[al-Baqi' cemetery]] | ||
|kunya = Abu 'Abd Allah | |kunya = Abu 'Abd Allah | ||
|born = [[Rabi' I 17]], [[83]]/[[April 20]], [[702 CE|702]] | |born = [[Rabi' I 17]], [[83]]/[[April 20]], [[702 CE|702]] | ||
| Line 14: | Line 14: | ||
|martyrdom = [[Shawwal 25]], [[148]]/[[December 14]], [[765 CE|765]] | |martyrdom = [[Shawwal 25]], [[148]]/[[December 14]], [[765 CE|765]] | ||
|place of martyrdom = [[Medina]] | |place of martyrdom = [[Medina]] | ||
|cause of martyrdom = | |cause of martyrdom = Poisoning | ||
|burial place = | |burial place = al-Baqi' cemetery,<br>{{Coord|24|28|1|N|39|36|50.21|E|type:landmark|display=inline}} | ||
|predecessor = | |predecessor = | ||
|successor = [[Musa b. Ja'far]] | |successor = [[Musa b. Ja'far (a)]] | ||
|father = [[Imam Muhammad b. 'Ali al-Baqir (a)|Muhammad b. 'Ali (a)]] | |father = [[Imam Muhammad b. 'Ali al-Baqir (a)|Muhammad b. 'Ali (a)]] | ||
|mother = [[Umm Farwa bt. Qasim|Umm Farwa]] | |mother = [[Umm Farwa bt. Qasim|Umm Farwa]] | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn (a)''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|جعفر بن محمد بن علي بن الحسین}}), (b. [[83]]/[[702 CE|702]] – d. [[148]]/[[765 CE|765]]) known as '''Imām al-Ṣādiq (a)''' ({{ia|الإمام الصادق}}), is the sixth [[Imam]] of [[Imamiyya]] and the fifth Imam of [[Isam'ilis]]. His Imamate lasted thirty-four (lunar) years ([[114]]/733 - 148/765) and was concurrent with the reign of the last five [[Umayyad caliphs]] (that is, from [[Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik]] onwards) and with that of the first two [[Abbasid caliphs]], [[al-Saffah]] and [[al-Mansur al-Dawaniqi]]. Because of the weakness of the Umayyad rule at his time, Imam al-Sadiq (a) was able to have relatively wider scholarly activities. His companions, students, and those who quoted hadiths from him is said to have amounted to four-thousand people. Most of the hadiths of Ahl al-Bayt (a) recorded in Twelver | '''Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn (a)''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|جعفر بن محمد بن علي بن الحسین}}), (b. [[83]]/[[702 CE|702]] – d. [[148]]/[[765 CE|765]]) known as '''Imām al-Ṣādiq (a)''' ({{ia|الإمام الصادق}}), is the sixth [[Imam]] of [[Imamiyya]] and the fifth Imam of [[Isam'ilis]]. His Imamate lasted thirty-four (lunar) years ([[114]]/733 - 148/765) and was concurrent with the reign of the last five [[Umayyad caliphs]] (that is, from [[Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik]] onwards) and with that of the first two [[Abbasid caliphs]], [[al-Saffah]] and [[al-Mansur al-Dawaniqi]]. Because of the weakness of the Umayyad rule at his time, Imam al-Sadiq (a) was able to have relatively wider scholarly activities. His companions, students, and those who quoted hadiths from him is said to have amounted to four-thousand people. Most of the hadiths of [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] recorded in Twelver Shi'a hadith collections are from Imam al-Sadiq (a). This is why Imamiyya is called [[Ja'fari School]]. Imam al-Sadiq (a) has had a high status in the eyes of prominent [[Sunni]] scholars. [[Abu Hanifa]] and [[Malik b. Anas]] were among the people who quoted hadiths from him. | ||
Despite the weakness of the Umayyads and the requests from the Shi'a, Imam al-Sadiq (a) did not rise up against the caliphate. He rejected [[Abu Muslim al-Khurasani]] and Abu Salama, who asked him to become the caliph. He did not take part in the revolt of his uncle [[Zayd b. 'Ali]] either and discouraged the Shi'a from getting involved in any uprisings. However, he did not have good relations with the caliphs of his time either, and he had to do [[taqiyya]] (precautionary dissimulation) because of their persecution. | Despite the weakness of the Umayyads and the requests from the [[Shi'a]], Imam al-Sadiq (a) did not rise up against the caliphate. He rejected [[Abu Muslim al-Khurasani]] and Abu Salama, who asked him to become the caliph. He did not take part in the revolt of his uncle [[Zayd b. 'Ali]] either and discouraged the Shi'a from getting involved in any uprisings. However, he did not have good relations with the caliphs of his time either, and he had to do [[taqiyya]] (precautionary dissimulation) because of their persecution. | ||
To facilitate his contacts with the Shi'a, Imam al-Sadiq (a) established the [[network of wikala]] (deputyship). The activities of this network continued and increasingly expanded until the end of the [[Minor Occultation]]. During Imam al-Sadiq's (a) time, the [[Ghulat]] became very active. The Imam (a) vehemently opposed them, declaring them [[Kufr|infidels]] or [[Shirk|polytheists]]. | To facilitate his contacts with the Shi'a, Imam al-Sadiq (a) established the [[network of wikala]] (deputyship). The activities of this network continued and increasingly expanded until the end of the [[Minor Occultation]]. During Imam al-Sadiq's (a) time, the [[Ghulat]] became very active. The Imam (a) vehemently opposed them, declaring them [[Kufr|infidels]] or [[Shirk|polytheists]]. | ||
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The Imam (a) was summoned several times to [[Baghdad]], and thus he traveled to [[Iraq]] and also visited [[Karbala]], [[Najaf]], and [[Kufa]]. He showed the grave of Imam Ali (a), which was previously unknown, to [[List of Companions of Imam al-Sadiq (a)|his companions]]. | The Imam (a) was summoned several times to [[Baghdad]], and thus he traveled to [[Iraq]] and also visited [[Karbala]], [[Najaf]], and [[Kufa]]. He showed the grave of Imam Ali (a), which was previously unknown, to [[List of Companions of Imam al-Sadiq (a)|his companions]]. | ||
Some | Some Shi'a scholars believe that Imam al-Sadiq (a) was poisoned by al-Mansur al-Dawaniqi and thus martyred. He introduced [[Imam al-Kazim (a)]] to his companions as his successor, but to protect the life of Imam al-Kazim (a), he mentioned in his will five people, including al-Mansur, as the executors of his will. After the martyrdom of Imam Al-Sadiq (a), several sects appeared among the Shi'a, including [[Ismailis]], [[Fatahiyya]], and [[Nawusiyya]]. | ||
== Name, Lineage and Titles == | ==Name, Lineage and Titles == | ||
Ja'far b. Muhammad b. 'Ali b. al-Husayn b. 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) was the sixth Imam of [[Imamiyya]]<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī sīyāsī-yi imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 391.</ref> and the fifth Imam of [[Isma'ilis]].<ref>Ṣābirī, ''Tārīkh-i firaq-i Islāmī'', vol. 2, p. 110, 119.</ref> His father was [[Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (a)]]. His mother was [[Umm Farwa bt. al-Qasim|Umm Farwa]] the daughter of [[al-Qasim b. Muhammad b. Abi Bakr|al-Qasim]] son of [[Muhammad b. Abi Bakr]].<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 180.</ref> | Ja'far b. Muhammad b. 'Ali b. al-Husayn b. 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) was the sixth Imam of [[Imamiyya]]<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī sīyāsī-yi imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 391.</ref> and the fifth Imam of [[Isma'ilis]].<ref>Ṣābirī, ''Tārīkh-i firaq-i Islāmī'', vol. 2, p. 110, 119.</ref> His father was [[Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (a)]]. His mother was [[Umm Farwa bt. al-Qasim|Umm Farwa]] the daughter of [[al-Qasim b. Muhammad b. Abi Bakr|al-Qasim]] son of [[Muhammad b. Abi Bakr]].<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 180.</ref> | ||
According to the report of ''[[Kashf al-ghumma]]'' from a sunni scholar, Imam al-Sadiq (a) is reported to have said, "Abu Bakr begot me twice",{{cn}} because the Imam's (a) mother was a descendant of Abu Bakr both from her mother's and her father's sides. However, some scholars such as [[Allama Shushtari]] and [[al-Allama al-Majlisi]] do not consider this hadith authentic.<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 29, p. 651-652.</ref> | According to the report of ''[[Kashf al-ghumma]]'' from a sunni scholar, Imam al-Sadiq (a) is reported to have said, "Abu Bakr begot me twice",{{cn}} because the Imam's (a) mother was a descendant of Abu Bakr both from her mother's and her father's sides. However, some scholars such as [[Allama Shushtari]] and [[al-Allama al-Majlisi]] do not consider this hadith authentic.<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 29, p. 651-652.</ref> | ||
His famous [[ | His famous [[teknonym]] was [[Abu 'Abd Allah]] (because of his second son, [['Abd Allah al-Aftah]]). In some sources, other teknonyms such as Abu Isma'il (because of his eldest son, [[Isma'il b. Ja'far al-Sadiq |Isma'il]]) and Abu Musa (because of his son [[Imam Musa al-Kazim (a)|Musa al-Kazim (a)]]) are mentioned.<ref>Pākatchī, ''Imam Jaʿfar Ṣādiq (a)'', p. 181.</ref> | ||
His famous title was al-Sadiq ({{ia|الصادق}}) which means "truthful".<ref>Pākatchī, | His famous title was [[Sadiq (Title)|al-Sadiq]] ({{ia|الصادق}}) which means "truthful".<ref>Pākatchī, ''Imam Jaʿfar Ṣādiq (a)'', p. 181.</ref> According to a [[hadith]], the [[Prophet (s)]] gave this title to Imam (a) to distinguish him from [[Ja'far al-Kadhdhab]].<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Kamāl al-dīn'', p. 319.</ref> However according to an analysis of the history, Imam al-Sadiq (a) was titled "al-Sadiq" because he (a) avoided any involvement in the uprisings of his time; for at that time, the one who gathered people around and provoked an uprising against the government was titled Kadhdhab (the liar).<ref>Pākatchī, ''Imam Jaʿfar Ṣādiq (a)'', p. 181.</ref> At the time of Imams this title was used for him (a).<ref>Pākatchī, ''Imam Jaʿfar Ṣādiq (a)'', p. 181.</ref> Some Sunni scholars such as [[Malik b. Anas]], [[Ahmad b. Hanbal]], and al-Jahiz have mentioned the Imam (a) by this title.<ref>Pākatchī, ''Imam Jaʿfar Ṣādiq (a)'', p. 181.</ref> | ||
Other titles have also been mentioned for Imam (a) including al-Sabir, al-Tahir, and al-Fadil. | Other titles have also been mentioned for Imam (a) including al-Sabir, al-Tahir, and al-Fadil. | ||
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==Birth== | ==Birth== | ||
He was born on [[Rabi' I 17]], [[83]]/[[April 20]], [[702 CE|702]] in [[Medina]].<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 180</ref> Some historians and biographers have mentioned his birth in 80/699.<ref>See: Irbilī, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', vol. 2, p. 691.</ref> Twelve years of his life were contemporary with his grandfather and thirty one years of it were contemporary with his father and his [[imamate]] lasted thirty four years.<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', vol. 1, p. 514.</ref> | He was born on [[Rabi' I 17]], [[83]]/[[April 20]], [[702 CE|702]] in [[Medina]].<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 180.</ref> Some historians and biographers have mentioned his birth in 80/699.<ref>See: Irbilī, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', vol. 2, p. 691.</ref> Twelve years of his life were contemporary with his grandfather and thirty one years of it were contemporary with his father and his [[imamate]] lasted thirty four years.<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', vol. 1, p. 514.</ref> | ||
== Wives and Children == | == Wives and Children == | ||
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{{Contemporary Rulers with Imam al-Sadiq (a)}} | {{Contemporary Rulers with Imam al-Sadiq (a)}} | ||
The life of Imam al-Sadiq (a) coincided with the reign of the last ten Umayyad caliphs, including [['Umar b. 'Abd al-'Aziz]] and [[Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik]], and the reign of the first two Abbasid caliphs, [[al-Saffah]] and [[al-Mansur al-Dawaniqi]].<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-yi Imām Ṣādiq Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (a)'', p. 4.</ref> | The life of Imam al-Sadiq (a) coincided with the reign of the last ten [[Umayyad]] caliphs, including [['Umar b. 'Abd al-'Aziz]] and [[Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik]], and the reign of the first two Abbasid caliphs, [[al-Saffah]] and [[al-Mansur al-Dawaniqi]].<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-yi Imām Ṣādiq Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (a)'', p. 4.</ref> | ||
Imam al-Sadiq (a) accompanied his father on the latter's travel to [[Syria]] when Imam al-Baqir (a) was summoned by Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik.<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-yi Imām Ṣādiq Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (a)'', p. 6.</ref> | Imam al-Sadiq (a) accompanied his father on the latter's travel to [[Syria]] when Imam al-Baqir (a) was summoned by Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik.<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-yi Imām Ṣādiq Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (a)'', p. 6.</ref> | ||
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During Imam al-Sadiq's (a) imamate, the Umayyad rule started to decline and eventually collapsed, and then the Abbasids acceded to power. The weakness of the rulers created a good opportunity for the Imam (a) to engage in scholarly activities.<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-yi Imām Ṣādiq Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (a)'', p. 47.</ref> This relatively free environment existed only in the third decade of the second/eighth century; the Imam (a) and his followers were under great pressure before that under the Umayyads and also after it because of the revolt of [[Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya]] and his brother [[Ibrahim b. 'Abd Allah|Ibrahim]]. <ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī sīyāsī-yi imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 435.</ref> | During Imam al-Sadiq's (a) imamate, the Umayyad rule started to decline and eventually collapsed, and then the Abbasids acceded to power. The weakness of the rulers created a good opportunity for the Imam (a) to engage in scholarly activities.<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-yi Imām Ṣādiq Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (a)'', p. 47.</ref> This relatively free environment existed only in the third decade of the second/eighth century; the Imam (a) and his followers were under great pressure before that under the Umayyads and also after it because of the revolt of [[Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya]] and his brother [[Ibrahim b. 'Abd Allah|Ibrahim]]. <ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī sīyāsī-yi imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 435.</ref> | ||
[[Imamate]] of Imam al-Sadiq (a) lasted | [[Imamate]] of Imam al-Sadiq (a) lasted thirty-four years.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 180.</ref> Imam al-Sadiq (a) was martyred ten years after the beginning of the rule of [[al-Mansur al-Dawaniqi]] by him.<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', vol. 1, p. 514.</ref> | ||
Imam (a) was at least once summoned by al-Mansur to [[Iraq]] and went there accompanied by [[Safwan al-Jammal]]<ref>See: Thaqafī, ''al-Ghārāt'', vol. 2, p. 850-856.</ref> and was forced to stay there for a while.<ref>Shahristānī, ''al-Milal wa l-niḥal'', vol. 1, p. 147.</ref> | Imam (a) was at least once summoned by al-Mansur to [[Iraq]] and went there accompanied by [[Safwan al-Jammal]]<ref>See: Thaqafī, ''al-Ghārāt'', vol. 2, p. 850-856.</ref> and was forced to stay there for a while.<ref>Shahristānī, ''al-Milal wa l-niḥal'', vol. 1, p. 147.</ref> | ||
=== Proofs for Imamate === | === Proofs for Imamate === | ||
Several people have narrated from [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]] about the [[imamate]] of his son, Ja'far, among whom are [[Hisham b. Salim]], [[Abu l-Sabah al-Kanani]], [[Jabir b. Yazid al-Ju'fi]] and 'Abd al-A'la | Several people have narrated from [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]] about the [[imamate]] of his son, Ja'far, among whom are [[Hisham b. Salim]], [[Abu l-Sabah al-Kanani]], [[Jabir b. Yazid al-Ju'fi]] and 'Abd al-A'la Mawla Al-i Sam.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 180-181.</ref> | ||
[[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] wrote that "In addition to the Imam al-Baqir's (a) will about the imamate of his son Ja'far, his superiority and merits in knowledge, piety, and practice over all his brothers, cousins and all other people of his time prove his imamate."<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 182.</ref> | [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] wrote that "In addition to the Imam al-Baqir's (a) will about the imamate of his son Ja'far, his superiority and merits in knowledge, piety, and practice over all his brothers, cousins and all other people of his time prove his imamate."<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 182.</ref> | ||
==Wikala Network== | ==Wikala Network== | ||
{{Main|Wikala Network}} | |||
Since the Shia were scattered in different parts of the Muslim territories and it was difficult for them to be directly in touch with the Imam (a), Imam al-Sadiq (a) appointed a number of representatives (wakil) for different regions,<ref>Jabbārī, ''Sāzmān-i wikālat-i aʾimma'', vol. 1, p. 47-50.</ref> who were responsible to transfer the [[khums]], [[zakat]], and donations of the Shia to the Imam (a) and also to take their questions and messages to the Imam (a) and the Imam's (a) response back to them.<ref>Jabbārī, ''Sāzmān-i wikālat-i aʾimma'', vol. 1, p. 280, 320, 322.</ref> | Since the Shia were scattered in different parts of the Muslim territories and it was difficult for them to be directly in touch with the Imam (a), Imam al-Sadiq (a) appointed a number of representatives (wakil) for different regions,<ref>Jabbārī, ''Sāzmān-i wikālat-i aʾimma'', vol. 1, p. 47-50.</ref> who were responsible to transfer the [[khums]], [[zakat]], and donations of the Shia to the Imam (a) and also to take their questions and messages to the Imam (a) and the Imam's (a) response back to them.<ref>Jabbārī, ''Sāzmān-i wikālat-i aʾimma'', vol. 1, p. 280, 320, 322.</ref> | ||
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==Opposing the Ghulat== | ==Opposing the Ghulat== | ||
{{Main|Ghulat}} | |||
At the time of Imam al-Baqir (a) and Imam al-Sadiq (a), the [[Ghulat]] expanded their activities.<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī sīyāsī-yi imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 407.</ref> They believed that the Imams were gods or prophets. Imam al-Sadiq (a) strongly rejected these ideas; he prohibited his followers from interacting with the Ghulat<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī sīyāsī-yi imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 407-408.</ref> and proclaimed them infidels and polytheists.<ref>Kashshī, ''Rijāl'', p. 300.</ref> According to a hadith, the Imam (a) said: "Do not socialize with them; do not eat, drink, or shake hands with them."<ref>Kashshī, ''Rijāl'', p. 297.</ref> The Imam (a) warned: "Be careful lest the Ghulat corrupt your youth. They are the worst enemies of God. They belittle God, but attribute lordship to God's servants."<ref>Ṭūsī, ''al-Amālī'', p. 650.</ref> | At the time of Imam al-Baqir (a) and Imam al-Sadiq (a), the [[Ghulat]] expanded their activities.<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī sīyāsī-yi imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 407.</ref> They believed that the Imams were gods or prophets. Imam al-Sadiq (a) strongly rejected these ideas; he prohibited his followers from interacting with the Ghulat<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī sīyāsī-yi imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 407-408.</ref> and proclaimed them infidels and polytheists.<ref>Kashshī, ''Rijāl'', p. 300.</ref> According to a hadith, the Imam (a) said: "Do not socialize with them; do not eat, drink, or shake hands with them."<ref>Kashshī, ''Rijāl'', p. 297.</ref> The Imam (a) warned: "Be careful lest the Ghulat corrupt your youth. They are the worst enemies of God. They belittle God, but attribute lordship to God's servants."<ref>Ṭūsī, ''al-Amālī'', p. 650.</ref> | ||
== Scientific Movement == | ==Scientific Movement == | ||
Because of the weakness of the Umayyads at the time of Imam al-Sadiq (a), the Imam was relatively free to teach and engage in scholarly activities.<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-yi Imām Ṣādiq Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (a)'', p. 47-60.</ref> This religious and scholarly freedom rarely happened during the time of the other Imams, and thus most of our hadiths are from Imam al-Sadiq (a).<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-yi Imām Ṣādiq Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (a)'', p. 61.</ref> According to Ibn Hajar al-Haytami, people learned and transmitted a great deal of knowledge from him, and his fame reached far and wide.<ref>Ibn Ḥajar al-Haytamī, ''al-Ṣawāʿiq al-miḥriqa'', p. 551.</ref> Al-Jahiz also wrote that "his knowledge and jurisprudence have filled the world."<ref>Jāḥiẓ, ''Rasāʾil al-Jāḥiẓ'', p. 106.</ref> Al-Hasan b. 'Ali al-Washsha' reports that he saw nine-hundred people in the mosque of Kufa transmitting hadiths from Imam al-Sadiq (a).<ref>Najāshī, ''Rijāl al-Najāshī'', p. 39.</ref> | Because of the weakness of the Umayyads at the time of Imam al-Sadiq (a), the Imam was relatively free to teach and engage in scholarly activities.<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-yi Imām Ṣādiq Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (a)'', p. 47-60.</ref> This religious and scholarly freedom rarely happened during the time of the other Imams, and thus most of our hadiths are from Imam al-Sadiq (a).<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-yi Imām Ṣādiq Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (a)'', p. 61.</ref> According to Ibn Hajar al-Haytami, people learned and transmitted a great deal of knowledge from him, and his fame reached far and wide.<ref>Ibn Ḥajar al-Haytamī, ''al-Ṣawāʿiq al-miḥriqa'', p. 551.</ref> Al-Jahiz also wrote that "his knowledge and jurisprudence have filled the world."<ref>Jāḥiẓ, ''Rasāʾil al-Jāḥiẓ'', p. 106.</ref> Al-Hasan b. 'Ali al-Washsha' reports that he saw nine-hundred people in the [[mosque of Kufa]] transmitting hadiths from Imam al-Sadiq (a).<ref>Najāshī, ''Rijāl al-Najāshī'', p. 39.</ref> | ||
==Ja'fari School== | ==Ja'fari School== | ||
Most of the | {{Main|Ja'fari School}} | ||
Most of the Shi'a hadiths, whether in [[jurisprudence]] or theology, are from Imam al-Sadiq (a),<ref>Pākatchī, ''Imām Jaʿfar Ṣādiq (a)'', p. 205.</ref> and the number of the people who transmitted hadiths from him (4000, according to al-Irbili) is greater than the number of hadith transmitters from any other Imam.<ref>Irbilī, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', vol. 2, p. 701.</ref> According to [[Aban b. Taghlib]], the Shia would refer to the words of Imam Ali (a) when they disagreed about a saying of the Prophet (s) and would refer to the sayings of Imam al-Sadiq (a) when they disagreed about Imam Ali's (a) words.<ref>Najāshī, ''Rijāl al-Najāshī'', p. 12.</ref> | |||
Because of the significant role of Imam al-Sadiq (a) in the elaboration of Islamic teachings, Twelver Shiism is often called Ja'fari School<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-yi Imām Ṣādiq Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (a)'', p. 61.</ref> and the Imam (a) is known as its head. | Because of the significant role of Imam al-Sadiq (a) in the elaboration of Islamic teachings, Twelver Shiism is often called Ja'fari School<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-yi Imām Ṣādiq Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (a)'', p. 61.</ref> and the Imam (a) is known as its head. | ||
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==Scholarly Dialogues and Debates== | ==Scholarly Dialogues and Debates== | ||
In | In Shi'a hadith collections, some dialogues or debates between Imam al-Sadiq (a) and theologians of other schools and some atheists are reported.<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 79, 80, 171-173; Mufīd, ''al-Ikhtiṣāṣ'', p. 189, 190.</ref> In some of these debates, the Imam's (a) students debated and the Imam (a) oversaw the debate and sometimes engaged in it.<ref>See: Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 79, 80, 171-173.</ref> For instance, in a debate with a scholar from [[Damascus]], who had requested to debate with the Imam's (a) students, the Imam (a) asked [[Hisham b. Salim]] to have a debate with him on theology.<ref>See: Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 79, 80, 171-173.</ref> On another occasion, the Imam (a) told a person who wanted to debate with him to debate with his students first. The man debated with [[Humran b. A'yan]] about the Qur'an, with [[Aban b. Taghlib]] about Arabic literature, with [[Zurara]] about jurisprudence, and with [[Mu'min al-Taq]] and Hisham b. Salim about theology and was defeated by all of them.<ref>Kashshī, ''Rijāl'', p. 275-277.</ref> | ||
[[Ahmad b. Ali al-Tabrisi]] has collected some of the debates of Imam al-Sadiq (a), some of which are the following: | [[Ahmad b. Ali al-Tabrisi]] has collected some of the debates of Imam al-Sadiq (a), some of which are the following: | ||
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===Refraining from Uprising=== | ===Refraining from Uprising=== | ||
Despite the weakness of the Umayyads at his time, Imam al-Sadiq (a) stayed away from uprising and political conflicts. According to al-Shahrastani, [[Abu Muslim al-Khurasani]] sent a letter to the Imam (a) after the demise of [[Ibrahim al-Imam]], calling him the one who deserves the caliphate most and inviting him to accept the caliphate. However, the Imam (a) wrote to him: "You are not one of my helpers, and the time is not my time."<ref>Shahristānī, ''al-Milal wa l-niḥal'', vol. 1, p. 179.</ref> [[Abu Salama]] also wrote a similar letter to the Imam (a), and the Imam (a) burned his letter in response.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 3, p. 254.</ref> Imam al-Sadiq (a) did not participate even in the uprising of his uncle [[Zayd b. 'Ali]].<ref>Pākatchī, | Despite the weakness of the Umayyads at his time, Imam al-Sadiq (a) stayed away from uprising and political conflicts. According to al-Shahrastani, [[Abu Muslim al-Khurasani]] sent a letter to the Imam (a) after the demise of [[Ibrahim al-Imam]], calling him the one who deserves the caliphate most and inviting him to accept the caliphate. However, the Imam (a) wrote to him: "You are not one of my helpers, and the time is not my time."<ref>Shahristānī, ''al-Milal wa l-niḥal'', vol. 1, p. 179.</ref> [[Abu Salama]] also wrote a similar letter to the Imam (a), and the Imam (a) burned his letter in response.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 3, p. 254.</ref> Imam al-Sadiq (a) did not participate even in the uprising of his uncle [[Zayd b. 'Ali]].<ref>Pākatchī, ''Imām Jaʿfar Ṣādiq (a)'', p. 183-184.</ref> According to a hadith, the Imam (a) mentioned the lack of faithful supporters as the reason why he refused to revolt.<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 237.</ref> | ||
'''Disagreement with 'Abd Allah al-Mahd''' | * '''Disagreement with 'Abd Allah al-Mahd''' | ||
Toward the end of the rule of Umayyads, some of [[Banu Hashim]] including [['Abd Allah al-Mahd]] and his sons and also [[al-Saffah]] and [[al-Mansur]] gathered in [[Abwa']] to pledge allegiance to a person among themselves. In that session, 'Abd Allah introduced his son as "al-Mahdi" and asked others to give allegiance to him. When Imam al-Sadiq (a) was informed about their intention, told 'Abd Allah, 'If you think your son is al-Mahdi, [you are wrong] he is not al-Mahdi, and it is not the time for the coming of al-Mahdi (a) yet." 'Abd Allah became angry and accused him of envy. Imam al-Sadiq (a) swore that his words were not out of envy and foretold that the rule will be for al-Saffah and al-Mansur and 'Abd Allah and his sons will be killed.<ref>Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, ''Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn'', p. 185-186.</ref> | Toward the end of the rule of Umayyads, some of [[Banu Hashim]] including [['Abd Allah al-Mahd]] and his sons and also [[al-Saffah]] and [[al-Mansur]] gathered in [[Abwa']] to pledge [[allegiance]] to a person among themselves. In that session, 'Abd Allah introduced his son as "al-Mahdi" and asked others to give allegiance to him. When Imam al-Sadiq (a) was informed about their intention, told 'Abd Allah, 'If you think your son is al-Mahdi, [you are wrong] he is not al-Mahdi, and it is not the time for the coming of al-Mahdi (a) yet." 'Abd Allah became angry and accused him of envy. Imam al-Sadiq (a) swore that his words were not out of envy and foretold that the rule will be for al-Saffah and al-Mansur and 'Abd Allah and his sons will be killed.<ref>Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, ''Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn'', p. 185-186.</ref> | ||
===Relationship with the Caliphs=== | ===Relationship with the Caliphs=== | ||
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In response to the Abbasid caliph [[al-Mansur al-Dawaniqi]], who had asked Imam al-Sadiq (a) to visit him as other people do, the Imam (a) wrote, "We do not have something to fear you for, you do not have anything of the hereafter for which we should have hopes in you, you are not in a blessing to congratulate you for, and you do not think that you are in affliction to send you our condolences. So why should we be around you?!"<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 47, p. 184.</ref> | In response to the Abbasid caliph [[al-Mansur al-Dawaniqi]], who had asked Imam al-Sadiq (a) to visit him as other people do, the Imam (a) wrote, "We do not have something to fear you for, you do not have anything of the hereafter for which we should have hopes in you, you are not in a blessing to congratulate you for, and you do not think that you are in affliction to send you our condolences. So why should we be around you?!"<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 47, p. 184.</ref> | ||
'''Burning the House of Imam al-Sadiq (a)''' | * '''Burning the House of Imam al-Sadiq (a)''' | ||
According to a report, when al-Hasan b. Zayd was the governor of Mecca and Medina, he set fire to the house of Imam Sadiq (a). In the fire, the door and the corridor of the house burned. The Imam (a) came out of the house crossing the fire saying, "I am the son of the Roots of the Earth [i.e., Isma'il (a)]; I am the son of Ibrahim, God's Friend."<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 473.</ref> | According to a report, when al-Hasan b. Zayd was the governor of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]], he set fire to the house of Imam Sadiq (a). In the fire, the door and the corridor of the house burned. The Imam (a) came out of the house crossing the fire saying, "I am the son of the Roots of the Earth [i.e., Isma'il (a)]; I am the son of Ibrahim, God's Friend."<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 473.</ref> | ||
===Using Taqiyya=== | ===Using Taqiyya=== | ||
Except the third decade of the second century (fifth decade of the eighth century CE), which coincided with the fall of the Umayyad caliphate, both the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphs kept the activities of the Imam (a) under watch. Political pressure on the Imam (a) reached its peak towards the end of the Imam's (a) life.<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī sīyāsī-yi imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 435.</ref> According to some reports, al-Mansur's agents would persecute those | Except the third decade of the second century (fifth decade of the eighth century CE), which coincided with the fall of the Umayyad caliphate, both the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphs kept the activities of the Imam (a) under watch. Political pressure on the Imam (a) reached its peak towards the end of the Imam's (a) life.<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī sīyāsī-yi imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 435.</ref> According to some reports, al-Mansur's agents would persecute those Shi'as who were in touch with the Imam (a) and even execute them. Because of these persecutions, the Imam (a) and his companions had to use [[taqiyya]]. (precautionary dissimulation)<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī sīyāsī-yi imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 435.</ref> | ||
According to a report, when [[Sufyan al-Thawri]] visited him, Imam al-Sadiq (a) advised him to leave because they were under watch.<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 248.</ref> According to a hadith, the Imam (a) told [[Aban b. Taghlib]] to respond to people's jurisprudential questions by giving them the opinions of Sunni scholars in order not to be persecuted.<ref>Kashshī, ''Rijāl'', p. 330.</ref> Also, several hadiths have been transmitted from Imam al-Sadiq (a) which emphasize the importance of taqiyya, according to some of which taqiyya is equal to prayer.<ref>Fattāl al-Niyshābūrī, ''Rawḍat al-wāʿiẓīn'', vol. 2, p. 293.</ref> | According to a report, when [[Sufyan al-Thawri]] visited him, Imam al-Sadiq (a) advised him to leave because they were under watch.<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 248.</ref> According to a hadith, the Imam (a) told [[Aban b. Taghlib]] to respond to people's jurisprudential questions by giving them the opinions of Sunni scholars in order not to be persecuted.<ref>Kashshī, ''Rijāl'', p. 330.</ref> Also, several hadiths have been transmitted from Imam al-Sadiq (a) which emphasize the importance of taqiyya, according to some of which taqiyya is equal to prayer.<ref>Fattāl al-Niyshābūrī, ''Rawḍat al-wāʿiẓīn'', vol. 2, p. 293.</ref> | ||
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There are many reports about the moral characteristics of Imam al-Sadiq (a), including his [[asceticism]], [[generosity]], abundant worship, and [[recitation of the Quran]].<ref>Irbilī, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', vol. 2, p. 691.</ref> [[Malik b. Anas]], the head of the Maliki school of jurisprudence reports that during the time he used to visit Imam al-Sadiq (a), the Imam (a) was always in one of the three states: praying, fasting, or saying [[dhikr]].<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 47, p. 16.</ref> | There are many reports about the moral characteristics of Imam al-Sadiq (a), including his [[asceticism]], [[generosity]], abundant worship, and [[recitation of the Quran]].<ref>Irbilī, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', vol. 2, p. 691.</ref> [[Malik b. Anas]], the head of the Maliki school of jurisprudence reports that during the time he used to visit Imam al-Sadiq (a), the Imam (a) was always in one of the three states: praying, fasting, or saying [[dhikr]].<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 47, p. 16.</ref> | ||
It is reported that the Imam (a) gave four hundred | It is reported that the Imam (a) gave four hundred [[dirham]]s to a beggar, and when he thanked the Imam (a), he (a) gave him his ring which was worth ten thousand dirhams.<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 47, p. 61.</ref> According to another report, the Imam would put some bread, meat, and money in a bag and would take it to the houses of the poor and divide it among them, without letting them know who he was.<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 8.</ref> Abu Ja'far al-Khath'ami reports that Imam al-Sadiq (a) gave him a bag of money and asked him to give it to someone from Banu Hashim without telling him from where the money was coming. When Abu Ja'far gave the money to that man, he prayed for the sender and told him that this person always sends him money, but Imam al-Sadiq (a) never sends him anything even though he is rich!<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 273.</ref> | ||
==Travel to Iraq== | ==Travel to Iraq== | ||
[[File:مقام امام صادق در مسجد سهله.jpg|thumbnail|right|300px|Maqam Imam al-Sadiq (a) in [[Sahla Mosque]]]] | |||
During the reign of al-Saffah and al-Mansur, Imam al-Sadiq (a) was summoned to [[Baghdad]] several times. In these travels, the Imam (a) also visited [[Karbala]], [[Najaf]], [[Kufa]], and [[Hira]].<ref>Muẓaffar, ''al-Imām al-Ṣādiq'', vol. 1, p. 126-130.</ref> According to a report by Muhammad b. Ma'ruf al-Hilali, when the Imam (a) visited Hira, a great number of people went to see him such that he could not get the chance to visit the Imam for several days.<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 47, p. 93-94.</ref> | During the reign of al-Saffah and al-Mansur, Imam al-Sadiq (a) was summoned to [[Baghdad]] several times. In these travels, the Imam (a) also visited [[Karbala]], [[Najaf]], [[Kufa]], and [[Hira]].<ref>Muẓaffar, ''al-Imām al-Ṣādiq'', vol. 1, p. 126-130.</ref> According to a report by Muhammad b. Ma'ruf al-Hilali, when the Imam (a) visited Hira, a great number of people went to see him such that he could not get the chance to visit the Imam for several days.<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 47, p. 93-94.</ref> | ||
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===Revealing the Location of Imam Ali's (a) Grave=== | ===Revealing the Location of Imam Ali's (a) Grave=== | ||
It is reported that Imam al-Sadiq (a) visited the grave of Imam Ali (a)<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Tahdhīb al-aḥkām'', vol. 6, p. 35-36.</ref> and showed its location, which was previously hidden, to some of his companions. According to al-Kulayni, the Imam took Yazid b. 'Amr b. Talha to a place between Najaf and Hira and showed him the grave of Imam Ali (a).<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 571.</ref> [[Al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] also reports that Imam al-Sadiq (a) visited Imam Ali's (a) grave and prayed beside it and told Yunus b. Zabyan that it was the grave of [[Amir al-Mu'minin (a)]].<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Tahdhīb al-aḥkām'', vol. 6, p. 35.</ref> | It is reported that Imam al-Sadiq (a) visited the grave of Imam Ali (a)<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Tahdhīb al-aḥkām'', vol. 6, p. 35-36.</ref> and showed its location, which was previously hidden, to some of his companions. According to al-Kulayni, the Imam took Yazid b. 'Amr b. Talha to a place between Najaf and Hira and showed him the grave of Imam Ali (a).<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 571.</ref> [[Al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] also reports that Imam al-Sadiq (a) visited Imam Ali's (a) grave and prayed beside it and told [[Yunus b. Zabyan]] that it was the grave of [[Amir al-Mu'minin (a)]].<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Tahdhīb al-aḥkām'', vol. 6, p. 35.</ref> | ||
== Companions, Students, and Transmitters of Hadiths == | == Companions, Students, and Transmitters of Hadiths == | ||
{{Main|List of the Companions of Imam al-Sadiq (a)}} | |||
In his ''[[Al-Rijal (al-Tusi) (book)|Rijal]]'', [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] have mentioned the name of 3200 people as the transmitters of [[hadiths]] from Imam al-Sadiq (a).<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Ikhtīyār maʿrifat al-rijāl'', vol. 2, p. 419-679.</ref> [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] in ''[[al-Irshad]]'' extended the count of his transmitters to four thousand.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 254.</ref> It is said that [[Ibn 'Uqda]], have mentioned names of four thousand transmitters in a book about the students of Imam al-Sadiq (a).<ref>Qummī, ''al-Kinā wa l-alqāb'', vol. 1, p. 358.</ref> | In his ''[[Al-Rijal (al-Tusi) (book)|Rijal]]'', [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] have mentioned the name of 3200 people as the transmitters of [[hadiths]] from Imam al-Sadiq (a).<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Ikhtīyār maʿrifat al-rijāl'', vol. 2, p. 419-679.</ref> [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] in ''[[al-Irshad]]'' extended the count of his transmitters to four thousand.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 254.</ref> It is said that [[Ibn 'Uqda]], have mentioned names of four thousand transmitters in a book about the students of Imam al-Sadiq (a).<ref>Qummī, ''al-Kinā wa l-alqāb'', vol. 1, p. 358.</ref> | ||
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{{end}} | {{end}} | ||
Some of his companions were expert in specific fields. [[Humran b. A'yan]] was expert in [[Qur'anic sciences]], [[Aban b. Taghlib]] in Arabic literature, [[Zurara b. A'yan]] in | Some of his companions were expert in specific fields. [[Humran b. A'yan]] was expert in [[Qur'anic sciences]], [[Aban b. Taghlib]] in Arabic literature, [[Zurara b. A'yan]] in [[jurisprudence]], [[Mu'min al-Taq]] and [[Hisham b. Salim]] were expert in theology.<ref>Kashshī, ''Rijāl'', p. 275-277.</ref> Other students of Imam al-Sadiq (a) who were experts in theology are Humran b. A'yan, [[Qays al-Masir]], and Hisham b. al-Hakam.<ref>Pākatchī, ''Jaʿfar Ṣādiq (a), Imām'', p. 199.</ref> | ||
==Students== | ===Sunni Students=== | ||
Some of the important Sunni scholars were among the students of Imam al-Sadiq (a). According to al-Shaykh al-Saduq, [[Malik b. Anas]] said that he used to go to Imam al-Sadiq (a) and listen to the hadiths that the Imam (a) quoted.<ref>Ṣadūq, ''al-Khiṣāl'', p. 168.</ref> In his [[al-Muwatta']], Malik has quoted some hadiths on the authority of Imam al-Sadiq (a).<ref>Mālik b. Anas, ''al-Muwaṭṭaʾ'', p. 10.</ref> | Some of the important Sunni scholars were among the students of Imam al-Sadiq (a). According to al-Shaykh al-Saduq, [[Malik b. Anas]] said that he used to go to Imam al-Sadiq (a) and listen to the hadiths that the Imam (a) quoted.<ref>Ṣadūq, ''al-Khiṣāl'', p. 168.</ref> In his [[al-Muwatta']], Malik has quoted some hadiths on the authority of Imam al-Sadiq (a).<ref>Mālik b. Anas, ''al-Muwaṭṭaʾ'', p. 10.</ref> | ||
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* '''[[Maqbula of 'Umar b. Hanzala]]''': This hadith discusses the themes of judgment and [[contradiction between hadiths]].<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 67.</ref> The hadith has been adduced as a support for the theory of [[Wilayat al-Faqih]].<ref>Khomeini, ''al-Ḥukūma al-Islāmīyya'', p. 115-121.</ref> | * '''[[Maqbula of 'Umar b. Hanzala]]''': This hadith discusses the themes of judgment and [[contradiction between hadiths]].<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 67.</ref> The hadith has been adduced as a support for the theory of [[Wilayat al-Faqih]].<ref>Khomeini, ''al-Ḥukūma al-Islāmīyya'', p. 115-121.</ref> | ||
==In the View of Sunni Scholars== | |||
Imam al-Sadiq (a) has had a high place in the eyes of Sunni scholars. Abu Hanifa, one of the prominent Sunni leaders, considered the Imam as the most knowledgeable Muslim and the greatest jurist among them.<ref>Dhahabī, ''Tadhkirat al-ḥuffāẓ'', vol. 1, p. 126.</ref> According to [[Ibn Abi l-Hadid]], great Sunni scholars such as Abu Hanifa, [[Ahmad b. Hanbal]], and [[al-Shafi'i]] were directly or indirectly the students of Imam al-Sadiq (a). | |||
However, in Sunni jurisprudence, the viewpoints of Imam al-Sadiq (a) have not been given their due importance, and Shi'a scholars such as al-Sharif al-Murtada criticized Sunni scholars for this. <ref>Pākatchī, ''Imām Jaʿfar Ṣādiq (a)'', p. 206.</ref> | |||
==Martyrdom== | |||
[[File:Al-Baqi' After being demolished.jpg|thumbnail|right|300px|The graves of [[Imams of al-Baqi']] in its current situation]] | |||
His martyrdom is reported to have been in [[148]]/[[765 CE|765]] in Medina.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 180.</ref> Ibn Qutayba al-Dinawari has recorded his demise in 146/763-4,<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ''Al-Maʿārif'', 1992 CE, p. 215.</ref> which is considered an error.<ref>Pākatchī, ''Imām Jaʿfar Ṣādiq (a)'', p. 187.</ref> | |||
There is a disagreement about the day and the month of the martyrdom of Imam al-Sadiq (a). The famous viewpoint of earlier Shia scholars is that it was in Shawwal, but the day is not mentioned in earlier sources.{{cn}} However, later sources considered [[Shawwal 25]] ([[December 14]], [[765 CE|765]]) as the day of his martyrdom.<ref>Pākatchī, ''Imām Jaʿfar Ṣādiq (a)'', p. 187.</ref> In contrast to the famous viewpoint, it is quoted form ''[[Misbah al-Kaf'ami (book)|Misbah al-Kaf'ami]]'' in ''[[Bihar al-Anwar]]'' that Imam al-Sadiq (a) was martyred in [[Rajab 15]], but this report is not found in ''Misbah al-Kaf'ami''. <ref>See: Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', 1403 AH, vol. 47, p. 2.</ref> | |||
[[Al-Shaykh al-Saduq]] clearly states that the Imam (a) was poisoned by [[al-Mansur al-Dawaniqi]] and passed away as a result.<ref>Ṣadūq, ''al-Iʿtiqādāt'', p. 98.</ref> [[Ibn Shahrashub]] in his ''[[al-Manaqib]]'', [[Muhammad b. Jarir al-Tabari al-Saghir|al-Tabari al-Saghir]] in ''[[Dala'il al-imama (book)|Dala'il al-imama]]'' and [[al-Sayyid b. Tawus]] in his ''[[Iqbal al-a'mal (book)|Iqbal]]'' also expressed the same statement.<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', 1379 AH, vol. 4, p. 280; Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-imāma'', 1413 AH, p. 246; Ibn Ṭāwūs, ''Iqbāl al-aʿmāl'', 1414 AH, vol. 1, p. 214.</ref> Yet [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] held that ther there is no decisive reason how he was martyred.<ref>Mufīd, ''Taṣḥīḥ al-'iʿtiqād'', 1413 AH, p. 131-32.</ref> | |||
He was buried in the [[al-Baqi' Cemetery]] beside his father, [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]], his grandfather [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] and his uncle [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]].<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 210; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 180.</ref> | |||
===Will=== | |||
Many hadiths indicate that Imam al-Sadiq (a) introduced Imam al-Kazim (a) as his successor and the executor of his will to his close companions several times.<ref>Kashshī, ''Rijāl'', p. 282, 283.</ref> However, because of the persecutions of the Abbasids and to protect the life of Imam al-Kazim (a), the Imam (a) mentioned five people in his will, including the Abbasid caliph, as its executors.<ref>Pīshwāyī, ''Sīra-yi pīshwāyān'', p. 414.</ref> | |||
As a result, even some of the prominent companions of the Imam (a) became hesitant for a short time about who his successor was. Some of them first went to [['Abd Allah al-Aftah]] and asked him questions, but his answers did not convince them. Afterward, they met Imam al-Kazim (a) and were satisfied by his answers implying that he was the true successor of Imam al-Sadiq (a).<ref>Kashshī, ''Rijāl'', p. 282, 283.</ref> | |||
===Schism among the Shi'a=== | |||
After the martyrdom of Imam al-Sadiq (a), a number of sects emerged among the Shi'a. One group denied the death of [[Isma'il b. al-Imam al-Sadiq (a)|Isma'il]], the son of Imam al-Sadiq (a), and regarded him as the Imam after his father. A number of people in this group, who gave up the belief that Isma'il was alive, maintained that his son Muhammad was the Imam. This group was later called the [[Ismailiyya]]. Another group believed in the imamate of Abd Allah al-Aftah and were called [[Fatahiyya]], but when Abd Allah passed away in just seventy days after his father, they accepted the imamate of Imam al-Kazim (a). Another group, following a person called Nawus, did not accept any other Imams after Imam al-Sadiq (a) and were known as the [[Nawusiyya]]. Another group believed in the Imamate of [[Muhammad al-Dibaj]]. <ref>Nawbakhtī, ''Firaq al-Shīʿa'', p. 66-79.</ref> | |||
{{fulltext | |||
|for the... = For the supplication which should be recited in his ziyarah | |||
|Text:Ziyarah text of Imam al-Sadiq (a) | |||
}} | |||
==Written Works== | ==Written Works== | ||
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* An exegetical work known as ''Tafsir al-Imam al-Sadiq (a)''. | * An exegetical work known as ''Tafsir al-Imam al-Sadiq (a)''. | ||
* ''Tafsir al-Nu'mani''.<ref>Pākatchī, | * ''Tafsir al-Nu'mani''.<ref>Pākatchī, ''Imām Jaʿfar Ṣādiq (a)'', p. 218-219.</ref> | ||
There are also collections of sayings attributed to the Imam (a) and reportedly compiled by his students, some of the published ones are: | There are also collections of sayings attributed to the Imam (a) and reportedly compiled by his students, some of the published ones are: | ||
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* ''Nathr al-durar'', its text is mentioned in ''[[Tuhaf al-'uqul]]. | * ''Nathr al-durar'', its text is mentioned in ''[[Tuhaf al-'uqul]]. | ||
* ''Al-Hikam al-Ja'fariyya'' | * ''Al-Hikam al-Ja'fariyya'' | ||
* A collection of short sayings narrated by Salman b. Ayyub which text is mentioned in ''[[Fara'id al-simtayn]]''.<ref>Pākatchī, | * A collection of short sayings narrated by Salman b. Ayyub which text is mentioned in ''[[Fara'id al-simtayn]]''.<ref>Pākatchī, ''Jaʿfar Ṣādiq (a) Imām'', p. 218-219.</ref> | ||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||