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Kaffara: Difference between revisions
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the verb "kaffarna" (Arabic:{{ia| کفرنا}}) means to cover the sins. Kaffara is called so because it covers the sins. | the verb "kaffarna" (Arabic:{{ia| کفرنا}}) means to cover the sins. Kaffara is called so because it covers the sins. | ||
===In | ===In Jurisprudence=== | ||
In Islam, kaffara is a certain worship or penalty to compensate some sins and alleviate or obviate the afterlife punishments. Sometimes it is referred to as "fidya" which literally means compensation or exchange. | In Islam, kaffara is a certain worship or penalty to compensate some sins and alleviate or obviate the afterlife punishments.<ref>Mishkinī, ''Muṣṭalaḥāt al-fiqh'', p. 438.</ref> Sometimes it is referred to as "fidya" which literally means compensation or exchange. | ||
On the one hand, such penalties are punishments for the person who disobeys the relevant rulings and are, on the other hand, helpful for the community, such as the emancipation of Muslim slaves and feeding or providing clothes for people in need. In some cases, a kaffara is in the form of fasting or repeating one's [[hajj]]. | On the one hand, such penalties are punishments for the person who disobeys the relevant rulings and are, on the other hand, helpful for the community, such as the emancipation of Muslim slaves and feeding or providing clothes for people in need. In some cases, a kaffara is in the form of fasting or repeating one's [[hajj]]. | ||
==Types== | ==Types== | ||
Kaffara, as in [[ | Kaffara, as in [[jurisprudence]], is of the following types: | ||
===Optional (Mukhayyara)=== | ===Optional (Mukhayyara)=== | ||
This is a sort of kaffara in which several penalties are specified, and the person has the option to choose any of them. The following actions or omissions have optional kaffaras: | This is a sort of kaffara in which several penalties are specified, and the person has the option to choose any of them. The following actions or omissions have optional kaffaras: | ||
* Intentionally breaking one's fast in the month of [[Ramadan]] | * Intentionally breaking one's fast in the month of [[Ramadan]]<ref>Ḥillī, ''Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām'', vol. 3, p. 50.</ref> | ||
* Breaking one's vow ([[nadhr]]) or promise ([['ahd]]) | * Breaking one's vow ([[nadhr]])<ref>Ḥillī, ''Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām'', vol. 3, p. 50.</ref> or promise ([['ahd]])<ref>Ḥillī, ''Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām'', vol. 3, p. 50.</ref> | ||
* A woman cutting her hair in mourning for her loved ones. | * A woman cutting her hair in mourning for her loved ones.<ref>Shahīd al-Awwal, ''Ghāyat al-murād'', vol. 3, p. 463; Najafī, ''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol. 33, p. 183.</ref> | ||
In such cases, the person has the option to do one of the following at his or her preference: | In such cases, the person has the option to do one of the following at his or her preference: | ||
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* Emancipation of a slave, | * Emancipation of a slave, | ||
* Fasting for two consecutive months, | * Fasting for two consecutive months, | ||
* Feeding 60 people in need. | * Feeding 60 people in need.<ref>Ḥillī, ''Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām'', vol. 3, p. 50; Najafī, ''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol. 33, p. 175.</ref> | ||
===Determined (Mu'ayyana)=== | ===Determined (Mu'ayyana)=== | ||
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===Total (Jam')=== | ===Total (Jam')=== | ||
The total kaffara is the one in which three kaffaras should all be done: the emancipation of a slave, fasting for two consecutive months, and feeding 60 people in need. | The total kaffara is the one in which three kaffaras should all be done: the emancipation of a slave, fasting for two consecutive months, and feeding 60 people in need.<ref>Ḥillī, ''Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām'', vol. 3, p. 50; Mishkinī, ''Muṣṭalaḥāt al-fiqh'', p. 439.</ref> | ||
The following actions or omissions are subject to such a kaffara: | The following actions or omissions are subject to such a kaffara: | ||
*Intentionally killing a Muslim, | * Intentionally killing a Muslim,<ref>Ḥillī, ''Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām'', vol. 3, p. 50; Najafī, ''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol. 33, p. 178.</ref> | ||
*Intentionally breaking one's fast in the Ramadan month by a prohibited action such as drinking wine. | * Intentionally breaking one's fast in the Ramadan month by a prohibited action such as drinking wine.<ref>Shahīd al-Awwal, ''Ghāyat al-murād'', vol. 3, p. 458--459.</ref> | ||
==Cases== | ==Cases== | ||
Kaffara is obligatory for committing certain sins. The following are based on the [[fatwa]]s of the majority of [[ | Kaffara is obligatory for committing certain sins. The following are based on the [[fatwa]]s of the majority of [[jurist]]s. | ||
===In Fasting=== | ===In Fasting=== | ||
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===Breaking Vows and Promises=== | ===Breaking Vows and Promises=== | ||
If a person breaks his or her vow ([[nadhr]]) or promise ([['ahd]]), then according to the majority of | If a person breaks his or her vow ([[nadhr]]) or promise ([['ahd]]), then according to the majority of jurists he or she should do one of the following: emancipating a slave or feeding 60 people in need or fasting for two months. | ||
===Zihar=== | ===Zihar=== | ||
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==Fidya== | ==Fidya== | ||
"Fidya" literally means an exchange. Some actions are not prohibited, but one should give some fidya for doing them. According to the Qur'an, one such case is not fasting for people who cannot fast (and thus it is not prohibited for them not to fast). This fidya consists of giving about 750 grams of food (such as wheat) to a person in need. This applies to the following: | "Fidya" literally means an exchange. Some actions are not prohibited, but one should give some fidya for doing them. According to the Qur'an, one such case is not fasting for people who cannot fast (and thus it is not prohibited for them not to fast). This fidya consists of giving about 750 grams of food (such as wheat) to a person in need.<ref>Khāmeneʾī, ''Ajwabat al-istiftāʾāt'', vol. 1, p. 138, Q. 832.</ref> This applies to the following: | ||
* '''Pregnant or lactating women:''' a pregnant woman for whom or for whose fetus it is harmful to fast or a woman who lactates her baby and it is harmful to the baby or for the woman to fast, should pay the fidya in addition to fasting at another time (that is, doing the [[qada']]). | * '''Pregnant or lactating women:''' a pregnant woman for whom or for whose fetus it is harmful to fast or a woman who lactates her baby and it is harmful to the baby or for the woman to fast, should pay the fidya in addition to fasting at another time (that is, doing the [[qada']]). | ||
* '''Continuous disease:''' if a person cannot fast because of a disease and his or her disease lasts until the next [[Ramadan]] month, then he or she does not have to fast at another time (does not have to do the qada') according to the majority of [[ | * '''Continuous disease:''' if a person cannot fast because of a disease and his or her disease lasts until the next [[Ramadan]] month, then he or she does not have to fast at another time (does not have to do the qada') according to the majority of [[jurists]], but they should give a fidya for every day.<ref>Ṣadr, ''Māwarāʾ al-fiqh'', vol. 9, p. 120.</ref> | ||
* '''Old men and women:''' old men and women for whom it is difficult to fast have to pay the fidya. | * '''Old men and women:''' old men and women for whom it is difficult to fast have to pay the fidya. | ||
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{{end}} | {{end}} | ||
== References == | ==Notes== | ||
{{notes}} | |||
==References == | |||
{{references}} | {{references}} | ||
* Ḥillī, Jaʿfar b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām fī masāʾil al-ḥalāl wa l-ḥarām''. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAlī Baqqāl. Qom: Muʾassisa-yi Ismāʿīlīyān, 1408 AH. | * Ḥillī, Jaʿfar b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām fī masāʾil al-ḥalāl wa l-ḥarām''. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAlī Baqqāl. Qom: Muʾassisa-yi Ismāʿīlīyān, 1408 AH. | ||