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Hadith al-Manzila: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Hadith of Manzila.jpg|400px|thumb|Hadith of Manzila, written in [[Mu'alla]], a script variety of Islamic calligraphy]] | [[File:Hadith of Manzila.jpg|400px|thumb|Hadith of Manzila, written in [[Mu'alla]], a script variety of Islamic calligraphy]] | ||
{{Template:Imam 'Ali (a)-Vertical}} | {{Template:Imam 'Ali (a)-Vertical}} | ||
''' | '''Ḥadīth of Manzila''' (Arabic: حدیث المنزلة) is among the most famous hadiths narrated from the [[Prophet (s)]] which has been agreed upon by both [[Shi'a]] and [[Sunni]] scholars. This hadith introduces the position of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]], with regards to the Prophet (s) and his primacy over other [[companions of the prophet (s)|companions]]. It is a frequently-narrated hadith ([[mutawatir]]) in the view of Shi'a scholars and among the proofs for Imam 'Ali's (a) right to the [[caliphate]] after the noble Prophet (s). | ||
This hadith has been narrated from the Prophet (s) in different occasions, most important of which has been in the [[Battle of Tabuk]]. One of the most famous versions of its narration is that the noble Prophet (s) addressed Imam 'Ali (a) and said, "To me, you are like [[Aaron]] to [[Moses]], except for there is no prophet after me." | This hadith has been narrated from the Prophet (s) in different occasions, most important of which has been in the [[Battle of Tabuk]]. One of the most famous versions of its narration is that the noble Prophet (s) addressed Imam 'Ali (a) and said, "To me, you are like [[Aaron]] to [[Moses]], except for there is no prophet after me." | ||
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There are different versions of the hadith of Manzila, yet they all share the common message of [[Imam 'Ali (a)|Imam 'Ali's (a)]] position relative to the Prophet (s) and how it is the same as [[Aaron]]'s position with regards to [[Moses]]. The few differences in these versions are due to its repetition in different occasions and the fact that some narrators have reported the meaning of the narration and not its exact words. | There are different versions of the hadith of Manzila, yet they all share the common message of [[Imam 'Ali (a)|Imam 'Ali's (a)]] position relative to the Prophet (s) and how it is the same as [[Aaron]]'s position with regards to [[Moses]]. The few differences in these versions are due to its repetition in different occasions and the fact that some narrators have reported the meaning of the narration and not its exact words. | ||
== Sources of the Hadith among Shi'a and | == Sources of the Hadith among Shi'a and Sunni == | ||
This hadith has been mentioned in different historical, traditional and theological sources.<ref>Ahmad b. Hanbal, Vol.1, P.277; Vol.3, P.417; Al-Bukhari, Vol.5, P.129; Tirmidhi, Vol.5, P.638; Al-Kafi, Vol.8, PP.107-8; Al-Baqilani, P. 457; Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar, Vol.10, Chapter 1, P. 158; Khatib al-Baghdadi, Vol.4, P. 465; Fakhr Razi, Vol.2, P.257; Taftazani, Vol.5, P.296</ref> [[Shi'a]] scholars have written independent books on them, including [[Mir Hamid Husayn]] (d. 1306 AH/1889) who dedicated one volume of ''[['Abaqat al-anwar]]'' specifically to this hadith. Hakim Haskani narrated from his teacher, Abu Hazim Hafiz 'Abdaway, that he recorded narration of the hadith of Manzila from 5000 references. In another report, 88 of the most famous hadith narrators have narrated this hadith<ref>Husayni Milani, Vol.17, PP.23-8</ref>. Other scholars including [[Ibn Taymiyya]]<ref>Ibn Taymiyya, Vol.7, P.326</ref>, 'Abd al-Haqq Dihlawi, Ganji al-Shafi'i, Abu l-Qasim 'Ali b. Muhassin al-Tanukhi and [[Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti|al-Suyuti]] have acknowledged the authenticity, strength and popularity of this hadith. This hadith has also been mentioned in [[Sahih al-Bukhari]]<ref>Al-Bukhari, Vol.4, P.208; Vol.5, P.129: حَدَّثَنِی مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ بَشَّارٍ، حَدَّثَنَا غُنْدَرٌ، حَدَّثَنَا شُعْبَةُ، عَنْ سَعْدٍ، قَالَ: سَمِعْتُ إِبْرَاهِیمَ بْنَ سَعْدٍ، عَنْ أَبِیهِ، قَالَ: قَالَ النَّبِی صَلَّی اللهُ عَلَیهِ وَسَلَّمَ لِعَلِی: «أَمَا تَرْضَی أَنْ تَکونَ مِنِّی بِمَنْزِلَةِ هَارُونَ، مِنْ مُوسَی»</ref>, [[Sahih Muslim]]<ref>Muslim, Vol.7, P.119: حَدَّثَنَا یحْیی بْنُ یحْیی التَّمِیمِی وَأَبُو جَعْفَرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الصَّبَّاحِ وَعُبَیدُ اللَّهِ الْقَوَارِیرِی وَسُرَیجُ بْنُ یونُسَ کلُّهُمْ عَنْ یوسُفَ الْمَاجِشُونِ - وَاللَّفْظُ لاِبْنِ الصَّبَّاحِ - حَدَّثَنَا یوسُفُ أَبُو سَلَمَةَ الْمَاجِشُونُ حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْمُنْکدِرِ عَنْ سَعِیدِ بْنِ الْمُسَیبِ عَنْ عَامِرِ بْنِ سَعْدِ بْنِ أَبِی وَقَّاصٍ عَنْ أَبِیهِ قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ -صلی الله علیه وسلم- لِعَلِی «أَنْتَ مِنِّی بِمَنْزِلَةِ هَارُونَ مِنْ مُوسَی إِلاَّ أَنَّهُ لاَ نَبِی بَعْدِی ». قَالَ سَعِیدٌ فَأَحْبَبْتُ أَنْ أُشَافِهَ بِهَا سَعْدًا فَلَقِیتُ سَعْدًا فَحَدَّثْتُهُ بِمَا حَدَّثَنِی عَامِرٌ فَقَالَ أَنَا سَمِعْتُه. فَقُلْتُ آنْتَ سَمِعْتَهُ فَوَضَعَ إِصْبَعَیهِ عَلَی أُذُنَیهِ فَقَالَ نَعَمْ وَإِلاَّ فَاسْتَکتَا.</ref> and other Sunni hadith references<ref>Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri, Vol.3, PP.133-4; Ibn 'Abd al-Birr, Vol.3, PP.1097-8; Ibn Athir, al-Kamil fi | This hadith has been mentioned in different historical, traditional and theological sources.<ref>Ahmad b. Hanbal, Vol.1, P.277; Vol.3, P.417; Al-Bukhari, Vol.5, P.129; Tirmidhi, Vol.5, P.638; Al-Kafi, Vol.8, PP.107-8; Al-Baqilani, P. 457; Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar, Vol.10, Chapter 1, P. 158; Khatib al-Baghdadi, Vol.4, P. 465; Fakhr Razi, Vol.2, P.257; Taftazani, Vol.5, P.296</ref> [[Shi'a]] scholars have written independent books on them, including [[Mir Hamid Husayn]] (d. 1306 AH/1889) who dedicated one volume of ''[['Abaqat al-anwar]]'' specifically to this hadith. Hakim Haskani narrated from his teacher, Abu Hazim Hafiz 'Abdaway, that he recorded narration of the hadith of Manzila from 5000 references. In another report, 88 of the most famous hadith narrators have narrated this hadith<ref>Husayni Milani, Vol.17, PP.23-8</ref>. Other scholars including [[Ibn Taymiyya]]<ref>Ibn Taymiyya, Vol.7, P.326</ref>, 'Abd al-Haqq Dihlawi, Ganji al-Shafi'i, Abu l-Qasim 'Ali b. Muhassin al-Tanukhi and [[Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti|al-Suyuti]] have acknowledged the authenticity, strength and popularity of this hadith. This hadith has also been mentioned in [[Sahih al-Bukhari]]<ref>Al-Bukhari, Vol.4, P.208; Vol.5, P.129: حَدَّثَنِی مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ بَشَّارٍ، حَدَّثَنَا غُنْدَرٌ، حَدَّثَنَا شُعْبَةُ، عَنْ سَعْدٍ، قَالَ: سَمِعْتُ إِبْرَاهِیمَ بْنَ سَعْدٍ، عَنْ أَبِیهِ، قَالَ: قَالَ النَّبِی صَلَّی اللهُ عَلَیهِ وَسَلَّمَ لِعَلِی: «أَمَا تَرْضَی أَنْ تَکونَ مِنِّی بِمَنْزِلَةِ هَارُونَ، مِنْ مُوسَی»</ref>, [[Sahih Muslim]]<ref>Muslim, Vol.7, P.119: حَدَّثَنَا یحْیی بْنُ یحْیی التَّمِیمِی وَأَبُو جَعْفَرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الصَّبَّاحِ وَعُبَیدُ اللَّهِ الْقَوَارِیرِی وَسُرَیجُ بْنُ یونُسَ کلُّهُمْ عَنْ یوسُفَ الْمَاجِشُونِ - وَاللَّفْظُ لاِبْنِ الصَّبَّاحِ - حَدَّثَنَا یوسُفُ أَبُو سَلَمَةَ الْمَاجِشُونُ حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْمُنْکدِرِ عَنْ سَعِیدِ بْنِ الْمُسَیبِ عَنْ عَامِرِ بْنِ سَعْدِ بْنِ أَبِی وَقَّاصٍ عَنْ أَبِیهِ قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ -صلی الله علیه وسلم- لِعَلِی «أَنْتَ مِنِّی بِمَنْزِلَةِ هَارُونَ مِنْ مُوسَی إِلاَّ أَنَّهُ لاَ نَبِی بَعْدِی ». قَالَ سَعِیدٌ فَأَحْبَبْتُ أَنْ أُشَافِهَ بِهَا سَعْدًا فَلَقِیتُ سَعْدًا فَحَدَّثْتُهُ بِمَا حَدَّثَنِی عَامِرٌ فَقَالَ أَنَا سَمِعْتُه. فَقُلْتُ آنْتَ سَمِعْتَهُ فَوَضَعَ إِصْبَعَیهِ عَلَی أُذُنَیهِ فَقَالَ نَعَمْ وَإِلاَّ فَاسْتَکتَا.</ref> and other Sunni hadith references<ref>Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri, Vol.3, PP.133-4; Ibn 'Abd al-Birr, Vol.3, PP.1097-8; Ibn Athir, al-Kamil fi l-tarikh Vol.2, P.278; Sibt b. Jowzi, PP.27-8' Ibn Abi l-Hadid, Vol,13, P.211; Juwayni al-Khurasani, Vol.1, P.122; al-Haythami, Vol.9, P.111; Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani, Vol.2, P.509; Al-Suyuti, P.168; Halabi, Vol.3, PP.187-8; Qunduzi, Vol.1, PP.111-2; Husayni Firuz Abadi, Vol.1, PP.347-64; Khidri, P.169</ref>. | ||
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In addition to proving a great merit for [[Imam 'Ali (a)]], this hadith also proves his right for [[caliphate]] and infallibility, since the [[Prophet (s)]] has elevated Imam 'Ali (a) to [[Aaron]] and all of his virtues, except for being a prophet. According to Quranic verses, prophet [[Moses]] asked God to choose Aaron as his deputy, and prophet Musa helps him in his mission<ref>Sura Taha (20:29-32)</ref>. God accepted Moses' request<ref>Sura Taha (20:36)</ref> and Aaron became Moses' vicegerent in his absence<ref>Sura A'raf (7:142)</ref>. Therefore, Aaron had all the positions of Moses as well, and if Aaron remained alive after Moses, he would have served as his successor (according to Jews, Aaron passed away forty years before Moses.) | In addition to proving a great merit for [[Imam 'Ali (a)]], this hadith also proves his right for [[caliphate]] and infallibility, since the [[Prophet (s)]] has elevated Imam 'Ali (a) to [[Aaron]] and all of his virtues, except for being a prophet. According to Quranic verses, prophet [[Moses]] asked God to choose Aaron as his deputy, and prophet Musa helps him in his mission<ref>Sura Taha (20:29-32)</ref>. God accepted Moses' request<ref>Sura Taha (20:36)</ref> and Aaron became Moses' vicegerent in his absence<ref>Sura A'raf (7:142)</ref>. Therefore, Aaron had all the positions of Moses as well, and if Aaron remained alive after Moses, he would have served as his successor (according to Jews, Aaron passed away forty years before Moses.) | ||
Aaron had a great position before Moses and thus Imam 'Ali's (a) position and rightfulness for caliphate after the Prophet (s) can be understood. Based on the story of Aaron and Moses in the [[Qur'an]], Aaron was Moses' deputy in his mission, thus 'Ali (a) was also the Prophet's (s) deputy in his leadership and guardianship, except in his role as a [[ | Aaron had a great position before Moses and thus Imam 'Ali's (a) position and rightfulness for caliphate after the Prophet (s) can be understood. Based on the story of Aaron and Moses in the [[Qur'an]], Aaron was Moses' deputy in his mission, thus 'Ali (a) was also the Prophet's (s) deputy in his leadership and guardianship, except in his role as a [[prophet]]. Aaron was the second man after Moses among [[Bani Israel]], thus 'Ali (a) was the same in the Prophet's (s) ummah. Aaron was Moses' brother, and 'Ali (a) was also noted as the Prophet's (s) brother based on the frequently narrated [[Hadith of Mu'akhat]] which has been mentioned in both [[Shi'a]] and [[Sunni]] references. Aaron was the best of Moses' people before God, as 'Ali (a) was during the time of the Prophet. | ||
Aaron was Moses' exclusive deputy in his absence, and the Prophet gave that right to 'Ali (a), as documented in the narration where the Prophet's (s) said, "It would not be appropriate that I go to the [[Battle of Tabuk]], except you would be my vicegerent here". Aaron was the most knowledgeable person among the people of Moses and so was 'Ali (a) as stressed by the Prophet (s). Obeying Aaron was incumbent upon both [[Joshua b. Nun]] (Moses' deputy) and his people. Obeying 'Ali (a) was also a necessity, even with the assumption of the deputyship of [[Abu Bakr]], [['Umar b. Khattab|'Umar]], [['Uthman b. Affan|'Uthman]] or anyone else. | Aaron was Moses' exclusive deputy in his absence, and the Prophet gave that right to 'Ali (a), as documented in the narration where the Prophet's (s) said, "It would not be appropriate that I go to the [[Battle of Tabuk]], except you would be my vicegerent here". Aaron was the most knowledgeable person among the people of Moses and so was 'Ali (a) as stressed by the Prophet (s). Obeying Aaron was incumbent upon both [[Joshua b. Nun]] (Moses' deputy) and his people. Obeying 'Ali (a) was also a necessity, even with the assumption of the deputyship of [[Abu Bakr]], [['Umar b. Khattab|'Umar]], [['Uthman b. Affan|'Uthman]] or anyone else. | ||
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The response to this question would be: | The response to this question would be: | ||
# In their recordings, many Sunni scholars did not limit this hadith to the Battle of Tabuk and believe that the Prophet (s) shared this hadith in other occasions too. In approving the deputyship of Imam 'Ali (a), [[Ibn Abi | # In their recordings, many Sunni scholars did not limit this hadith to the Battle of Tabuk and believe that the Prophet (s) shared this hadith in other occasions too. In approving the deputyship of Imam 'Ali (a), [[Ibn Abi l-Hadid]]<ref>Ibn Abi l-Hadid, Vol.13, P.211</ref> referred to the Qur'an and different hadiths applying the merits and positions of Aaron to 'Ali (a) and if the Prophet (s) was not the Last of Prophets, 'Ali (a) would even be his successor in prophethood. The Prophet (s) named 'Ali's (a) sons the same as Aaron's sons and said, "I named them Shubbar and Shubayr after Aaron's sons.<ref>Ahmad b. Hanbal, Vol.1, P.158; al-Hakim al-Nishapuri, Vol.3, P.168; Muttaqi, Vol.12, PP.117-8; Majlisi, Vol.101, PP.110-2</ref>" | ||
# Companions themselves understood a general sense of the hadith regarding 'Ali's (a) positions. For example, when [[Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-Ansari]] was asked about the meaning of the hadith of Manzila, he answered that in this hadith, the Prophet (s) appointed 'Ali (a) as his deputy among his ummah, in his life and after his demise and made his obedience incumbent upon you<ref>Ibn Babawayh, P. 74</ref>. | # Companions themselves understood a general sense of the hadith regarding 'Ali's (a) positions. For example, when [[Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-Ansari]] was asked about the meaning of the hadith of Manzila, he answered that in this hadith, the Prophet (s) appointed 'Ali (a) as his deputy among his ummah, in his life and after his demise and made his obedience incumbent upon you<ref>Ibn Babawayh, P. 74</ref>. | ||
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* Al-Amidi, 'Ali b. Muhammad. ''Al-Imama min abkar al-afkar fi usul al-din'', Ed. Muhammad Zubaydi. Beirut, 1412 AH/1992. | * Al-Amidi, 'Ali b. Muhammad. ''Al-Imama min abkar al-afkar fi usul al-din'', Ed. Muhammad Zubaydi. Beirut, 1412 AH/1992. | ||
* Al-Baqilani, Muhammad b. Tayyib. ''Kitab Tamhid al-awail wa talkhis al-dala'il'', Ed. 'Imad al-Din Ahmad Haydar. Beirut, 1414 AH/1993. | * Al-Baqilani, Muhammad b. Tayyib. ''Kitab Tamhid al-awail wa talkhis al-dala'il'', Ed. 'Imad al-Din Ahmad Haydar. Beirut, 1414 AH/1993. | ||
* Al-Bukhari, Muhammad b. Isma'il. ''Sahih al-Bukhari'', Ed. Muhammad Dhihni al-Afandi. Istanbul, 1401 AH/1981. | * Al-Bukhari, Muhammad b. Isma'il. ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'', Ed. Muhammad Dhihni al-Afandi. Istanbul, 1401 AH/1981. | ||
* Fakhr al-Razi, Muhammad b. 'Umar. ''Barahin dar 'ilm-i kalam'', Ed. Muhammad Baqir Sabziwari. Tehran, 1341-42 sh/1962-63. | * Fakhr al-Razi, Muhammad b. 'Umar. ''Barahin dar 'ilm-i kalam'', Ed. Muhammad Baqir Sabziwari. Tehran, 1341-42 sh/1962-63. | ||
* Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri, Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah. ''al-Mustadrak 'ala al-sahihayn''. Beirut: Dar al-Ma'rifa, n.d. | * Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri, Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah. ''al-Mustadrak 'ala al-sahihayn''. Beirut: Dar al-Ma'rifa, n.d. | ||
* Al-Halabi, 'Ali b. Ibrahim. ''Al-Sira al-halabiyya'', Ed. 'Abd Allah Muhammad al-Khalili. Beirut, 1422 AH/2002. | * Al-Halabi, 'Ali b. Ibrahim. ''Al-Sira al-halabiyya'', Ed. 'Abd Allah Muhammad al-Khalili. Beirut, 1422 AH/2002. | ||
* Al-Haytami, Ibn Hajar. ''Al-Sawa'q al-muhraqa fi | * Al-Haytami, Ibn Hajar. ''Al-Sawa'q al-muhraqa fi l-radd 'ala ahl al-bida' wa al-zanadiqa'', Ed. 'Abd al-Wahhab 'Abd al-Latif. Cairo, 1385 AH/1965. | ||
* Al-Haythami, 'Ali b. Abu Bakr. ''Majma al-zawa'id wa manba' al-fawa'id''. Beirut, 1402 AH/1982. | * Al-Haythami, 'Ali b. Abu Bakr. ''Majma al-zawa'id wa manba' al-fawa'id''. Beirut, 1402 AH/1982. | ||
* Husayni Firuz Abadi, Murtada. ''Fada'il al-khamsa min al-sihah al-sitta''. Beirut, 1402 AH/1982. | * Husayni Firuz Abadi, Murtada. ''Fada'il al-khamsa min al-sihah al-sitta''. Beirut, 1402 AH/1982. | ||
* Husayni Milani, 'Ali. Nafahat al-azhar fi khulasa 'abaqat al-anwar. Qom, 1384 sh/2005. | * Husayni Milani, 'Ali. ''Nafahat al-azhar fi khulasa 'abaqat al-anwar''. Qom, 1384 sh/2005. | ||
* Ibn 'Abd al-Birr, ''Al-Isti'ab fi marifat al-ashab'', Ed. 'Ali Muhammad Bajawi. Beirut, 1412 AH/1992. | * Ibn 'Abd al-Birr, ''Al-Isti'ab fi marifat al-ashab'', Ed. 'Ali Muhammad Bajawi. Beirut, 1412 AH/1992. | ||
* Ibn 'Abd Rabbih, ''Al-Iqd al-farid'', Vol.5. Beirut, 1404 AH/1983. | * Ibn 'Abd Rabbih, ''Al-Iqd al-farid'', Vol.5. Beirut, 1404 AH/1983. | ||
* Ibn Abi l-Hadid, ''Commentary of Nahj al-Balagha''. Cairo, 1385 AH/1965. | * Ibn Abi l-Hadid, ''Commentary of Nahj al-Balagha''. Cairo, 1385 AH/1965. | ||
* Ibn Athir, ''Al-Kamil fi | * Ibn Athir, ''Al-Kamil fi l-tarikh''. Beirut, 1386 AH/1966. | ||
* Ibn Athir, ''Usd al-ghaba fi ma'rifat al-sahaba'' Ed. Muhammad Ibrahim Banna and Mahammad Ahmad 'Ashur. Cairo, 1970-73. | * Ibn Athir, ''Usd al-ghaba fi ma'rifat al-sahaba'' Ed. Muhammad Ibrahim Banna and Mahammad Ahmad 'Ashur. Cairo, 1970-73. | ||
* Ibn Babawayh, ''Ma'ani l-akhbar'', Ed. 'Ali Akbar Ghaffari. Qom, 1361 sh/1982. | * Ibn Babawayh, ''[[Ma'ani l-akhbar (book)|Ma'ani l-akhbar]]'', Ed. 'Ali Akbar Ghaffari. Qom, 1361 sh/1982. | ||
* Ibn Kathir, ''Al-Bidaya wa al-nihaya''. Beirut, 1411 AH/1990. | * Ibn Kathir, ''Al-Bidaya wa al-nihaya''. Beirut, 1411 AH/1990. | ||
* Ibn Taymiyya, ''Minhaj al-sunna al-nabawiyya'' Ed. Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh, 1406 AH/1986. | * Ibn Taymiyya, ''Minhaj al-sunna al-nabawiyya'' Ed. Muhammad Rashad Salim. Riyadh, 1406 AH/1986. | ||
* Juwaini al-Khurasani, Ibrahim b. Muhammad. | * Juwaini al-Khurasani, Ibrahim b. Muhammad. ''Fara'id al-simatayn fi fada'il al-murtada wa al-batul wa al-sibtayn wa al-a'imma min dhurriyatihim (a)'',. Beirut: Publication Muhammad Baqir Mahmudi, 1400 AH/1980. | ||
* Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, ''Tarikh Baghdad''. n.d. | * Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, ''Tarikh Baghdad''. n.d. | ||
* Khidri, Muhammad ''Itmam al-wafa' fi sira al-khulafa''. Beirut, 1402 AH/1982. | * Khidri, Muhammad ''Itmam al-wafa' fi sira al-khulafa''. Beirut, 1402 AH/1982. | ||
* Al-Kulayni, Muhammad b. Ya'qub. ''Al-Kafi''. n.d. | * Al-Kulayni, Muhammad b. Ya'qub. ''[[Al-Kafi (book)|Al-Kafi]]''. n.d. | ||
* Al-Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir. ''Bihar al-anwar''. n.d. | * Al-Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir. ''[[Bihar al-anwar]]''. n.d. | ||
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