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Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya: Difference between revisions
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He is also regarded as Muhammad b. 'Ali or Muhammad al-Akbar, and his kunya was Abu al-Qasim. He took part in the battles of [[the Battle of Siffin|Siffin]] and [[the Battle of Jamal|Jamal]], and was the standard-bearer of [[Imam Ali (a)|Imam 'Ali]]'s (a) army in the latter. He stayed in Medina at [[the event of Karbala]]. After the martyrdom of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]], he initially claimed his [[Imama]], but having heard the testimony of [[Black Stone|al-Hajar al-Aswad]] to the Imama of [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]], he disclaimed and believed in the Imama of his nephew. | He is also regarded as Muhammad b. 'Ali or Muhammad al-Akbar, and his kunya was Abu al-Qasim. He took part in the battles of [[the Battle of Siffin|Siffin]] and [[the Battle of Jamal|Jamal]], and was the standard-bearer of [[Imam Ali (a)|Imam 'Ali]]'s (a) army in the latter. He stayed in Medina at [[the event of Karbala]]. After the martyrdom of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]], he initially claimed his [[Imama]], but having heard the testimony of [[Black Stone|al-Hajar al-Aswad]] to the Imama of [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]], he disclaimed and believed in the Imama of his nephew. | ||
[[Kaysanites]] believed in him as their Imam, and according to his letter to [[Mukhtar]], they rescued him from [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]]. He was the first person who was believed by some to be [[ | [[Kaysanites]] believed in him as their Imam, and according to his letter to [[Mukhtar]], they rescued him from [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]]. He was the first person who was believed by some to be the [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)|Promised al-Mahdi (a)]] (the savior). He had a very peaceful political orientation in his life. | ||
==Appellation== | ==Appellation== | ||
He was commonly regarded as "Ibn al-Hanafiyya" since his mother, the daughter of Ja'far b. Qays<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', Vol.2, P.200</ref>, was from Bani Hanafiyya tribe. According to some reports, his mother was taken as a slave in the attack of [[Banu Asad]] on Banu Hanafiyya during the caliphate of [[Abu Bakr]]. [[Imam Ali (a)|'Ali (a)]] bought and released, and then married her. | He was commonly regarded as "Ibn al-Hanafiyya" since his mother, the daughter of Ja'far b. Qays<ref>Al-Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', Vol.2, P.200</ref>, was from Bani Hanafiyya tribe. According to some reports, his mother was taken as a slave in the attack of [[Banu Asad]] on Banu Hanafiyya during the caliphate of [[Abu Bakr]]. [[Imam Ali (a)|'Ali (a)]] bought and released, and then married her. | ||
Owing to his death in 81/700-1 and that he was 65 at the time, it could be calculated that he was born in 16/637-8<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''Al-Tabaqat'', Vol.5, P.87</ref>. His name, Muhammad, and [[kunya]], Abu l-Qasim, were chosen after the name and kunya of [[ | Owing to his death in 81/700-1 and that he was 65 at the time, it could be calculated that he was born in 16/637-8<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''Al-Tabaqat'', Vol.5, P.87</ref>. His name, Muhammad, and [[kunya]], Abu l-Qasim, were chosen after the name and kunya of the [[Holy Prophet (s)]] by his permission, when he said to 'Ali (a); 'if this woman bears you a child, choose his name and kunya after me.' Otherwise no one whose name is Muhammad has a right to choose Abu l-Qasim as his kunya<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''al-Tabaqat'', Vol.5, P.67</ref>. | ||
==Masters and Students== | ==Masters and Students== | ||
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Muhammad then, accompanied by [[Khuzayma b. Thabit]] (Dhu l-Shahadatayn) and a group of [[Ansar]], many of them whom were the fighters of the [[Battle of Badr]], made successive attacks, and forced Jamal army to retreat.<ref>Reyshahri, ''Daneshnama-yi Amir al-Mu'minin'', Vol. 1, P.183</ref> | Muhammad then, accompanied by [[Khuzayma b. Thabit]] (Dhu l-Shahadatayn) and a group of [[Ansar]], many of them whom were the fighters of the [[Battle of Badr]], made successive attacks, and forced Jamal army to retreat.<ref>Reyshahri, ''Daneshnama-yi Amir al-Mu'minin'', Vol. 1, P.183</ref> | ||
According to some reports, Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya was not certain about taking hold of the standard of Imam 'Ali's (a) army, and even reproached his father<ref>Ibn Khallikan, ''Wafayat al-a'yan'', Vol. 4, P.171</ref>, but eventually bore the standard, and thus made a reputation. Although in some sources such as; [[al-Tabari]], [[Ibn Kathir]], and [[Ibn al-Jawzi]], the standard-bearing of Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya is reported without a hint to such a doubt, the narration of [[Ibn Khallikan]] posits his standard-bearing in the [[Battle of | According to some reports, Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya was not certain about taking hold of the standard of Imam 'Ali's (a) army, and even reproached his father<ref>Ibn Khallikan, ''Wafayat al-a'yan'', Vol. 4, P.171</ref>, but eventually bore the standard, and thus made a reputation. Although in some sources such as; [[al-Tabari]], [[Ibn Kathir]], and [[Ibn al-Jawzi]], the standard-bearing of Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya is reported without a hint to such a doubt, the narration of [[Ibn Khallikan]] posits his standard-bearing in the [[Battle of Siffin]] and his doubts about it<ref>Ibn al-Jawzi, ''al-Muntazam'', Vol.5, P.78; Sabiri, ''Tarikh-i firaq-i Islami'', Vol.2, P.51</ref> | ||
==Absence in the Event of Karbala== | ==Absence in the Event of Karbala== | ||
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==Relation with Kaysanites and al-Mukhtar== | ==Relation with Kaysanites and al-Mukhtar== | ||
[[Kaysanites]] perceived that, after [[Imam al-Husayn's (a)]] [[martyrdom]], Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya has assigned [[al-Mukhtar]] as the governor of [[Kufa]] and [[Basra]] to seek revenge on his murderers. Kaysanites revolted a while after the martyrdom of Imam al-Husayn (a) and believed in the [[Imama]] of Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya. They believed he had inherited the mysteries of religion, knowledge of interpretation, and esoteric knowledge from [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] and Imam al-Husayn (a). Some of them would interpret [[prayer]] and [[fasting]] as symbols for other things, and believed in [[reincarnation]], and they were unanimous in the [[Imama]] of Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya, and the possibility of [[bada']] for [[God]]. This sect is also called "Mukhtariyya".<ref>Al-Nawbakhti, ''Firaq al-Shi'a'', p. 23</ref> | [[Kaysanites]] perceived that, after [[Imam al-Husayn (a)|Imam al-Husayn's (a)]] [[martyrdom]], Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya has assigned [[al-Mukhtar]] as the governor of [[Kufa]] and [[Basra]] to seek revenge on his murderers. Kaysanites revolted a while after the martyrdom of Imam al-Husayn (a) and believed in the [[Imama]] of Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya. They believed he had inherited the mysteries of religion, knowledge of interpretation, and esoteric knowledge from [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] and Imam al-Husayn (a). Some of them would interpret [[prayer]] and [[fasting]] as symbols for other things, and believed in [[reincarnation]], and they were unanimous in the [[Imama]] of Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya, and the possibility of [[bada']] for [[God]]. This sect is also called "Mukhtariyya".<ref>Al-Nawbakhti, ''Firaq al-Shi'a'', p. 23</ref> | ||
There are various opinions considering his relationship with [[al-Mukhtar]]; some posit his disbelief in al-Mukhtar and their disconnection, some regard al-Mukhtar as his deputy, and some hold that he was gratified by al-Mukhtar and his acting, although there had been no deputation.<ref>See: Ja'farian, ''Tarikh-i siasi-yi sadr-i Islam'', P.214-215</ref> | There are various opinions considering his relationship with [[al-Mukhtar]]; some posit his disbelief in al-Mukhtar and their disconnection, some regard al-Mukhtar as his deputy, and some hold that he was gratified by al-Mukhtar and his acting, although there had been no deputation.<ref>See: Ja'farian, ''Tarikh-i siasi-yi sadr-i Islam'', P.214-215</ref> | ||
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===Kaysanites' Belief=== | ===Kaysanites' Belief=== | ||
Some researchers in Islamic heresiography believe that Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya was the first figures believed by some Muslims to be [[ | Some researchers in Islamic heresiography believe that Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya was the first figures believed by some Muslims to be [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)|Promised al-Mahdi (a)]]<ref>Sabiri, ''Tarikh-i firaq-i Islami'', Vol.2, P.55</ref>. They believe he is living in [[Mount Radawa]], being fed by a stream of milk and one of honey, until the day [[God]] will raise him.<ref>Al-Ash'ari, ''Maqalat al-Isalmiyyin'', vol. 1, p. 90</ref> | ||
[[Al-Sayyid Abu l-Qasim al-Khoei]] dissociates Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya from Kaysanites, and believes they did not exist in his time.<ref>Al-Khoei, ''Mu'jam al-rijal'', Vol.18, P.102-103</ref> | [[Al-Sayyid Abu l-Qasim al-Khoei]] dissociates Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya from Kaysanites, and believes they did not exist in his time.<ref>Al-Khoei, ''Mu'jam al-rijal'', Vol.18, P.102-103</ref> | ||
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== References == | == References == | ||
{{references}} | {{references}} | ||
{{col-begin|2}} | |||
* Amin, al-Sayyid Muhsin al-. ''A'yan al-Shi'a''. Beirut: Dar al-Ta'aruf, 1420/2000. | * Amin, al-Sayyid Muhsin al-. ''A'yan al-Shi'a''. Beirut: Dar al-Ta'aruf, 1420/2000. | ||
* Ash'ari, 'Ali b. Isma'il al-. ''Maqalat al-Islamiyyin''. Ed. Muhammad Muhyi l-Din 'Abd al-Hamid. Cairo: Makatabat al-Nahdat al-Misriyya, 1369 AH. | * Ash'ari, 'Ali b. Isma'il al-. ''Maqalat al-Islamiyyin''. Ed. Muhammad Muhyi l-Din 'Abd al-Hamid. Cairo: Makatabat al-Nahdat al-Misriyya, 1369 AH. | ||
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* Unknown author (3/9 Century). ''Akhbar al-dawlat al-'Abbasiyya wa fih akhbar al-'Abbas wa wuldih''. Ed. 'Abd al-'Aziz al-Dawri and 'Abd al-Jabbar al-Muttalibi. Beirut: Dar al-Tali'a, 1391 AH. | * Unknown author (3/9 Century). ''Akhbar al-dawlat al-'Abbasiyya wa fih akhbar al-'Abbas wa wuldih''. Ed. 'Abd al-'Aziz al-Dawri and 'Abd al-Jabbar al-Muttalibi. Beirut: Dar al-Tali'a, 1391 AH. | ||
{{end}} | {{end}} | ||
{{end}} | |||
[[fa:محمد بن حنفیه]] | [[fa:محمد بن حنفیه]] | ||
[[ar:محمد بن الحنفية]] | [[ar:محمد بن الحنفية]] | ||