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Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya: Difference between revisions
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Imam Ali (a) told the Prophet (s): "Can I name my son with your name and teknonym?" | Imam Ali (a) told the Prophet (s): "Can I name my son with your name and teknonym?" | ||
And the Prophet (s) allowed him to do so. Thus, the name and teknonym of Imam | And the Prophet (s) allowed him to do so. Thus, the name and teknonym of Imam Ali's (a) son became Muhammad and Abu l-Qasim.<ref>Baladhuri, ''Ansab al-ashraf'', vol.2 p.200-201</ref> | ||
==Muhammad and Imam Ali (a)== | ==Muhammad and Imam Ali (a)== | ||
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==Absence in the Event of Karbala== | ==Absence in the Event of Karbala== | ||
Muhammad was not present in the battle of Karbala. Shia scholars have mentioned several reasons for his absence; they believe that his absence was not out of disobedience or disagreement with Imam al-Husayn (a). These reasons include: | |||
* Muhammad's sickness when Imam al-Husayn (a) left Medina for Mecca, which is mentioned by [[al-Allama al-Hilli]] in response to Muhanna b. Sinan.<ref>Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol.42 p.110</ref> According to some scholars, the sickness was related to his eyes.<ref>Muqarram, ''Maqtal al-Husayn'', p.135</ref> | |||
* The Imam (a) had told Muhammad to stay in Medina. Ibn A'tham al-Kufi mentions that when Muhamad b. al-Hanafiyya could not convince Imam al-Husayn (a) to stay in Medina, the Imam (a) told him, "It is alright for you to stay in Medina so that you be my informant among them." | |||
* Muhammad was not obliged by the Imam (a) to join him and participate in the uprising. The author of ''[[Tanqih al-maqal]]'' maintains that because Imam al-Husayn (a) did not oblige anyone in [[Medina]] or [[Mecca]] to join him, Muhammad did not commit a sin that would tarnish his integrity. He writes, "When Imam al-Husayn (a) moved from [[Hijaz]] to [[Iraq]], he knew that he was going to be martyred. However, he did not disclose this, so that it does not become incumbent on all believers to join him. It seemed to people that the Imam (a) was moving to [[Kufa]] to take the leadership of the people who had invited him to do so. In this case, it was not obligatory for others to join him, and those who did not accompany him were not sinners … Thus, there were a number of righteous people for whom martyrdom was not written, and they stayed in Hijaz, but no one doubts their righteousness. Therefore, the remaining of Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya and [['Abd Allah b. Ja'far]] in Hijaz is not a reason for their disobedience or deviation."<ref>Mamaqani, ''Tanqih al-maqal'', vol.3 p.111</ref> | |||
Nevertheless, a hadith is narrated from [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] in ''[[Ithbat al-hudat]]'' that: [[Hamza b. Humran]] said; 'we mentioned Imam al-Husayn's (a) setting off and that Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya did not go with him'. Imam al-Sadiq (a) said; 'O Hamza, I utter you a hadith that you may not ask about this again. Having gone away from Medina, al-Husayn (a) asked for a piece of paper and noted; | Nevertheless, a hadith is narrated from [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] in ''[[Ithbat al-hudat]]'' that: [[Hamza b. Humran]] said; 'we mentioned Imam al-Husayn's (a) setting off and that Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya did not go with him'. Imam al-Sadiq (a) said; 'O Hamza, I utter you a hadith that you may not ask about this again. Having gone away from Medina, al-Husayn (a) asked for a piece of paper and noted; | ||
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[[Al-'Allama al-Hilli]] holds that his absence in the [[Event of Karbala]] was due to sickness, and that maybe he did not know his brother's affair would end up in martyrdom.<ref>Al-Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol. 42, p. 110</ref> [['Abd Allah al-Mamaqani|Al-Mamaqani]] dated his sickness after the martyrdom of Imam al-Husayn (a), but still did not find fault with his absence in Karbala.<ref>Al-Mamaqani, ''Tanqih al-maqal'', vol. 3, p. 111</ref> | [[Al-'Allama al-Hilli]] holds that his absence in the [[Event of Karbala]] was due to sickness, and that maybe he did not know his brother's affair would end up in martyrdom.<ref>Al-Majlisi, ''Bihar al-anwar'', vol. 42, p. 110</ref> [['Abd Allah al-Mamaqani|Al-Mamaqani]] dated his sickness after the martyrdom of Imam al-Husayn (a), but still did not find fault with his absence in Karbala.<ref>Al-Mamaqani, ''Tanqih al-maqal'', vol. 3, p. 111</ref> | ||
Following to [[Imam al-Husayn]]'s (a) refusal to swear [[allegiance]] to [[Yazid]], Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya suggested his brother to set off for [[Mecca]] to protect his life, and to [[Yemen]] if he was also threatened in Mecca, and to take shelter in deserts or mountains in case he was even troubled in Yemen. Imam al-Husayn (a) appreciated his suggestion and said; 'Dear brother, you are free to remain in [[Medina]], so that you can keep your eyes on my enemy and report me of their affairs.'<ref>Qumi, ''Dar Karbala chi guzasht'', P.98</ref> | |||
==Relation with Kaysanites and al-Mukhtar== | ==Relation with Kaysanites and al-Mukhtar== | ||
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:"[['Ali b. al-Husayn]] is the Imam of you and I and all Muslims."<ref>Al-Rawandi, ''al-Khara'ij wa al-jara'ih'', Vol.1, P.261-262</ref> | :"[['Ali b. al-Husayn]] is the Imam of you and I and all Muslims."<ref>Al-Rawandi, ''al-Khara'ij wa al-jara'ih'', Vol.1, P.261-262</ref> | ||
==Transmitting Hadith== | |||
He has narrated [[hadith]] from his father [[Imam Ali|'Ali (a)]], and others such as; | |||
{{cb|3}} | |||
*[['Umar b. al-Khattab]] | |||
*[[Abu Hurayra]] | |||
*[['Uthman]] | |||
*[['Ammar b. Yasir]] | |||
*[[Mu'awiya]] | |||
{{end}} | |||
Likewise, his children; [['Abd Allah b. Muhammad al-Hanafiyya|'Abd Allah]], [[al-Hasan b. Muhammad al-Hanafiyya|al-Hasan]], Ibrahim, and 'Awn, and others such as; | |||
{{cb|3}} | |||
*[[Salim b. Abi Ja'd]] | |||
*[[Mundhir al-Thawri]] | |||
*[[Imam al-Baqir (a)]] | |||
*[['Abd Allah b. Muhammad al-'Aqil]] | |||
*[['Amr b. Dinar]] | |||
*[[Muhammad b. Qays]] | |||
*[['Abd al-A'la b. 'Amir]] | |||
{{end}} | |||
have narrated hadith from him<ref>Sabiri, ''Tarikh-i firaq-i Islami'', Vol.2, P.51</ref>. | |||
He held a big course in [[Medina]] and this course generated different doctrines, in so far as his course in Medina is comparable to that of [[al-Hasan al-Basri]] in [[Basra]], for the students of his school were the founders of Islamic theology, so much as the latter was the root of [[Mu'tazila]] doctrines and [[Sufism]]. | |||
For example 'Abd Allah, titled as Abu Hashim, and al-Hasan, titled as Abu Muhammad, were two sons of Muhammad al-Hanafiyya, the first which became a theorist of [[Mu'tazila]] doctrines, and the second was of the founders of [[Irja']] doctrine<ref>Sabiri, ''Tarikh-i firaq-i Islami'', Vol.2, P.54</ref>. | |||
==Reliability== | ==Reliability== | ||
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There is disagreement about the place of his grave. [[Al-Sayyid Muhsin al-Amin]] has mentioned three places; Ayla, [[Ta'if]], or [[al-Baqi' cemetery]] in [[Medina]].<ref>Al-Amin, ''A'yan al-Shi'a'', Vol.14, P.270</ref> It is most likely that he has died in Medina.<ref>Mudarris, ''Rayhanat al-adab'', vol. 7, p. 484</ref> | There is disagreement about the place of his grave. [[Al-Sayyid Muhsin al-Amin]] has mentioned three places; Ayla, [[Ta'if]], or [[al-Baqi' cemetery]] in [[Medina]].<ref>Al-Amin, ''A'yan al-Shi'a'', Vol.14, P.270</ref> It is most likely that he has died in Medina.<ref>Mudarris, ''Rayhanat al-adab'', vol. 7, p. 484</ref> | ||
==Imamzadas in Iran Believed to be Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya== | |||
There is an imamzada in Khark near Bushehr (south of Iran) and another one near Rudbar (north of Iran) , who are believed to be Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya. However, considering Muhammad's place of demise, these claims do not seem to be right. | |||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
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== References == | == References == | ||
{{references}} | {{references}} | ||
* Amin, al-Sayyid Muhsin al-. ''A'yan al-Shi'a''. Beirut: Dar al-Ta'aruf, 1420/2000. | * Amin, al-Sayyid Muhsin al-. ''A'yan al-Shi'a''. Beirut: Dar al-Ta'aruf, 1420/2000. | ||
* Ash'ari, 'Ali b. Isma'il al-. ''Maqalat al-Islamiyyin''. Ed. Muhammad Muhyi l-Din 'Abd al-Hamid. Cairo: Makatabat al-Nahdat al-Misriyya, 1369 AH. | * Ash'ari, 'Ali b. Isma'il al-. ''Maqalat al-Islamiyyin''. Ed. Muhammad Muhyi l-Din 'Abd al-Hamid. Cairo: Makatabat al-Nahdat al-Misriyya, 1369 AH. | ||
* Baladhuri, Ahmad b. Yahya b. Jabir al-. ''Kitab jumal min ansab al-ashraf''. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, First Edition, 1996. | * Baladhuri, Ahmad b. Yahya b. Jabir al-. ''Kitab jumal min ansab al-ashraf''. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, First Edition, 1996. | ||
* Baladhuri, Ahmad b. Yahya b. Jabir al-. ''Ansab al-ashraf''. 1417 | * Baladhuri, Ahmad b. Yahya b. Jabir al-. ''Ansab al-ashraf''. 1417 | ||
* Himyari, 'Abd Allah b. Ja'far al-. ''Qurb al-isnad''. Qom: Mu'assisa Al al-Bayt, 1413 | |||
* Ibn al-Jawzi, 'Abd al-Rahman b. 'Ali. ''al-Muntazam fi tarikh al-muluk wa l-umam''. Ed. Muhammad 'Abd al-Qadir 'Ata and Mustafa 'Abd al-Qadir 'Ata. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1992. | * Ibn al-Jawzi, 'Abd al-Rahman b. 'Ali. ''al-Muntazam fi tarikh al-muluk wa l-umam''. Ed. Muhammad 'Abd al-Qadir 'Ata and Mustafa 'Abd al-Qadir 'Ata. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1992. | ||
* Ibn Babawayh, 'Ali b. al-Husain. ''al-Imama wa al-tabsira min al-hayra''. Qum: Madrasat Imam al-Mahdi, 1363 Sh. | * Ibn Babawayh, 'Ali b. al-Husain. ''al-Imama wa al-tabsira min al-hayra''. Qum: Madrasat Imam al-Mahdi, 1363 Sh. | ||
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* Ibn Qalich, Mughlatay. ''Ikmal tahdhib al-kamal''. Cairo: Faruq al-Hadithiyya li-l-Tab' wa l-Nashr, 1422 AH. | * Ibn Qalich, Mughlatay. ''Ikmal tahdhib al-kamal''. Cairo: Faruq al-Hadithiyya li-l-Tab' wa l-Nashr, 1422 AH. | ||
* Ibn Sa'd, Muhammad, ''al-Tabaqat al-Kubra''. Ed. Muhammad 'Abd al-Qadir 'Ata. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya. | * Ibn Sa'd, Muhammad, ''al-Tabaqat al-Kubra''. Ed. Muhammad 'Abd al-Qadir 'Ata. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya. | ||
* Ibn Shahrashub. ''Manaqib al Abi Talib''. Najaf: al-Matba'a al-Haydariyya, 1379/1956. | |||
* Ibn A'tham. ''Al-Futuh''. | |||
* Ja'farian, Rasul, ''Tarikh-i siasi-i sadr-i Islam''. Tehran: 1369 Sh. | * Ja'farian, Rasul, ''Tarikh-i siasi-i sadr-i Islam''. Tehran: 1369 Sh. | ||
* Kulayni, Muhammad b. Ya'qub al-. ''Al-Kafi''. Ed. Muhammad Akhundi and 'Ali Akbar Ghaffari. Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyya | * Kulayni, Muhammad b. Ya'qub al-. ''Al-Kafi''. Ed. Muhammad Akhundi and 'Ali Akbar Ghaffari. Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyya | ||
* Mamaqani, 'Abd Allah al-. ''Tanqih al-maqal''. Matba'a al-Haydariyya, 1352 AH. | * Mamaqani, 'Abd Allah al-. ''Tanqih al-maqal''. Matba'a al-Haydariyya, 1352 AH. | ||
* Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir al-. ''Bihar al-anwar''. | |||
* Mudarris, Mirza Muhammad 'Ali. ''Rayhanat al-adab''. Kitab Forushi Khayyam, 1369 Sh. | * Mudarris, Mirza Muhammad 'Ali. ''Rayhanat al-adab''. Kitab Forushi Khayyam, 1369 Sh. | ||
* Muqarram, al-Sayyid 'Abd al-Razzaq al-. ''Maqtal al-Husayn''. Mu'assisa al-Bi'tha. | |||
* Nawbakhti, al-Hasan b. Musa al-. ''Firaq al-Shi'a''. Beirut: Dar al-Adwa'. | * Nawbakhti, al-Hasan b. Musa al-. ''Firaq al-Shi'a''. Beirut: Dar al-Adwa'. | ||
* Nawbakhti, al-Hsana b. Musa al-. ''Tarjuma-yi firaq al-Shi'a-yi Nawbakhti''. Translator: Muhammad Jawad Mashkuri. Tehran: Bunyad-i Farhang-i Iran, 1353 Sh. | * Nawbakhti, al-Hsana b. Musa al-. ''Tarjuma-yi firaq al-Shi'a-yi Nawbakhti''. Translator: Muhammad Jawad Mashkuri. Tehran: Bunyad-i Farhang-i Iran, 1353 Sh. | ||
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* Saffar, Muhammad b. Hasan, ''Basa'ir al-darajat fi fadayil al-I Muhammad (s)''. Qum: Maktabat Ayatullah al-Mar'ashi al-Najafi | * Saffar, Muhammad b. Hasan, ''Basa'ir al-darajat fi fadayil al-I Muhammad (s)''. Qum: Maktabat Ayatullah al-Mar'ashi al-Najafi | ||
* Unknown author (3/9 Century). ''Akhbar al-dawlat al-'Abbasiyya wa fih akhbar al-'Abbas wa wuldih''. Ed. 'Abd al-'Aziz al-Dawri and 'Abd al-Jabbar al-Muttalibi. Beirut: Dar al-Tali'a, 1391 AH. | * Unknown author (3/9 Century). ''Akhbar al-dawlat al-'Abbasiyya wa fih akhbar al-'Abbas wa wuldih''. Ed. 'Abd al-'Aziz al-Dawri and 'Abd al-Jabbar al-Muttalibi. Beirut: Dar al-Tali'a, 1391 AH. | ||
{{end}} | {{end}} | ||