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  |brothers =  
  |brothers =  
  |sisters =  
  |sisters =  
  |spouses = [[Fatima bt. Husayn b. 'Ali b. al-Husayn (a)|Fatima]], [[Hamida Wife of Imam al-Sadiq (a)|Hamida]]
  |spouses = [[Fatima bt. al-Husayn b. 'Ali b. al-Husayn (a)|Fatima]], [[Hamida Wife of Imam al-Sadiq (a)|Hamida]]
  |sons = [[Imam al-Kazim (a)|Musa]], [[Isma'il b. Ja'far|Isma'il]], 'Abd Allah, 'Ali, al-'Abbas
  |sons = [[Imam al-Kazim (a)|Musa]], [[Isma'il b. Ja'far|Isma'il]], 'Abd Allah, 'Ali, al-'Abbas
  |daughters = Asma', Umm Farwa
  |daughters = Asma', Umm Farwa
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'''Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn (a)''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|جعفر بن محمد بن علي بن الحسین (ع)}}), (b. [[83]]/704 – d. [[148]]/765) known as '''Imām al-Ṣādiq (a)''' ({{ia|الإمام الصادق}}), the sixth [[Imam]] of [[Shi'a]] passed away at the age of 65 and was buried beside his father [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]] in the [[al-Baqi' Cemetery]]. His imamate's period was thirty four years. He (a) became Imam (a) when [[Umayyads]] had become weak and different groups made uprisings, but Imam al-Sadiq (a) did not support them because they wanted to take the power for themselves, and did not want to remove false innovations or revive the religion.
'''Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn (a)''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|جعفر بن محمد بن علي بن الحسین}}), (b. [[83]]/704 – d. [[148]]/765) known as '''Imām al-Ṣādiq (a)''' ({{ia|الإمام الصادق}}), is the sixth [[Imam]] of [[Shi'a]] and the fifth imam of [[Isam'ilis]]. His imamate's period was thirty four years. He (a) became Imam (a) when [[Umayyads]] had become weak and different groups made uprisings, but Imam al-Sadiq (a) did not support them because they wanted to take the power for themselves, and did not want to remove false innovations or revive the religion.


[[Hadith]]s narrated from Imam al-Sadiq (a) vary in different fields of [[fiqh]] and [[kalam]] and that is why [[Shi'a]] are also called [[Ja'fariyya school]]. The slight political freedom turning out in the first years of his imamate helped people more freely turn to Imam al-Sadiq (a) and ask him to help them solve their problems in fiqh and other fields.
[[Hadith]]s narrated from Imam al-Sadiq (a) vary in different fields of [[fiqh]] and [[kalam]] and that is why [[Shi'a]] are also called [[Ja'fariyya school]]. The slight political freedom turning out in the first years of his imamate helped people more freely turn to Imam al-Sadiq (a) and ask him to help them solve their problems in fiqh and other fields.


The [[Sunni]] scholar, Ibn Hajar al-Haytami said, "People narrated so much from his knowledge that his fame reached all cities. Great leaders such as Yahya b. Sa'id, Ibn Jurayh, Malik, Sufyan b. 'Uyayna, Sufyan al-Thuri, [[Abu Hanifa]], Shu'ba b. al-Hajjaj, and Ayyub al-Sakhtiyani narrated from him."
None of other Imams (a) had as many students as Imam al-Sadiq (a) had and the number of narrations received from none of them is as many as the narrations received from him. Hadith scholars have counted those who narrated from him as many as 4,000.


None of other Imams (a) had as many students as Imam al-Sadiq (a) had and the number of narrations received from none of them is as many as the narrations received from him. Hadith scholars have counted those who narrated from him as many as 4,000.
He was martyred due to the poison given to him by the order of [[al-Mansur al-Dawaniqi]]. After Imam's (a) martyrdom, Shi'a were divided into 4 groups: [[Twelver]]s believed in the imamate of [[Imam al-Kazim (a)]] and the rest made the foundations of [[Isma'ilites]], [[Fatahiyya]], and [[Nawusiyya]].
 
== Lineage and Birth ==
Ja'far b. Muhammad b. 'Ali b. al-Husayn b. 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) was the sixth Imam of [[Shi'a]] and the fifth imam of [[Isma'ilis]]. His father was [[Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (a)]] and his mother was Fatima or Qariba and her Kunya was [[Umm Farwa bt. al-Qasim|Umm Farwa]].<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-yi Imām Ṣādiq Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (a)'', p. 5.</ref>  She was the daughter of [[al-Qasim|al-Qasim b. Muhammad b. Abi Bakr]] son of [[Muhammad b. Abi Bakr]].<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 180.</ref> [[Umm Dawud]], [[al-Hasan al-Muthanna]]'s wife, was his foster mother.<ref>Sayyid b. Ṭāwūs, ''al-Iqbāl bi-l-aʿmāl al-ḥasana'', vol. 3, p. 241.</ref>


He was martyred due to the poison given to him by the order of [[al-Mansur al-Dawaniqi]]. After Imam's (a) martyrdom, Shi'a were divided into 4 groups: one group believed in the imamate of [[Imam al-Kazim (a)]] and the rest made the foundations of [[Isma'ilites]], [[Fatahiyya]] and [[Nawusiyya]].
He was born on [[Rabi' I 17]], [[83]]/[[April 24]], 702 in [[Medina]].<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 180</ref> Some historians and biographers have mentioned his birth in 80/699.<ref>Irbilī, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', vol. 2, p. 691.</ref> Twelve years of his life were contemporary with his grandfather and nineteen years of it were contemporary with his father and his [[imamate]] period was thirty four years.<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', vol. 1, p. 514.</ref>


== Lineage, Kunya and Titles ==
Ja'far b. Muhammad b. 'Ali b. al-Husayn b. 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) was the sixth Imam of [[Shi'a]]. The name of his mother was Fatima or Qariba and her Kunya was Umm Farwa.<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-yi imām Ṣādiq Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (a)'', p. 5.</ref> [[Umm Farwa bt. al-Qasim|Umm Farwa]] was the daughter of al-Qasim b. Muhammad b. Abi Bakr.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 180.</ref> [[Umm Dawud]], [[al-Hasan al-Muthanna]]'s wife, was his foster mother.<ref>Sayyid b. Ṭāwūs, ''al-Iqbāl bi-l-aʿmāl al-ḥasana'', vol. 3, p. 241.</ref>
{{Family tree Ahl al-Bayt (a)}}
{{Family tree Ahl al-Bayt (a)}}


==Kunya and Titles==
His famous [[Kunya]] was Abu 'Abd Allah (because of his second son, [['Abd Allah al-Aftah]]), but in some sources, other kunyas such as Abu Isma'il (because of his eldest son, [[Isma'il b. Ja'far al-Sadiq |Isma'il]]) and Abu Musa (because of his son [[Imam Musa al-Kazim (a)|Musa al-Kazim (a)]]) are mentioned.
His famous [[Kunya]] was Abu 'Abd Allah (because of his second son, [['Abd Allah al-Aftah]]), but in some sources, other kunyas such as Abu Isma'il (because of his eldest son, [[Isma'il b. Ja'far al-Sadiq |Isma'il]]) and Abu Musa (because of his son [[Imam Musa al-Kazim (a)|Musa al-Kazim (a)]]) are mentioned.


His famous title was al-Sadiq which means "truthful".<ref>"Alqāb al-Rasūl wa ʿitratih", p. 59-60.</ref> According to a [[hadith]], the [[Prophet (s)]] gave this title to Imam (a) to distinguish him from [[Ja'far al-Kadhdhab]].<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Kamāl al-dīn'', p. 319.</ref> It is mentioned in another hadith that he (a) was "al-Sadiq" before the dwellers of the skies.<ref>"Alqāb al-Rasūl wa ʿitratih", p. 60.</ref> According to another report, in a dispute between Imam (a) and one of the leaders of [[Abbasids]], a call was heard from the grave of the Prophet (s) saying that, "Ja'far is Sadiq [truthful]".<ref>"Alqāb al-Rasūl wa ʿitratih", p. 59.</ref>
His famous title was al-Sadiq which means "truthful".<ref>''Alqāb al-Rasūl wa ʿitratih'', p. 59-60.</ref> According to a [[hadith]], the [[Prophet (s)]] gave this title to Imam (a) to distinguish him from [[Ja'far al-Kadhdhab]].<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Kamāl al-dīn'', p. 319.</ref> According to an analysis of the history, Imam al-Sadiq (a) was titled "al-Sadiq" because he (a) avoided any involvement in the uprisings of his time, especially in comparison with [['Abd Allah b. al-Hasan]] who was Imam's (a) rival among the [[descendants of Imam al-Hasan (a)]] and made an uprising against Abbasids and later was called "al-Kadhdhab" (the liar). [[Malik b. Anas]]<ref>Ḥimyarī, ''Qurb al-asnād'', p. 22.</ref>, [[Ahmad b. Hanbal]]<ref>See: Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, ''Musnad'', vol. 5, p. 122</ref>, and al-Jahiz<ref>Jāḥiẓ, "Faḍl Hāshim ʿalā ʿAbd al-Shams", p. 422.</ref> mentioned the Imam (a) by this title.
 
This title was also common among [[Sunnis]] at the time of Imams (a). For example, [[Malik b. Anas]]<ref>Ḥimyarī, ''Qurb al-asnād'', p. 22.</ref>, [[Ahmad b. Hanbal]] and al-Jahiz mentioned this title for Imam (a).<ref>See: Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, ''Musnad'', vol. 5, p. 122; Jāḥiẓ, "Faḍl Hāshim ʿalā ʿAbd al-Shams", p. 422.</ref> [[Abu l-Faraj al-Isfahani]] said that Imam's (a) foreseeing about the killing of [[al-Nafs al-Zakiyya]] was true; thus, when [[al-Mansur al-Abbasi]] became the caliph, called Imam (a) "al-Sadiq" and it became popular.<ref>Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, ''Maqātil al-ṭālibīyīn'', 1385 AH, p. 173.</ref> According to an analysis of the history at that time, Imam al-Sadiq (a) was titled "al-Sadiq" because he (a) avoided any involvement in the uprisings of his time, especially in comparison with 'Abd Allah b. Hasan who was Imam's (a) rival among the descendants of [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] and made an uprising against Abbasids and later was called "Kadhdhab".
 
Other titles have also been mentioned for Imam (a) including: Sabir, Tahir and Fadil.
 
== Birth and Martyrdom ==
{{Shi'a-Vertical}}


Imam al-Sadiq (a) was born on [[Rabi' I 17]], [[83]]/[[April 24]], 702 in [[Medina]] and was martyred on [[Shawwal 25]], [[148]]/[[December 18]], 765 at the age of 65. Another report mentions his martyrdom in the middle of [[Rajab]] or Shawwal. He was buried in the [[Baqi' Cemetery]] beside his father, [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]], his grandfather [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] and his uncle [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]].<ref>Ibn Shahr Āshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 210; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 180.</ref>
Other titles have also been mentioned for Imam (a) including: al-Sabir, al-Tahir, and al-Fadil.
 
Some historians and biographers have mentioned his birth in 80/699.<ref>Irbilī, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', vol. 2, p. 691.</ref> And Ibn Qutayba has recorded his martyrdom in 146/764.<ref>Ibn Qutayba, ''al-Mʿārif'', p. 215.</ref> Twelve years of his life were contemporary with his grandfather and nineteen years of it were contemporary with his father and his [[imamate]] period was thirty four years.<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', vol. 1, p. 514.</ref>
 
It is mentioned in ''[[Al-Fusul al-muhimma fi ta'lif al-umma (book)|al-Fusul al-muhimma]]'', ''[[Misbah al-Kaf'ami]]'' and other sources that Imam al-Sadiq (a) was given poison.<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 47, p. 1-2.</ref> In ''[[al-Manaqib]]'', [[Ibn Shahrashub]] has written that [[al-Mansur]] gave him poison since he hated Imam (a) so much and feared that people would turn to him.<ref>Ibn Shahr Āshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 280.</ref> Those who know about al-Mansur's life know that he did not have mercy even on those who endeavored to take him to [[caliphate]]. He even killed [[Abu Muslim al-Khurasani]] who greatly helped in the establishment of [['Abbasid government]].<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-yi imām Ṣādiq Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (a)'', p. 5.</ref>


== Wives and Children ==
== Wives and Children ==
His wives were
* [[Fatima bt. Husayn b. 'Ali b. al-Husayn b. 'Ali (a)|Fatima]], daughter of Husayn b. 'Ali b. [[al-Husayn b. 'Ali (a)]] who was the mother to three of his children.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 209.</ref>
* [[Hamida Wife of Imam al-Sadiq (a)|Hamida]] who was the mother of three other children of him.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 215.</ref>
* some other women who were mothers to his other children.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 209.</ref>
[[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] listed 10 children for him:<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 209.</ref>
[[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] listed 10 children for him:<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 209.</ref>


* [[Isma'il b. Ja'far b. Muhammad al-Sadiq (a)|Isma'il]], [['Abd Allah b. Ja'far b. Muhammad al-Sadiq (a)|'Abd Allah]], [[Umm Farwa bt. Ja'far b. Muhammad al-Sadiq (a)|Umm Farwa]], whose mother was Fatima, daughter of Husayn b. 'Ali b. al-Husayn (a).
{| class="wikitable"
* [[Imam al-Kazim (a)|Musa]], [[Ishaq b. Ja'far b. Muhammad al-Sadiq (a)|Ishaq]], [[Muhammad b. Ja'far b. Muhammad al-Sadiq (a)|Muhammad]] whose mother was Hamida.
|-
* [['Abbas b. Ja'far b. Muhammad al-Sadiq (a)|'Abbas]],
! Wife !! Lineage !! Children !! Comments
* [['Ali b. Ja'far b. Muhammad al-Sadiq (a)|'Ali]],
|-
* [[Asma' bt. Ja'far b. Muhammad al-Sadiq (a)|Asma']],
| [[Hamida Wife of Imam al-Sadiq (a)|Hamida]]<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 215; Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', vol. 1, p. 546</ref> || daughter of Sa'id or Salih|| [[Musa al-Kazim (a)|Musa]], [[Ishaq b. al-Imam al-Sadiq (a)|Ishaq]], [[Muhammad b. al-Imam al-Sadiq (a)|Muhammad]] || -
* Fatima
|-
 
| [[Fatima bt. al-Husayn b. 'Ali b. al-Husayn b. 'Ali (a)|Fatima]]<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 209.</ref> || daughter of al-Husayn b. 'Ali b. al-Imam al-Husayn (a) || [[Isam'il b. al-Imam al-Sadiq (a)|Isam'il]], [['Abd Allah al-Aftah|'Abd Allah]], [[Umm Farwa bt. Imam al-Sadiq (a)|Umm Farwa]]|| 'Abd Allah claimed imamate after the demise of Imam al-Sadiq (a) and his followers are known as [[Fatahiyya]]. Isma'il died in the lifetime of his father, but a group didn't accept his demise and were named [[Isma'ilis]].
The recent four children were from different mothers.
|-
 
| Concubines<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 209.</ref> || - || [['Abbas b. Ja'far b. Muhammad al-Sadiq (a)|'Abbas]], [['Ali b. Ja'far b. Muhammad al-Sadiq (a)|'Ali]], [[Asma' bt. Ja'far b. Muhammad al-Sadiq (a)|Asma']], Fatima || these children were from different concubines
[[Fadl b. Hasan al-Tabrisi|Al-Tabrisi]] wrote that, "Musa (a), Ishaq, Fatima and Muhammad were from one mother whose name was [[Hamida al-Barbariyya]]."<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', vol. 1, p. 546.</ref>
|}
 
Isma'il was his eldest son whom was beloved by Imam al-Sadiq (a) and some [[Shi'a]] thought that he was to succeed Imam (a), but he passed away while Imam al-Sadiq (a) was alive and was buried in the [[Baqi' Cemetery]]. It is reported that Imam al-Sadiq (a) was so mournful upon his demise. He was very distressed and walked ahead of his coffin barefooted without wearing cloak. Before burying him, several times Imam (a) ordered to put his coffin down, removed his shroud from his face, looked at him and asked people around to look at him so that those who thought that he would become the Imam after Imam al-Sadiq (a) become sure that he had really passed away.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 209-210.</ref>


== Imamate ==
== Imamate ==
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== Scientific Movement ==
== Scientific Movement ==
After the demise of [[the Prophet (s)]], whenever caliphs or [[companions of the Prophet (s)]] had a problem in [[fiqh]], they turned to [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] and he (a) solved their problems. When 'Ali (a) was martyred, enemies made the situation difficult for his friends and followers and made separations between them and people. On the other hand, those who had sold their religion in exchange for the worldly advantages invented [[hadith]]s for the pleasure of the rulers or their own benefits to the extent that distinguishing authentic hadiths from non-authentic ones became difficult for fiqh scholars. It can be said that since 40/660-61 up to the end of the first/seventh century, except for a few companions and followers, others were deprived of authentic fiqh of the progeny of the Prophet (s). At the time of [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]], a little freedom turned up and the years between [[114]]/732-33 until [[148]]/765-66 (the period of Imam al-Sadiq's (a) imamate) was the age of spreading the fiqh of [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] or in other words, the age of teaching and learning Ja'fari fiqh. During these years, [[Medina]] changed greatly.<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-yi imām Ṣādiq Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (a)'', p.60</ref>
At the time of [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]], a little freedom turned up and the years between [[114]]/732-33 until [[148]]/765-66 (the period of Imam al-Sadiq's (a) imamate) was the age of spreading the fiqh of [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] or in other words, the age of teaching and learning Ja'fari fiqh. During these years, [[Medina]] changed greatly.<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-yi Imām Ṣādiq Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (a)'', p.60</ref>


The period of Imam al-Sadiq's (a) [[imamate]] was contemporary with declination and then the fall of Umayyads' rule and while political freedom became available and grounds for religious uprisings and revolts against rulers were prepared, the freedom for scientific discussions in different fields was also brought up.<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-yi imām Ṣādiq Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (a)'', p.47</ref>
The period of Imam al-Sadiq's (a) [[imamate]] was contemporary with declination and then the fall of Umayyads' rule and while political freedom became available and grounds for religious uprisings and revolts against rulers were prepared, the freedom for scientific discussions in different fields was also brought up.<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-yi Imām Ṣādiq Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (a)'', p.47</ref>


Narrations received from Imam al-Sadiq (a) are a diverse collection in different issues concerning [[fiqh]] and [[kalam]] and that is why [[Shi'a]] school is called [[Ja'fari school]]. The freedom found at the beginning of the third decade of the second/eighth century, helped people more freely turn to Imam al-Sadiq (a) and ask him about the solution of their problems in fiqh and other fields.<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-yi imām Ṣādiq Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (a)'', p.61</ref>
Narrations received from Imam al-Sadiq (a) are a diverse collection in different issues concerning [[fiqh]] and [[kalam]] and that is why [[Shi'a]] school is called [[Ja'fari school]]. The freedom found at the beginning of the third decade of the second/eighth century, helped people more freely turn to Imam al-Sadiq (a) and ask him about the solution of their problems in fiqh and other fields.<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-yi Imām Ṣādiq Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (a)'', p.61</ref>


Scholars have not narrated from any other member of the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] as much as they narrated from him and none of them had as many students as Imam al-Sadiq (a) had. People of hadiths have counted narrators of his hadiths as many as four thousand people.<ref>Irbilī, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', vol. 2, p. 701.</ref>
Scholars have not narrated from any other member of the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] as much as they narrated from him and none of them had as many students as Imam al-Sadiq (a) had. People of hadiths have counted narrators of his hadiths as many as four thousand people.<ref>Irbilī, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', vol. 2, p. 701.</ref>
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Al-Dhahabi quoted from [[Abu Hanifa]], "I never saw any scholar better in fiqh than Ja'far b. Muhammad (Imam al-Sadiq (a))."<ref>Dhahabi, ''Tadhkirat al-huffaz'', vol.1 p.166</ref>
Al-Dhahabi quoted from [[Abu Hanifa]], "I never saw any scholar better in fiqh than Ja'far b. Muhammad (Imam al-Sadiq (a))."<ref>Dhahabi, ''Tadhkirat al-huffaz'', vol.1 p.166</ref>


[[Malik b. Anas]], the leader of one of the four [[Sunni]] schools said, "I never saw anyone better than him in knowledge and piety."<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-yi imām Ṣādiq Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (a)'', p. 60-61</ref>
[[Malik b. Anas]], the leader of one of the four [[Sunni]] schools said, "I never saw anyone better than him in knowledge and piety."<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-yi Imām Ṣādiq Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (a)'', p. 60-61</ref>


[[Zubayr Bakkar]] wrote, "Abu Hanifa had many meetings with Imam al-Sadiq (a). In one of these meetings, Imam (a) told him, 'Fear [[God]] and do not make deduction only based on analogy in religion since the first person who made such analogical deduction was [[Satan]]. God told him to prostrate before [[Adam]]. But 'Said He, 'What prevented you from prostrating, when I commanded you?' 'I am better than him,' he said. 'You created me from fire and You created him from clay.' (7:21)" Then, Imam (a) asked Abu Hanifa, "Which one is worse, killing an innocent or adultery?" He said, "Killing an innocent!" Imam (a) said, "Why is killing an innocent proved by testimony of two witnesses while adultery can be proved by testimony of four witnesses? How would you justify that make deduction only based on analogy?!" Then Imam (a) asked him, "Which one is more important to God, fasting or prayer?" Abu Hanifa said, "Prayer!" Imam (a) said, "Then, why is that when a woman comes to menstruation period in the middle of fasting she has to make it up on another day but she does not have to make it up for her prayer? …O servant of God, fear Him and do not make deduction only based on analogy!"<ref>Ibn Bakkar, ''al-Akhbar'', pp.76-77</ref>
[[Zubayr Bakkar]] wrote, "Abu Hanifa had many meetings with Imam al-Sadiq (a). In one of these meetings, Imam (a) told him, 'Fear [[God]] and do not make deduction only based on analogy in religion since the first person who made such analogical deduction was [[Satan]]. God told him to prostrate before [[Adam]]. But 'Said He, 'What prevented you from prostrating, when I commanded you?' 'I am better than him,' he said. 'You created me from fire and You created him from clay.' (7:21)" Then, Imam (a) asked Abu Hanifa, "Which one is worse, killing an innocent or adultery?" He said, "Killing an innocent!" Imam (a) said, "Why is killing an innocent proved by testimony of two witnesses while adultery can be proved by testimony of four witnesses? How would you justify that make deduction only based on analogy?!" Then Imam (a) asked him, "Which one is more important to God, fasting or prayer?" Abu Hanifa said, "Prayer!" Imam (a) said, "Then, why is that when a woman comes to menstruation period in the middle of fasting she has to make it up on another day but she does not have to make it up for her prayer? …O servant of God, fear Him and do not make deduction only based on analogy!"<ref>Ibn Bakkar, ''al-Akhbar'', pp.76-77</ref>
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Such debates can frequently be seen between Imam (a) and his enemies. These debates manifest the great position of Imam (a) in knowledge and shows debaters' knowledge in theological discussions and the requirements of such discussions.<ref>Shahidi, ''Zindigani imam Sadiq'', p.57</ref>
Such debates can frequently be seen between Imam (a) and his enemies. These debates manifest the great position of Imam (a) in knowledge and shows debaters' knowledge in theological discussions and the requirements of such discussions.<ref>Shahidi, ''Zindigani imam Sadiq'', p.57</ref>


== His Social and Political Activities==  
== Social and Political Activities==  
From the life of Imam al-Sadiq (a), it can be learned that he (a) kept himself away from politics and kept this position in both [[Umayyad]] and [[Abbasid]] times. In answer to those who encouraged him to make uprising, he (a) mentioned the low number of his true companions as the reason for not making an uprising. [[Ibn Shahr Ashub]] reported that, "One day, a man from [[Khurasan]] came to Imam (a) and said that, 'you have a hundred thousand companions! Why do not you make an uprising?' Imam (a) ordered to prepare an oven with fire and told the man to enter it, but he did not accept it. That time, [[Harun al-Makki]] who was one of the [[:category:companions of imam al-sadiq (a)|companions]] of Imam (a) arrived and Imam (a) told him to enter the oven and he immediately entered the oven. Imam (a) asked that man from Khurasan, 'how many people do you have like him? He answered, 'we do not have even one.' Imam (a) said, I would not make an uprising unless I have five persons like him [Harun].' After this conversation, Harun came out of the oven completely fine."
From the life of Imam al-Sadiq (a), it can be learned that he (a) kept himself away from politics and kept this position in both [[Umayyad]] and [[Abbasid]] times. In answer to those who encouraged him to make uprising, he (a) mentioned the low number of his true companions as the reason for not making an uprising. [[Ibn Shahr Ashub]] reported that, "One day, a man from [[Khurasan]] came to Imam (a) and said that, 'you have a hundred thousand companions! Why do not you make an uprising?' Imam (a) ordered to prepare an oven with fire and told the man to enter it, but he did not accept it. That time, [[Harun al-Makki]] who was one of the [[:category:companions of imam al-sadiq (a)|companions]] of Imam (a) arrived and Imam (a) told him to enter the oven and he immediately entered the oven. Imam (a) asked that man from Khurasan, 'how many people do you have like him? He answered, 'we do not have even one.' Imam (a) said, I would not make an uprising unless I have five persons like him [Harun].' After this conversation, Harun came out of the oven completely fine."


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After Abbasids reached power and began putting pressure on Alawis, the ground for the uprising was prepared and Muhammad and Ibrahim, the two sons of 'Abd Allah, made uprisings in 145/762-63, but both of them were defeated and the foreseeing of Imam al-Sadiq (a) about their killing happened. It is mentioned that at the time of the uprising of [[al-Nafs al-Zakiyya]] in [[Medina]], Imam (a) went out of the city to avoid interference to the benefit of either party and stayed in the house he (a) had in the suburb of Medina and returned to the city after the end of the uprising and defeat of al-Nafs al-Zakiyya.
After Abbasids reached power and began putting pressure on Alawis, the ground for the uprising was prepared and Muhammad and Ibrahim, the two sons of 'Abd Allah, made uprisings in 145/762-63, but both of them were defeated and the foreseeing of Imam al-Sadiq (a) about their killing happened. It is mentioned that at the time of the uprising of [[al-Nafs al-Zakiyya]] in [[Medina]], Imam (a) went out of the city to avoid interference to the benefit of either party and stayed in the house he (a) had in the suburb of Medina and returned to the city after the end of the uprising and defeat of al-Nafs al-Zakiyya.
==Martyrdom==
Imam al-Sadiq (a) was martyred on [[Shawwal 25]], [[148]]/[[December 18]], 765 at the age of 65. Another report mentions his martyrdom in the middle of [[Rajab]] or Shawwal. He was buried in the [[al-Baqi' Cemetery]] beside his father, [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]], his grandfather [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] and his uncle [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]].<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 210; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 180.</ref> Ibn Qutayba has recorded his martyrdom in 146/764.<ref>Ibn Qutayba, ''al-Mʿārif'', p. 215.</ref> which is considered as an error.
It is mentioned in ''[[Al-Fusul al-muhimma fi ta'lif al-umma (book)|al-Fusul al-muhimma]]'', ''[[Misbah al-Kaf'ami]]'' and other sources that Imam al-Sadiq (a) was given poison.<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 47, p. 1-2.</ref> In ''[[al-Manaqib]]'', [[Ibn Shahrashub]] has written that [[al-Mansur]] gave him poison since he hated Imam (a) so much and feared that people would turn to him.<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 280.</ref> Those who know about al-Mansur's life know that he did not have mercy even on those who endeavored to take him to [[caliphate]]. He even killed [[Abu Muslim al-Khurasani]] who greatly helped in the establishment of [['Abbasid government]].<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-yi Imām Ṣādiq Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (a)'', p. 5.</ref>


== Selection of Hadiths ==
== Selection of Hadiths ==
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* "Faqihs are trusted to prophets (a), if you see a [[faqih]] approaching men of power, criticize them (do not regard them truthful)."<ref>Al-Isfahani, ''Hilyat al-awliya''', vol.3 p.196</ref>
* "Faqihs are trusted to prophets (a), if you see a [[faqih]] approaching men of power, criticize them (do not regard them truthful)."<ref>Al-Isfahani, ''Hilyat al-awliya''', vol.3 p.196</ref>


== His Companions, Students and Transmitters of Hadiths ==
== Companions, Students, and Transmitters of Hadiths ==
In his ''[[Al-Rijal (al-Tusi) (book)|Rijal]]'', [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] mentioned the name of 3200 people as the transmitters of [[hadiths]] from Imam al-Sadiq (a). Also, in his book about Rijal written about the students of Imam al-Sadiq (a), [[Ibn 'Uqda]], among [[Zaidi]] scholars, mentioned the number of transmitters of hadiths from Imam al-Sadiq (a) four thousand people. However, he considered those who received knowledge from Imam (a) during the time he (a) taught, and did not mean that they attended his class every day.
In his ''[[Al-Rijal (al-Tusi) (book)|Rijal]]'', [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]] mentioned the name of 3200 people as the transmitters of [[hadiths]] from Imam al-Sadiq (a). [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] in ''[[al-Irshad]]'' extended the count of his transmitters to 4000. It is said that [[Ibn 'Uqda]], have mentioned names of 4000 transmitters in a book about the students of Imam al-Sadiq (a).
 
Some of [[al-Usul al-arba'ami'a]] were written by the students of Imam al-Sadiq (a) and in the recent conference on Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (a), the names of 100 of them were listed from [[Shi'a]] rijal references.
 
Some of his companions were expert in different fields such as [[fiqh]], [[kalam]], and ... some of them are among the [[Ashab al-Ijma'|ashab al-ijma']], the most important ones are [[Zurara b. A'yan]], [[Jamil b. Darraj]], and [[Hammad b. 'Isa]]. [[Hisham b. Hakam]] and [[Mu'min al-Taq]] are among those who were expert in kalam. [[Abu Hamza al-Thumali]], an [[exegete]], was another well-know companion of Imam al-Sadiq (a). [[Jabir b. Hayyan]], an expert in alchemy, philosophy, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, was also mentioned among imam's companion.


By refereeing to the books on rijal and biographies, it can be learned that some of the companions and students of Imam al-Sadiq (a) were among famous Sunni scholars such as [[Abu Hanifa]], [[Malik b. Anas]] and were either judges or at the position of issuing rulings and there were many of the descendants of the [[companions]] of the [[Prophet (s)]] and caliphs, some famous theologians, biographers, historians and exegetes among them.
Most of [[al-Usul al-arba'ami'a]] were written by the students of Imam al-Sadiq (a) and most of [[People of Consensus]] were among his students.


 
Some of the most famous students of Imam al-Sadiq (a) are:
Some of the followers who narrated from him are mentioned in ''[[Kashf al-ghumma fi ma'rifat al-a'imma (book)|Kashf al-ghumma]]'' including,
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* [[Yahya b. Said al-Ansari]]
* [[Zurara b. A'yan]]
* [[Ayyub al-Sakhtiyani]]
* [[Burayd b. Mu'awiya]]
* [[Aban b. Taghlib]]
* [[Jamil b. Darraj]]
* [[Abu 'Amr b. al-'Ala']]
* [['Abd Allah b. Muskan]]
* [[Yazid b. 'Abd Allah]].
* [['Abd Allah b. Bukayr]]
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* [[Hammad b. 'Uthman]]
Also among the leaders of schools
* [[Hammad b. 'Isa]]
{{cb|3}}
* [[Aban b. 'Uthman]]
* [[Malik b. Anas]]
* [['Abd Allah b. Sinan]]
* Shu'ba b. al-Hajjaj
* [[Abu Basir]]
* Sufyan al-Thuri
* [[Hisham b. Salim]]
* Ibn Jurayh
* [[Hisham b. al-Hakam]]
* 'Abd Allah b. 'Amr
* Ruh b. Qasim
* Sufyan b. 'Uyayna
* Sulayman b. Bilal
* Isma'il b. Ja'far
* Hatam b. Isma'il
* 'Abd al-'Aziz b. Mukhtar
* Wahb b. Khalid
* and Ibrahim b. Tahman
 
narrated from him.<ref>Al-Irbili, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', vol.2 p.186</ref>
{{end}}
{{end}}
Some of his companions were expert in specific fields. [[Humran b. A'yan]] was expert in [[Qur'anic sciences]], [[Aban b. Taghlib]] in Arabic literature, [[Zurara b. A'yan]] in fiqh, [[Mu'min al-Taq]] and [[Hisham b. Salim]] were expert in theology. Other students of Imam al-Sadiq (a) who were experts in theology are [[Humran b. A'yan]], [[Qays al-Masir]], and [[Hisham b. al-Hakam]].


[[Jabir b. Hayyan al-Kufi]] has also been considered among the students of Imam al-Sadiq (a).<ref>Shahidi, ''Zindigani imam Sadiq'', p.65</ref>
==Among Sunnis==
Some of important Sunni scholars were among the students of Imam al-Sadiq (a).


== Place in Sunni Sources ==
== In Sunni Sources ==
Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani described him as, "al-Hashimi al-'Alawi, Abu 'Abd Allah al-Madani al-Sadiq (a)" He also wrote, "Ibn Habban said, 'he (a) was among great men of the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] in [[fiqh]], knowledge and virtues.'"<ref>Al-'Asqalani, ''Tahdhib al-tahdhib'', vol.2 pp.103-104</ref>
Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani described him as, "al-Hashimi al-'Alawi, Abu 'Abd Allah al-Madani al-Sadiq (a)" He also wrote, "Ibn Hibban said, 'he (a) was among great men of the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]] in [[fiqh]], knowledge and virtues.'"<ref>Al-'Asqalani, ''Tahdhib al-tahdhib'', vol.2 pp.103-104</ref>


The [[Sunni]] scholar, Ibn Hajar al-Haytami said, "People narrated so much from his knowledge that his fame reached all cities. Great leaders such as Yahya b. Sa'id, Ibn Jurayh, Malik, Sufyan b. 'Uyayna, Sufyan al-Thuri, [[Abu Hanifa]], Shu'ba b. al-Hajjaj and Ayyub al-Sakhtiyani narrated from him."<ref>Al-Haytami, ''al-Sawa'iq al-muhriqa'', p.201</ref>
The [[Sunni]] scholar, Ibn Hajar al-Haytami said, "People narrated so much from his knowledge that his fame reached all cities. Great leaders such as Yahya b. Sa'id, Ibn Jurayh, Malik, Sufyan b. 'Uyayna, Sufyan al-Thuri, [[Abu Hanifa]], Shu'ba b. al-Hajjaj and Ayyub al-Sakhtiyani narrated from him."<ref>Al-Haytami, ''al-Sawa'iq al-muhriqa'', p.201</ref>
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