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Imam Ja'far b. Muhammad al-Sadiq (a): Difference between revisions
Imam Ja'far b. Muhammad al-Sadiq (a) (view source)
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|caption = [[Al-Baqi' cemetery]] | |caption = [[Al-Baqi' cemetery]] | ||
|kunya = Abu 'Abd Allah | |kunya = Abu 'Abd Allah | ||
|born = [[Rabi' I 17]], [[83]]/[[April | |born = [[Rabi' I 17]], [[83]]/[[April 20]], 702 | ||
|birthplace = [[Medina]] | |birthplace = [[Medina]] | ||
|beginning of imamate = [[Dhu l-Hijja 7]], [[114]]/[[1 February]], 733 | |beginning of imamate = [[Dhu l-Hijja 7]], [[114]]/[[1 February]], 733 | ||
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'''Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn (a)''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|جعفر بن محمد بن علي بن الحسین}}), (b. [[83]]/704 – d. [[148]]/765) known as '''Imām al-Ṣādiq (a)''' ({{ia|الإمام الصادق}}), is the sixth [[Imam]] of [[Shi'a]] and the fifth Imam of [[Isam'ilis]]. His Imamate was concurrent with the reign of the last five [[Umayyad caliphs]] (that is, from [[Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik]] onwards) and with that of the first two [[Abbasid caliphs]], [[al-Saffah]] and [[al-Mansur al-Dawaniqi]]. Because of the weakness of the Umayyad rule at his time, Imam al-Sadiq (a) was able to have relatively wider scholarly activities. His companions, students, and those who quoted hadiths from him is said to have amounted to four-thousand people. Most of the hadiths of Ahl al-Bayt (a) recorded in Twelver Shiite hadith collections are from Imam al-Sadiq (a). This is why [[Twelver Shiism]] is called Ja'fari School. | '''Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn (a)''' (Arabic: {{iarabic|جعفر بن محمد بن علي بن الحسین}}), (b. [[83]]/704 – d. [[148]]/765) known as '''Imām al-Ṣādiq (a)''' ({{ia|الإمام الصادق}}), is the sixth [[Imam]] of [[Shi'a]] and the fifth Imam of [[Isam'ilis]]. His Imamate was concurrent with the reign of the last five [[Umayyad caliphs]] (that is, from [[Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik]] onwards) and with that of the first two [[Abbasid caliphs]], [[al-Saffah]] and [[al-Mansur al-Dawaniqi]]. Because of the weakness of the Umayyad rule at his time, Imam al-Sadiq (a) was able to have relatively wider scholarly activities. His companions, students, and those who quoted hadiths from him is said to have amounted to four-thousand people. Most of the hadiths of Ahl al-Bayt (a) recorded in Twelver Shiite hadith collections are from Imam al-Sadiq (a). This is why [[Twelver Shiism]] is called Ja'fari School. | ||
Imam al-Sadiq (a) has had a high status in the eyes of prominent Sunni scholars. [[Abu Hanifa]] and [[Malik b. Anas]] were among the people who quoted hadiths from him. The former considered him the most knowledgeable person among Muslims. In 1378 AH, [[Shaykh Mahmud Shaltut]], the president of al-Azhar, recognized the Ja'fari school as a legitimate Islamic school of jurisprudence. | Imam al-Sadiq (a) has had a high status in the eyes of prominent Sunni scholars. [[Abu Hanifa]] and [[Malik b. Anas]] were among the people who quoted hadiths from him. The former considered him the most knowledgeable person among Muslims. In 1378 AH/1958-9, [[Shaykh Mahmud Shaltut]], the president of al-Azhar, recognized the Ja'fari school as a legitimate Islamic school of jurisprudence. | ||
Despite the weakness of the Umayyads and the requests from the Shi'a, Imam al-Sadiq (a) did not find the situation suitable to revolt against the caliphate. He rejected [[Abu Muslim al-Khurasani]] and [[Abu Salama]], who asked him to become the caliph. He did not take part in the revolt of his uncle [[Zayd b. 'Ali]] either and discouraged the Shi'a from getting involved in any uprisings. However, he did not have good relations with the caliphs of his time either, and he had to do [[taqiyya]] because of their persecution. | Despite the weakness of the Umayyads and the requests from the Shi'a, Imam al-Sadiq (a) did not find the situation suitable to revolt against the caliphate. He rejected [[Abu Muslim al-Khurasani]] and [[Abu Salama]], who asked him to become the caliph. He did not take part in the revolt of his uncle [[Zayd b. 'Ali]] either and discouraged the Shi'a from getting involved in any uprisings. However, he did not have good relations with the caliphs of his time either, and he had to do [[taqiyya]] because of their persecution. | ||
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== Lineage and Birth == | == Lineage and Birth == | ||
Ja'far b. Muhammad b. 'Ali b. al-Husayn b. 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) was the sixth Imam of [[Shi'a]]<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī sīyāsī-yi imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 391.</ref> and the fifth Imam of [[Isma'ilis]].<ref>Ṣābirī, ''Tārīkh-i firaq-i Islāmī'', vol. 2, p. 110, 119.</ref> His father was [[Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (a)]]. His mother was Fatima or Qariba who is known by her Kunya [[Umm Farwa bt. al-Qasim|Umm Farwa]]. She was the daughter of [[ | Ja'far b. Muhammad b. 'Ali b. al-Husayn b. 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) was the sixth Imam of [[Shi'a]]<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī sīyāsī-yi imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 391.</ref> and the fifth Imam of [[Isma'ilis]].<ref>Ṣābirī, ''Tārīkh-i firaq-i Islāmī'', vol. 2, p. 110, 119.</ref> His father was [[Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (a)]]. His mother was Fatima or Qariba who is known by her Kunya [[Umm Farwa bt. al-Qasim|Umm Farwa]]. She was the daughter of [[al-Qasim b. Muhammad b. Abi Bakr|al-Qasim]] son of [[Muhammad b. Abi Bakr]].<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 180.</ref> Imam al-Sadiq (a) is reported to have said, "Abu Bakr begot me twice."{{cn}} Some scholars explain this by saying that it refers to the fact that the Imam's (a) mother was a descendant of Abu Bakr both from her mother's and her father's sides. However, some scholars such as [[Allama Shushtari]] and [[al-Allama al-Majlisi]] do not consider this hadith authentic.<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 29, p. 651-652.</ref> | ||
He was born on [[Rabi' I 17]], [[83]]/[[April | He was born on [[Rabi' I 17]], [[83]]/[[April 20]], 702 in [[Medina]].<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 180</ref> Some historians and biographers have mentioned his birth in 80/699.<ref>See: Irbilī, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', vol. 2, p. 691.</ref> Twelve years of his life were contemporary with his grandfather and nineteen years of it were contemporary with his father and his [[imamate]] period was thirty four years.<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', vol. 1, p. 514.</ref> | ||
{{Family tree Ahl al-Bayt (a)}} | {{Family tree Ahl al-Bayt (a)}} | ||
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Because of the significant role of Imam al-Sadiq (a) in the elaboration of Islamic teachings, Twelver Shiism is often called Ja'fari School<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-yi Imām Ṣādiq Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (a)'', p. 61.</ref> and the Imam (a) is known as its head. | Because of the significant role of Imam al-Sadiq (a) in the elaboration of Islamic teachings, Twelver Shiism is often called Ja'fari School<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-yi Imām Ṣādiq Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (a)'', p. 61.</ref> and the Imam (a) is known as its head. | ||
In 1378/1958- | In 1378/1958-9, [[Shaykh Mahmud Shaltut]], the head of [[al-Azhar]], recognized the Ja'fari School of jurisprudence as a legitimate Islamic school and proclaimed following it permissible.<ref>Bīāzār Shīrāzī, ''Hambastigī-yi madhāhib-i Islāmī'', p. 344.</ref> | ||
==Scholarly Dialogues and Debates== | ==Scholarly Dialogues and Debates== | ||