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Imam Ja'far b. Muhammad al-Sadiq (a): Difference between revisions
Imam Ja'far b. Muhammad al-Sadiq (a) (view source)
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|reign = | |reign = | ||
|contemporary rulers =[[Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik]], [[al-Walid b. Yazid b. 'Abd al-Malik]], [[Marwan b. Muhammad]], [[Abu l-'Abbas al-Saffah]], [[al-Mansur al-Dawaniqi]] | |contemporary rulers =[[Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik]], [[al-Walid b. Yazid b. 'Abd al-Malik]], [[Marwan b. Muhammad]], [[Abu l-'Abbas al-Saffah]], [[al-Mansur al-Dawaniqi]] | ||
|martyrdom = [[Shawwal 25]], [[148]]/[[December | |martyrdom = [[Shawwal 25]], [[148]]/[[December 14]], 765 | ||
|place of martyrdom = [[Medina]] | |place of martyrdom = [[Medina]] | ||
|cause of martyrdom = by poisoning | |cause of martyrdom = by poisoning | ||
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Ja'far b. Muhammad b. 'Ali b. al-Husayn b. 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) was the sixth Imam of [[Shi'a]]<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī sīyāsī-yi imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 391.</ref> and the fifth Imam of [[Isma'ilis]].<ref>Ṣābirī, ''Tārīkh-i firaq-i Islāmī'', vol. 2, p. 110, 119.</ref> His father was [[Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (a)]]. His mother was Fatima or Qariba who is known by her Kunya [[Umm Farwa bt. al-Qasim|Umm Farwa]]. She was the daughter of [[al-Qasim b. Muhammad b. Abi Bakr|al-Qasim]] son of [[Muhammad b. Abi Bakr]].<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 180.</ref> Imam al-Sadiq (a) is reported to have said, "Abu Bakr begot me twice."{{cn}} Some scholars explain this by saying that it refers to the fact that the Imam's (a) mother was a descendant of Abu Bakr both from her mother's and her father's sides. However, some scholars such as [[Allama Shushtari]] and [[al-Allama al-Majlisi]] do not consider this hadith authentic.<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 29, p. 651-652.</ref> | Ja'far b. Muhammad b. 'Ali b. al-Husayn b. 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) was the sixth Imam of [[Shi'a]]<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī sīyāsī-yi imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 391.</ref> and the fifth Imam of [[Isma'ilis]].<ref>Ṣābirī, ''Tārīkh-i firaq-i Islāmī'', vol. 2, p. 110, 119.</ref> His father was [[Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (a)]]. His mother was Fatima or Qariba who is known by her Kunya [[Umm Farwa bt. al-Qasim|Umm Farwa]]. She was the daughter of [[al-Qasim b. Muhammad b. Abi Bakr|al-Qasim]] son of [[Muhammad b. Abi Bakr]].<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 180.</ref> Imam al-Sadiq (a) is reported to have said, "Abu Bakr begot me twice."{{cn}} Some scholars explain this by saying that it refers to the fact that the Imam's (a) mother was a descendant of Abu Bakr both from her mother's and her father's sides. However, some scholars such as [[Allama Shushtari]] and [[al-Allama al-Majlisi]] do not consider this hadith authentic.<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 29, p. 651-652.</ref> | ||
He was born on [[Rabi' I 17]], [[83]]/[[April 20]], 702 in [[Medina]].<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 180</ref> Some historians and biographers have mentioned his birth in 80/699.<ref>See: Irbilī, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', vol. 2, p. 691.</ref> Twelve years of his life were contemporary with his grandfather and | He was born on [[Rabi' I 17]], [[83]]/[[April 20]], 702 in [[Medina]].<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 180</ref> Some historians and biographers have mentioned his birth in 80/699.<ref>See: Irbilī, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', vol. 2, p. 691.</ref> Twelve years of his life were contemporary with his grandfather and thirty one years of it were contemporary with his father and his [[imamate]] period was thirty four years.<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', vol. 1, p. 514.</ref> | ||
{{Family tree Ahl al-Bayt (a)}} | {{Family tree Ahl al-Bayt (a)}} | ||
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Imam al-Sadiq (a) accompanied his father on the latter's travel to [[Syria]] when Imam al-Baqir (a) was summoned by Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik.<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-yi Imām Ṣādiq Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (a)'', p. 6.</ref> | Imam al-Sadiq (a) accompanied his father on the latter's travel to [[Syria]] when Imam al-Baqir (a) was summoned by Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik.<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-yi Imām Ṣādiq Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (a)'', p. 6.</ref> | ||
During Imam al-Sadiq's (a) imamate, the Umayyad rule became weak and eventually fell, and then the Abbasids came to power. The weakness of the rulers created a good opportunity for the Imam (a) to engage in scholarly activities.<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-yi Imām Ṣādiq Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (a)'', p. 47.</ref> This relatively free environment existed only in the third decade of the second/eighth century; the Imam (a) and his followers were under great pressure before that under the Umayyads and also after it because of the revolt of [[Muhammad | During Imam al-Sadiq's (a) imamate, the Umayyad rule became weak and eventually fell, and then the Abbasids came to power. The weakness of the rulers created a good opportunity for the Imam (a) to engage in scholarly activities.<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-yi Imām Ṣādiq Jaʿfar b. Muḥammad (a)'', p. 47.</ref> This relatively free environment existed only in the third decade of the second/eighth century; the Imam (a) and his followers were under great pressure before that under the Umayyads and also after it because of the revolt of [[Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya]] and his brother [[Ibrahim b. 'Abd Allah|Ibrahim]]. <ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī sīyāsī-yi imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 435.</ref> | ||
[[Imamate]] of Imam al-Sadiq (a) was 34 years<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 180.</ref> Imam al-Sadiq (a) was martyred ten years after the beginning of the rule of [[al-Mansur al-Dawaniqi]] by him.<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', vol. 1, p. 514.</ref> | [[Imamate]] of Imam al-Sadiq (a) was 34 years<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 180.</ref> Imam al-Sadiq (a) was martyred ten years after the beginning of the rule of [[al-Mansur al-Dawaniqi]] by him.<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', vol. 1, p. 514.</ref> | ||
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Since the Shia were scattered in different parts of the Muslim territories and it was difficult for them to be directly in touch with the Imam (a), Imam al-Sadiq (a) appointed a number of representatives (wakil) for different regions,<ref>Jabbārī, ''Sāzmān-i wikālat-i aʾimma'', vol. 1, p. 47-50.</ref> who were responsible for transferring the [[khums]], [[zakat]], and donations of the Shia to the Imam (a) and also for taking their questions and messages to the Imam (a) and the Imam's (a) response back to them.<ref>Jabbārī, ''Sāzmān-i wikālat-i aʾimma'', vol. 1, p. 280, 320, 322.</ref> | Since the Shia were scattered in different parts of the Muslim territories and it was difficult for them to be directly in touch with the Imam (a), Imam al-Sadiq (a) appointed a number of representatives (wakil) for different regions,<ref>Jabbārī, ''Sāzmān-i wikālat-i aʾimma'', vol. 1, p. 47-50.</ref> who were responsible for transferring the [[khums]], [[zakat]], and donations of the Shia to the Imam (a) and also for taking their questions and messages to the Imam (a) and the Imam's (a) response back to them.<ref>Jabbārī, ''Sāzmān-i wikālat-i aʾimma'', vol. 1, p. 280, 320, 322.</ref> | ||
The network of representatives, which continued its function until the death of [[ | The network of representatives, which continued its function until the death of [['Ali b. Muhammad al-Samuri]], the fourth representative of Imam al-Mahdi (a), is sometimes referred to as the [[wikala network]].<ref>Jabbārī, "Barrasī-yi sāzmān-i daʿwat-i ʿabbāsīyān", p. 75-104.</ref> | ||
==Opposing the Ghulat== | ==Opposing the Ghulat== | ||
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It is mentioned in ''[[Al-Fusul al-muhimma fi ta'lif al-umma (book)|al-Fusul al-muhimma]]'', ''[[Misbah al-Kaf'ami]]'' and other sources that Imam al-Sadiq (a) was given poison.<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 47, p. 1-2.</ref> In ''[[al-Manaqib]]'', [[Ibn Shahrashub]] has written that [[al-Mansur]] gave him poison since he hated Imam (a) so much and feared that people would turn to him.<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 280.</ref> | It is mentioned in ''[[Al-Fusul al-muhimma fi ta'lif al-umma (book)|al-Fusul al-muhimma]]'', ''[[Misbah al-Kaf'ami]]'' and other sources that Imam al-Sadiq (a) was given poison.<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 47, p. 1-2.</ref> In ''[[al-Manaqib]]'', [[Ibn Shahrashub]] has written that [[al-Mansur]] gave him poison since he hated Imam (a) so much and feared that people would turn to him.<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 280.</ref> | ||
His demise was on [[Shawwal 25]], [[148]]/[[December | His demise was on [[Shawwal 25]], [[148]]/[[December 14]], 765 at the age of 65. Another report mentions his demise in the middle of [[Rajab]] or Shawwal. He was buried in the [[al-Baqi' Cemetery]] beside his father, [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]], his grandfather [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] and his uncle [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]].<ref>Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 4, p. 210; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 180.</ref> Ibn Qutayba has recorded his martyrdom in 146/764.<ref>Ibn Qutayba, ''al-Mʿārif'', p. 215.</ref> which is considered as an error. | ||
===Will=== | ===Will=== | ||