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Imam Musa b. Ja'far al-Kazim (a): Difference between revisions
Imam Musa b. Ja'far al-Kazim (a) (view source)
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'''Mūsā b. Jaʿfar (a)''' (Arabic: {{ia|موسی بن جعفر}}) titled as '''al-Kāẓim''' ({{ia|الکاظم}}) and '''Bāb al-Ḥawāʾij''' ({{ia|باب الحوائج}}) was the seventh [[Imamate|Imam]] of [[Shi'a]], born in [[128]]/745 in the village of [[Abwa']] (between [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]]). After his father [[Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (a)]] was [[martyrdom|martyred]] he (a) became the Imam of Shi'a. The thirty five years of his [[imamate]] coincided with the [[caliphate]] of [[al-Mansur al-'Abbasi|al-Mansur]], [[al-Hadi al-'Abbasi|al-Hadi]], [[al-Mahdi al-'Abbasi|al-Mahdi]], and [[Harun al-Rashid]]. He was repeatedly imprisoned by al-Mahdi and Harun, and was finally martyred in [[183]]/799 in [[al-Sindi b. Shahik]]'s prison. After his martyrdom, he was succeeded by his son, [['Ali b. Musa (a)]], as the next Imam. | '''Mūsā b. Jaʿfar (a)''' (Arabic: {{ia|موسی بن جعفر}}) titled as '''al-Kāẓim''' ({{ia|الکاظم}}) and '''Bāb al-Ḥawāʾij''' ({{ia|باب الحوائج}}) was the seventh [[Imamate|Imam]] of [[Shi'a]], born in [[128]]/745 in the village of [[Abwa']] (between [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]]). After his father [[Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (a)]] was [[martyrdom|martyred]] he (a) became the Imam of Shi'a. The thirty five years of his [[imamate]] coincided with the [[caliphate]] of [[al-Mansur al-'Abbasi|al-Mansur]], [[al-Hadi al-'Abbasi|al-Hadi]], [[al-Mahdi al-'Abbasi|al-Mahdi]], and [[Harun al-Rashid]]. He was repeatedly imprisoned by al-Mahdi and Harun, and was finally martyred in [[183]]/799 in [[al-Sindi b. Shahik]]'s prison. After his martyrdom, he was succeeded by his son, [['Ali b. Musa (a)]], as the next Imam. | ||
Imam al-Kazim's (a) life coincided with the peak of the Abbasid caliphate. He practiced [[taqiyya]] (dissimulation) with regard to the government and recommended the Shi'as to do the same. Thus, there is no report of him taking explicit positions against the Abbasid caliphs or with regard to [[Alids]] uprisings, such as the [[Uprising of Fakhkh]]. However, in his debates and dialogues with Abbasid caliphs and others, he tried to question the legitimacy of the Abbasid caliphate. | Imam al-Kazim's (a) life coincided with the peak of the Abbasid caliphate. He practiced [[taqiyya]] (precautionary dissimulation) with regard to the government and recommended the Shi'as to do the same. Thus, there is no report of him taking explicit positions against the Abbasid caliphs or with regard to [[Alids]] uprisings, such as the [[Uprising of Fakhkh]]. However, in his debates and dialogues with Abbasid caliphs and others, he tried to question the legitimacy of the Abbasid caliphate. | ||
Some debates and dialogues between Musa b. Ja'far (a) and some [[Jewish]] and [[Christian]] scholars have been reported insources of history and [[hadiths]]. His dialogues with the scholars of other religions have been collected in ''Musnad al-Imam al-Kazim'', some of which have been transmitted by [[People of Consensus]]. He also expanded the [[ | Some debates and dialogues between Musa b. Ja'far (a) and some [[Jewish]] and [[Christian]] scholars have been reported insources of history and [[hadiths]]. His dialogues with the scholars of other religions have been collected in ''Musnad al-Imam al-Kazim'', some of which have been transmitted by [[People of Consensus]]. He also expanded the [[Wikala network]] (network of deputyship), appointing people as his representatives or deputies in different areas. His life also coincided with some divisions within Shiism as well. At the beginning of his imamate, [[Isma'iliyya]], [[Fatahiyya]], and [[Nawusiyya]] were formed, and after his martyrdom, the [[Waqifiyya]] came to existence. | ||
Shiite and Sunni sources have praised his practice of worships, patience, and generosity, referring to him as "al-Kazim" and "al-'Abd al-Salih". Prominent Sunni figures honored the Seventh Shiite Imam as a religious scholar and visited his grave along with the Shi'as. Imam al-Kazim's (a) resting place and the mausoleum of his grandson, [[Imam al-Jawad (a)]], are located near [[Baghdad]] and is known as the [[Shrine of Kazimayn]]. It is visited by Muslims, and in particular, the Shi'as. | Shiite and Sunni sources have praised his practice of worships, patience, and generosity, referring to him as "al-Kazim" and "al-'Abd al-Salih". Prominent Sunni figures honored the Seventh Shiite Imam as a religious scholar and visited his grave along with the Shi'as. Imam al-Kazim's (a) resting place and the mausoleum of his grandson, [[Imam al-Jawad (a)]], are located near [[Baghdad]] and is known as the [[Shrine of Kazimayn]]. It is visited by Muslims, and in particular, the Shi'as. | ||
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However, there is no report about any explicit opposition by Musa b. Ja'far (a) to the Abbasid government. He practiced [[taqiyya]] (dissimulation) and recommended the Shi'as to observe it. For example, the Imam (a) wrote a letter to Khayzaran, the mother of al-Hadi al-'Abbasi, to console her about al-Hadi's death.<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 48, p. 134.</ref> According to a hadith, when he was summoned by Harun, he said: "I will go to Harun because it is an obligation to practice taqiyya with respect to the ruler". He also accepted Harun's gifts for the marriages of [[Al Abi Talib]] in order to preserve their generation.<ref>Ṣadūq, ''ʿUyūn akhbār al-Riḍā'', vol. 1, p. 77.</ref> He even wrote a letter to 'Ali b. Yaqtin and asked him to perform the [[wudu']] in the way it is performed by Sunni Muslims in order not to fall in danger.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 227-228.</ref> | However, there is no report about any explicit opposition by Musa b. Ja'far (a) to the Abbasid government. He practiced [[taqiyya]] (dissimulation) and recommended the Shi'as to observe it. For example, the Imam (a) wrote a letter to Khayzaran, the mother of al-Hadi al-'Abbasi, to console her about al-Hadi's death.<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 48, p. 134.</ref> According to a hadith, when he was summoned by Harun, he said: "I will go to Harun because it is an obligation to practice taqiyya with respect to the ruler". He also accepted Harun's gifts for the marriages of [[Al Abi Talib]] in order to preserve their generation.<ref>Ṣadūq, ''ʿUyūn akhbār al-Riḍā'', vol. 1, p. 77.</ref> He even wrote a letter to 'Ali b. Yaqtin and asked him to perform the [[wudu']] in the way it is performed by Sunni Muslims in order not to fall in danger.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 227-228.</ref> | ||
== | ==Alids Uprisings== | ||
Musa b. Ja'far's (a) life coincided with the peak of the Abbasid power and a number of [[ | Musa b. Ja'far's (a) life coincided with the peak of the Abbasid power and a number of [[Alids]] uprisings against them. The Abbasids took over the power with the slogan of supporting the Prophet's (s) [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]], but it did not take long until they turned into ardent enemies of the Alids, killing or imprisoning many of them and their followers. The hostility of the Abbasid rulers to the Alids led some prominent Alids to begin uprisings against them. Examples of such uprisings include the [[uprising of al-Nafs al-Zakiyya]], the establishment of the [[Idrisid]] government, and the [[Uprising of al-Fakhkh]]. The Uprising of al-Fakhkh occurred in 169/785 in the period of Musa b. Ja'far's (a) [[imamate]] and [[al-Hadi al-'Abbasi]]'s caliphate.<ref>Jaʿfarīyān, ''Ḥayāt-i fikrī wa sīyāsī-yi Imāmān-i Shīʿa'', p. 384-385.</ref> The Imam (a) did not take part in these uprisings and no explicit position is reportedly taken by him in support or condemnation of such uprisings. Even [[Yahya b. 'Abd Allah]] wrote a letter and complained about the Imam's (a) silence about his uprising in [[Tabaristan]].<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 367.</ref> There are two views about the Imam's (a) position with regard to the Uprising of al-Fakhkh which occurred in Medina: | ||
* Some people believe that the Imam (a) agreed with, and supported, the uprising. They appeal to a remark by the Imam (a) addressed to [[Shahid al-Fakhkh]]: "so be serious in what you do since these people express the faith but are polytheists in their hearts".<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 366.</ref> | * Some people believe that the Imam (a) agreed with, and supported, the uprising. They appeal to a remark by the Imam (a) addressed to [[Shahid al-Fakhkh]]: "so be serious in what you do since these people express the faith but are polytheists in their hearts".<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 1, p. 366.</ref> | ||
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==Organization of Representatives== | ==Organization of Representatives== | ||
{{main| | {{main|Wikala network}} | ||
In order to have wider contacts with the Shi'as and reinforce their economic power, Imam al-Kazim (a) expanded the organization of representatives and deputies which was established in the period of [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]]. He sent some of his companions to different areas as his representatives or agents. Some sources have mentioned 13 of his representatives.<ref>Jabbārī, ''Imām-i Kāẓim wa wikālat'', p. 16.</ref> According to some sources, his representatives included 'Ali b. Yaqtin and [[Mufaddal b. 'Umar]] in [[Kufa]], [['Abd al-Rahman b. al-Hajjaj]] in Baghdad, [[Ziyad b. Marwan]] in [[Kandahar]], 'Uthman b. 'Isa in [[Egypt]], [[Ibrahim b. Salam]] in [[Nishabur]], and [['Abd Allah b. Jundab]] in [[Ahvaz]].<ref>Jabbārī, ''Sāzmān-i wikālat'', p. 423-599.</ref> | In order to have wider contacts with the Shi'as and reinforce their economic power, Imam al-Kazim (a) expanded the organization of representatives and deputies which was established in the period of [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]]. He sent some of his companions to different areas as his representatives or agents. Some sources have mentioned 13 of his representatives.<ref>Jabbārī, ''Imām-i Kāẓim wa wikālat'', p. 16.</ref> According to some sources, his representatives included 'Ali b. Yaqtin and [[Mufaddal b. 'Umar]] in [[Kufa]], [['Abd al-Rahman b. al-Hajjaj]] in Baghdad, [[Ziyad b. Marwan]] in [[Kandahar]], 'Uthman b. 'Isa in [[Egypt]], [[Ibrahim b. Salam]] in [[Nishabur]], and [['Abd Allah b. Jundab]] in [[Ahvaz]].<ref>Jabbārī, ''Sāzmān-i wikālat'', p. 423-599.</ref> | ||