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Al-Mukhtar b. Abi 'Ubayd al-Thaqafi: Difference between revisions
Al-Mukhtar b. Abi 'Ubayd al-Thaqafi (view source)
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==Uprising== | ==Uprising== | ||
{{Main|al-Mukhtar's Uprising}} | {{Main|al-Mukhtar's Uprising}} | ||
On [[Rabi' I 14]], [[66]]/[[October 19]], [[685 CE|685]], al-Mukhtar initiated an uprising in revenge of Imam al-Husayn's (a) blood. The Shi'a of [[Kufa]] supported him. He said, "By God, if I kill two third of the [[Quraysh]], I wouldn't have sought the revenge of even one of Imam al-Husayn's fingers." | On [[Rabi' I 14]], [[66]]/[[October 19]], [[685 CE|685]], al-Mukhtar initiated an uprising in revenge of Imam al-Husayn's (a) blood.<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn'', Translation, vol. 2, p. 44.</ref> The Shi'a of [[Kufa]] supported him. He said, "By God, if I kill two third of the [[Quraysh]], I wouldn't have sought the revenge of even one of Imam al-Husayn's fingers."<ref>Ibn Ṭaqṭaqī, ''al-Fakhrī'', p. 122.</ref> | ||
During his uprising, al-Mukhtar managed to kill [[Shimr b. Dhi l-Jawshan]], [[Khawli b. Yazid]], [['Umar b. Sa'd]], and [['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]], and some others who took part and have significant role in killing Imam al-Husayn (a) and his companions. | During his uprising, al-Mukhtar managed to kill [[Shimr b. Dhi l-Jawshan]], [[Khawli b. Yazid]], [['Umar b. Sa'd]], and [['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]],<ref>Ibn al-Athīr, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 4, p. 347.</ref> and some others who took part and have significant role in killing Imam al-Husayn (a) and his companions. | ||
The commander of the army of the uprising was [[Ibrahim b. Malik al-Ashtar]] (the son of [[Malik al-Ashtar al-Nakha'i]]), and he was the one who killed 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad in [[Mosul]]. | The commander of the army of the uprising was [[Ibrahim b. Malik al-Ashtar]] (the son of [[Malik al-Ashtar al-Nakha'i]]), and he was the one who killed 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad in [[Mosul]].<ref></Ibn al-Athīr, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 4, p. 347.ref> | ||
[[Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya]] was busy eating when al-Mukhtar sent the heads of 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad and 'Umar b. Sa'd to him to hang in [[Masjid al-Haram]]. He said, "Gratitude be to the Lord, that when Husayn's head was taken to 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad he was busy eating, and now his head has been brought to me while I am in the same situation." | [[Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya]] was busy eating when al-Mukhtar sent the heads of 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad and 'Umar b. Sa'd to him to hang in [[Masjid al-Haram]]. He said, "Gratitude be to the Lord, that when Husayn's head was taken to 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad he was busy eating, and now his head has been brought to me while I am in the same situation."<ref>Muqaddisī, ''Āfarīnish wa tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 913.</ref> | ||
===Motto=== | ===Motto=== | ||
In order to encourage the Alawites to support him, al-Mukhtar used two phrases "Ya la-Tharat al-Husayn" (Arabic: {{iarabic|یالثارات الحسین}}, lit.: O the avengers of Husayn) and "Ya Mansur, Amit" (Arabic: {{iarabic|یا منصور أمِت}}, lit.: O the victor, kill) as his motto. When putting his war clothes on, al-Mukhtar informed his followers of the beginning of the uprising by chanting these mottoes.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 6, p. 390; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh'' Ṭabarī, vol. 6, p. 20; Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, ''Kitāb al-Futūḥ'', vol. 6, p. 233.</ref> The second motto was first used in the [[Battle of Badr]], and the first one was first used by the [[Tawwabun Uprising]].<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 6, p. 370.</ref> Also, when 'Umar b. Sa'd was killed, the people of Kufa celebrated by chanting "Ya la-Tharat al-Husayn".<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 6, p. 407.</ref> | |||
In order to encourage the Alawites to support him, al-Mukhtar used two phrases "Ya la-Tharat al-Husayn" (Arabic: {{iarabic|یالثارات الحسین}}, lit.: O the avengers of Husayn) and "Ya Mansur, Amit" (Arabic: {{iarabic|یا منصور أمِت}}, lit.: O the victor, kill) as his motto. When putting his war clothes on, al-Mukhtar informed his followers of the beginning of the uprising by chanting these mottoes. The second motto was first used in the [[Battle of Badr]], and the first one was first used by the [[Tawwabun Uprising]]. Also, when 'Umar b. Sa'd was killed, the people of Kufa celebrated by chanting "Ya la-Tharat al-Husayn". | |||
===End of the Uprising=== | ===End of the Uprising=== | ||
After eighteen months of rule and war with three groups, the [[Umayyads]] in [[Syria]], the [[Zubayr Dynasty]] in [[Hijaz]], and the nobles of Kufa, al-Mukhtar was killed on [[Ramadan 14]], [[67]]/[[April 3]],<ref>Ibn al-Jawzī, ''al-Muntaẓam'', vol. 6, p. 68.</ref> [[687 CE|687]], at his 67, by [[Mus'ab b. al-Zubayr]].<ref>Ibn al-Athīr, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 4, p. 347.</ref>.<ref>Basawī, ''al-Maʿrifa wa al-tārīkh'', vol. 3, p. 330.</ref> On Mus'ab's command, al-Mukhtar's hands were cut off and nailed to the wall of [[Masjid al-Kufa]]. When [[Hajjaj b. Yusuf]] gained power over Kufa, he ordered the hands be buried.<ref>Ibn al-Athīr, al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh, vol. 4, p. 275.</ref> | |||
After al-Mukhtar's death, his followers, consisting of 6000 people who were encircled in the palace, surrendered. Mus'ab b. al-Zubayr ordered all of them be killed.<ref>''Akhbār al-dawlat al-abbāsīya'', p. 182.</ref> The decision was so horrifying that when [['Abd Allah b. 'Umar]] saw Mus'ab, said: "Even if they were 6000 sheeps which belonged to your father, you shouldn't have done this."<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 6, p. 445.</ref> | |||
After al-Mukhtar's death, his followers, consisting of 6000 people who were encircled in the palace, surrendered. Mus'ab b. al-Zubayr ordered all of them be killed. The decision was so horrifying that when [['Abd Allah b. 'Umar]] saw Mus'ab, said: "Even if they were 6000 sheeps which belonged to your father, you shouldn't have done this." | |||
===Death of al-Mukhtar's Wife=== | ===Death of al-Mukhtar's Wife=== | ||
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Mus'ab pressurized [['Umra bt. Nu'man b. Bashir]], the al-Mukhtar's wife, to express her abhorrence to al-Mukhtar. When she refused, Mus'ab decapitated her. | Mus'ab pressurized [['Umra bt. Nu'man b. Bashir]], the al-Mukhtar's wife, to express her abhorrence to al-Mukhtar. When she refused, Mus'ab decapitated her. | ||
'Abd al-Rahman b. Hassan said in a poem: "Death and killing has been written for us, and for beautiful women, prancing and romance." | 'Abd al-Rahman b. Hassan said in a poem: "Death and killing has been written for us, and for beautiful women, prancing and romance."<ref>Muqaddisī, ''Āfarīnish wa tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 913.</ref> | ||
The event is recorded as such in a report: Mus'ab asked 'Umra, "what is your opinion about al-Mukhtar?" She replied, "He was pious and fasted everyday". Mus'ab ordered to decapitate her. She became the first woman in Islam to be beheaded. | The event is recorded as such in a report: Mus'ab asked 'Umra, "what is your opinion about al-Mukhtar?" She replied, "He was pious and fasted everyday". Mus'ab ordered to decapitate her. She became the first woman in Islam to be beheaded.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 264.</ref> | ||
==Ambitions== | ==Ambitions== | ||