Anonymous user
Abd al-Muttalib: Difference between revisions
m
adding references.
imported>Saburi m (Saburi moved page 'Abd al-Muttalib to Abd al-Muttalib over redirect) |
imported>Mortezanazarzadeh m (adding references.) |
||
| Line 29: | Line 29: | ||
'''ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib b. Hāshim b. ʿAbd Manāf''', (Arabic: {{ia|عبدالمطّلب بن هاشم بن عبد مناف}} ) (b. 127 before Hijra/500 - d. 45 before Hijra/579) is the paternal grandfather of [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]], and the chief of the [[Quraysh]] tribe. He was also one of the nobles of [[Mecca]]. Born in [[Yathrib]], he migrated to Mecca when he was seven and became a nobility. The astonishing event of the [[Army of the elephant]] (the attack of Abraha) occurred during his rule in Mecca. | '''ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib b. Hāshim b. ʿAbd Manāf''', (Arabic: {{ia|عبدالمطّلب بن هاشم بن عبد مناف}} ) (b. 127 before Hijra/500 - d. 45 before Hijra/579) is the paternal grandfather of [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]], and the chief of the [[Quraysh]] tribe. He was also one of the nobles of [[Mecca]]. Born in [[Yathrib]], he migrated to Mecca when he was seven and became a nobility. The astonishing event of the [[Army of the elephant]] (the attack of Abraha) occurred during his rule in Mecca. | ||
== | ==Leanage== | ||
Abd al-Muttalib is from the Quraysh tribe and is the offspring of [[Hashim]], thus related to the [[Banu Hashim]]. He descends from Prophet [[Ibrahim (a)]]. His mother, Salma daughter of Amr, is from the Banu Najjar of [[Khazraj]] clan. This family became the [[companions]] of the Prophet (s) after he migrated to [[Medina]].<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 6, p. 151.</ref> | |||
{{Family tree of the Prophet (s)}} | {{Family tree of the Prophet (s)}} | ||
==Name and Epithet== | ==Name and Epithet== | ||
Abd al-Muttalib's name was Shayba and his epithet was Abu l-Harith.<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''al-Istīʿāb'', vol. 1, p. 27.</ref> It is said that he was addressed with other names and epithets as well, such as: Amir, Sayyid al-Batha', Saqi l-Hajij, Saqi l-Ghayth, Ghayth al-Wara fi l-'Am al-Judub, Abu l-Sadat al-'Ashara, 'Abd al-Muttalib, Hafir [[Zamzam]],<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 15, p. 128.</ref> Ibrahim Thani,<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 11.</ref> and Fayyad. | |||
In regards to the epithet | In regards to the epithet Abd al-Muttalib which is most popular, it is said that a couple of years after the death of Hashim, Muttalib (paternal uncle of Abd al-Muttalib) took him from [[Yathrib]] to [[Mecca]].<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 2-8.</ref> When people saw Muttalib entering the city with 'Abd al-Muttalib they thought he was Muttalib's slave, bought from Yathrib. He therefore became known as Abd al-Muttalib and this name stuck.<ref>Rasūlī Maḥallātī, ''Zindigānī-yi Muḥammad (s)'', vol. 1, p. 91.</ref> | ||
==Birth== | ==Birth== | ||
Abd al-Muttalib's father, Hashim, married with Salma daughter of Amr b. Zayd from the Banu Najjar clan, in one of his trips to Yathrib.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 1, p. 65.</ref> Before the birth of his son, he traveled to [[Gaza]] in what is nowadays [[Palestine]], died and was buried there.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 1, p. 65.</ref> Based on various historians, 'Abd al-Muttalib lived with his mother in Medina for seven years or more,<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 137.</ref> before he went to Mecca with his uncle, Muttalib.<ref>Rasūlī Maḥallātī, ''Zindigānī-yi Muḥammad (s)'', vol. 1, p. 91.</ref> | |||
== | ==Personality of Abd al-Muttalib== | ||
Muttalib inherited his brother's positions and was appointed as chieftain. | Muttalib inherited his brother's positions and was appointed as chieftain. Sometime later, he died in [[Yemen]], in a land called Radman and the positions he had inherited from his father passed down to 'Abd al-Muttalib, who was his nephew. Abd al-Muttalib became a noble in Mecca as a result of his magnanimity, good management and strategies. He became famous and his superiority became clear. [[Quraysh]] acknowledged his nobility as well.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubra'', vol. 1, p. 77; Ibn Khaldūn, ''al-ʿIbar'', vol. 1, p. 386.</ref> | ||
[[Al-Ya'qubi]] says: "Abd al-Muttalib was an unparalleled noble of Quraysh in those days, for God had granted him magnanimity He had granted no one else before, and quenched his thirst from the Zamzam well (in Mecca) and Dhu l-Harm (in [[Ta'if]]). Quraysh appointed him as referee for [issues relating to] their wealth. He fed the people in times of famine and hunger, so much that he had even fed the birds of the mountains. In this regard [[Abu Talib]] says: | |||
[[Al-Ya'qubi]] says: | |||
:::When the hands of gamblers start to tremble (i.e. when the generous start to become stingy) we shall give people so much food that even the birds will eat from what is left. | :::When the hands of gamblers start to tremble (i.e. when the generous start to become stingy) we shall give people so much food that even the birds will eat from what is left. | ||
'Abd al-Muttalib did not worship idols | 'Abd al-Muttalib did not worship idols and believed in the [[oneness of God]]. He was loyal to his pledges and started various traditions, some of which have been mentioned in the Qur'an."<ref>See: Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 11.</ref> | ||
Al-Ya'qubi cites himself in a narration that quotes the [[Prophet (s)]], "God will resurrect my grandfather, 'Abd al-Muttalib, with the looks of the prophets and the awe of the kings." | Al-Ya'qubi cites himself in a narration that quotes the [[Prophet (s)]], "God will resurrect my grandfather, 'Abd al-Muttalib, with the looks of the prophets and the awe of the kings."<ref>See: Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 14.</ref> | ||
==Army of the Elephant== | ==Army of the Elephant== | ||
{{main|Army of the Elephant}} | {{main|Army of the Elephant}} | ||
[[File:Companions-of-the-elephant.jpg|285px|thumbnail|[[Army of the Elephant]]: A scene from ''Muhammad (s): The Messenger of God'' directed by Majid Majidi]] | [[File:Companions-of-the-elephant.jpg|285px|thumbnail|[[Army of the Elephant]]: A scene from ''Muhammad (s): The Messenger of God'' directed by Majid Majidi]] | ||
According to religious and regional narrations, Abraha's offensive against Mecca, famously known as the [[Army of the Elephant]], was contemporary to 'Abd al-Muttalib. Abraha marched from Yemen to Mecca with an army of elephants to destroy the [[Ka'ba]]. Abraha's army pillaged the camels of Quraysh, for which a meeting between 'Abd al-Muttalib and Abraha was organized, where 'Abd al-Muttalib only requested his camels be freed. Abraha said, "I thought you have come to negotiate about the Ka'ba." 'Abd al-Muttalib replied, "I am the master of the camels, and that house (Ka'ba) has a master for itself." He went back to Mecca and told the people to go to the mountains and take their belongings with them. Only a couple of Abraha's men survived and fled the following day, when a giant flock of birds attacked his army. | According to religious and regional narrations, Abraha's offensive against Mecca, famously known as the [[Army of the Elephant]], was contemporary to 'Abd al-Muttalib. Abraha marched from Yemen to Mecca with an army of elephants to destroy the [[Ka'ba]].<ref>Dīnawarī, ''al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl'', p. 92.</ref> Abraha's army pillaged the camels of Quraysh, for which a meeting between 'Abd al-Muttalib and Abraha was organized, where 'Abd al-Muttalib only requested his camels be freed. Abraha said, "I thought you have come to negotiate about the Ka'ba." 'Abd al-Muttalib replied, "I am the master of the camels, and that house (Ka'ba) has a master for itself." He went back to Mecca and told the people to go to the mountains and take their belongings with them.<ref>Maqdisī, ''al-Bidaʾ wa l-tārīkh'', vol. 1, p. 532.</ref> Only a couple of Abraha's men survived and fled the following day, when a giant flock of birds attacked his army.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 47.</ref> | ||
==Digging the Zamzam Well== | ==Digging the Zamzam Well== | ||
| Line 63: | Line 60: | ||
According to historical documents of Mecca, prior to [[Qusay b. Kilab]]'s conquest, who was 'Abd al-Muttalib's grandfather, the Jurhum tribe ruled over Mecca. The oppressiveness of their tribesmen evoked a rise against them by other tribes. In the end, the Khuza'a tribe defeated them. 'Umar b. Harith, the final Jurhum ruler went inside the Ka'ba and hid all the jewelry and valuable presents that had been gifted to the Ka'ba, in the [[Zamzam Well]] and filled the well with soil to hide it. | According to historical documents of Mecca, prior to [[Qusay b. Kilab]]'s conquest, who was 'Abd al-Muttalib's grandfather, the Jurhum tribe ruled over Mecca. The oppressiveness of their tribesmen evoked a rise against them by other tribes. In the end, the Khuza'a tribe defeated them. 'Umar b. Harith, the final Jurhum ruler went inside the Ka'ba and hid all the jewelry and valuable presents that had been gifted to the Ka'ba, in the [[Zamzam Well]] and filled the well with soil to hide it. | ||
Years later, 'Abd al-Muttalib attempted to find the well. It is said that he found the place of the well in a dream and was given the mission to excavate it. 'Abd al-Muttalib excavated Zamzam, found the jewelry, and spent it for the Ka'ba. Zamzam once again sprang with water. | Years later, 'Abd al-Muttalib attempted to find the well. It is said that he found the place of the well in a dream and was given the mission to excavate it. 'Abd al-Muttalib excavated Zamzam, found the jewelry, and spent it for the Ka'ba. Zamzam once again sprang with water.<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 2, p. 244.</ref> | ||
==Pledge== | ===Pledge=== | ||
According to reports | According to reports Abd al-Muttalib faced disagreement and obstruction by the Quraysh when he decided to excavate the well. He made a pledge that if God gives him ten sons he would sacrifice one of them next to the Ka'ba. God Almighty blessed him with ten sons. He randomly selected one of his sons, and [['Abd Allah b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|Abd Allah]]'s name came out, but he sacrificed a hundred camels instead. | ||
[['Ali Dawani]] believes this story is not true and was composed by the [[Umayyad]]s, arguing based on the weak chain of narrators that includes unknown or weak persons, and the fact that child sacrificing was a pagan tradition while 'Abd al-Muttalib was a [[monotheism|monotheist]]. He believes that the Umayyads fabricated this story in order to decrease Imam 'Ali's (a) position through damaging his ancestral nobility. | [['Ali Dawani]] believes this story is not true and was composed by the [[Umayyad]]s, arguing based on the weak chain of narrators that includes unknown or weak persons, and the fact that child sacrificing was a pagan tradition while 'Abd al-Muttalib was a [[monotheism|monotheist]]. He believes that the Umayyads fabricated this story in order to decrease Imam 'Ali's (a) position through damaging his ancestral nobility.<ref>See: Dawānī, ''Tārīkh-i islām'', p. 54.</ref> | ||
==Faith== | ==Faith== | ||
According to some reports 'Abd al-Muttalib adhered to the religion of [[Hanif]] and was not an idol worshiper. [[Al-Mas'udi]], 3rd/9th-10th century historian, talks of disputes about the religion 'Abd al-Muttalib professed and explains that one belief is that neither he nor any of the Prophet's (s) ancestors were idol worshipers. [[Al-Shaykh al-Saduq]] narrates from [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] that the Prophet (s) said to [[Imam 'Ali (a)]], "'Abd al-Muttalib never gambled and never worshiped idols and... and he always said, 'I adhere to the religion of my father, Ibrahim.'" | According to some reports 'Abd al-Muttalib adhered to the religion of [[Hanif]] and was not an idol worshiper. [[Al-Mas'udi]], 3rd/9th-10th century historian, talks of disputes about the religion 'Abd al-Muttalib professed and explains that one belief is that neither he nor any of the Prophet's (s) ancestors were idol worshipers.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 2, p. 109.</ref> [[Al-Shaykh al-Saduq]] narrates from [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] that the Prophet (s) said to [[Imam 'Ali (a)]], "'Abd al-Muttalib never gambled and never worshiped idols and... and he always said, 'I adhere to the religion of my father, Ibrahim.'"<ref>Ṣadūq, ''al-Khiṣāl'', vol. 1, p. 455.</ref> | ||
==Traditions Established by | ==Traditions Established by Abd al-Muttalib== | ||
In his book, ''[[Al-Khisal]]'', al-Shaykh al-Saduq narrates from Imam al-Sadiq (a) that the [Prophet (s)]] said to Imam 'Ali (a), "'Abd al-Muttalib established five traditions during the [[Age of Ignorance]] that God [also] obligated in Islam: He disallowed sons from marrying their father's wives and God has said in the Qur'an: | In his book, ''[[Al-Khisal]]'', al-Shaykh al-Saduq narrates from Imam al-Sadiq (a) that the [Prophet (s)]] said to Imam 'Ali (a), "'Abd al-Muttalib established five traditions during the [[Age of Ignorance]] that God [also] obligated in Islam: He disallowed sons from marrying their father's wives and God has said in the Qur'an: | ||
{{ | {{ | ||
| Line 94: | Line 91: | ||
|source=9:19 | |source=9:19 | ||
}} | }} | ||
Abd al-Muttalib set the [[blood money]] for killing a man at one hundred camels, and God also applied this in Islam. The [[Quraysh]] did not know how many times they must circumambulate the Ka'ba (do tawaf), 'Abd al-Muttalib set this to seven and God applied these seven circumambulations to Islam as well.<ref>Ṣadūq, ''al-Khiṣāl'', vol. 1, p. 455.</ref> | |||
Al-Ya'qubi wrote: He established traditions that the Prophet (s) acted upon, and verses were revealed for it, and they were: | Al-Ya'qubi wrote: He established traditions that the Prophet (s) acted upon, and verses were revealed for it, and they were: | ||
Loyalty to pledges, a hundred camels for blood money, illegalized [[marriage]] with [[mahram|maharim]], refraining from entering a house from its roof, amputation of a thief's hand, disapproved of killing daughters, [[Mubahala]], prohibition of wine, prohibition of [[adultery]] and appointing a punishment for it, lottery, prohibition of circumambulating the Ka'ba naked, respect for guests, supplying [[Hajj]] expenses with legitimate money, respect for [[Haram months]], avoid ostentation and hypocrisy. | Loyalty to pledges, a hundred camels for blood money, illegalized [[marriage]] with [[mahram|maharim]], refraining from entering a house from its roof, amputation of a thief's hand, disapproved of killing daughters, [[Mubahala]], prohibition of wine, prohibition of [[adultery]] and appointing a punishment for it, lottery, prohibition of circumambulating the Ka'ba naked, respect for guests, supplying [[Hajj]] expenses with legitimate money, respect for [[Haram months]], avoid ostentation and hypocrisy.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 10.</ref> | ||
==Demise== | ==Demise== | ||
It is mostly believed that the Prophet (s) was eight years old when Abd al-Muttalib passed away<ref>Ibn al-Jawzī, ''al-Muntaẓam'', vol. 2, p. 282.</ref> at the age of eighty two, or one hundred and eight, or one hundred and forty. | |||
It is mostly believed that the Prophet (s) was eight years old when | |||
It is said that before his demise 'Abd al-Muttalib summoned his daughters, "Cry for me and read the elegies you want to read about me, so I can hear what you want to read for me after death before I die." His daughters did so, they mourned and each read their elegies. | It is said that before his demise 'Abd al-Muttalib summoned his daughters, "Cry for me and read the elegies you want to read about me, so I can hear what you want to read for me after death before I die." His daughters did so, they mourned and each read their elegies. | ||
[[Umm Ayman]] has been quoted saying that the Prophet (s) followed the corpse of 'Abd al-Muttalib in his funeral and cried, until they buried him next to his grandfather, Qusay b. Kilab, in al-Hajun neighborhood. | [[Umm Ayman]] has been quoted saying that the Prophet (s) followed the corpse of 'Abd al-Muttalib in his funeral and cried, until they buried him next to his grandfather, Qusay b. Kilab, in al-Hajun neighborhood.<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 1, p. 73.</ref> | ||
==Children == | ==Children == | ||
Abd al-Muttalib had ten sons: [[Haritha b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|Harith]], [['Abd Allah b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|Abd Allah]], [[al-Zubayr b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|al-Zubayr]], [[Abu Talib]], [[Hamza b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|Hamza]], [[Muqawwim b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|Muqawwim]] (Miqwam), [['Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|Abbas]], [[Dirar b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|Dirar]] (Darar), [[Quthum b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|Quthum]], [[Abu Lahab]] (who was also called Abd al-Uzza), [[Ghaydaq b. 'Abd al-Muttalib|Ghaydaq]].<ref>Maqdisī, ''al-Bidaʾ wa l-tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 722.</ref> | |||
He had six daughters: [['Atika bt. 'Abd al-Muttalib|'Atika]], [[Safiyya bt. 'Abd al-Muttalib|Safiyya]], [[Umama bt. 'Abd al-Muttalib|Umama]], [[Barra bt. 'Abd al-Muttalib|Barra]], [[Arwa bt. 'Abd al-Muttalib|Arwa]], and [[Umm Hakim bt. 'Abd al-Muttalib|Umm Hakim]] (al-Bayda' | He had six daughters: [['Atika bt. 'Abd al-Muttalib|'Atika]], [[Safiyya bt. 'Abd al-Muttalib|Safiyya]], [[Umama bt. 'Abd al-Muttalib|Umama]], [[Barra bt. 'Abd al-Muttalib|Barra]], [[Arwa bt. 'Abd al-Muttalib|Arwa]], and [[Umm Hakim bt. 'Abd al-Muttalib|Umm Hakim]] (al-Bayda).<ref>Maqdisī, ''al-Bidaʾ wa l-tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 722.</ref> | ||
Apart from Hamza, 'Abbas, and Abu Talib, none of the Prophet's (s) paternal uncles, and none of his paternal aunts except Safiyya, and according to some narrations Arwa, became Muslim. | Apart from Hamza, 'Abbas, and Abu Talib, none of the Prophet's (s) paternal uncles, and none of his paternal aunts except Safiyya, and according to some narrations Arwa, became Muslim.<ref>Maqdisī, ''al-Bidaʾ wa l-tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 722.</ref> | ||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
| Line 124: | Line 120: | ||
* [['Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]] | * [['Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]] | ||
{{end}} | {{end}} | ||
==Notes== | |||
{{Notes}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{ref}} | |||
*Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. ''Ansāb al-ashrāf''. Edited by Muḥammad Bāqir al-Maḥmūdī. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Aʿlamī li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 1974. | |||
*Dawānī, ʿAlī. ''Tārīkh-i islām az āghāz tā hijrat''. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt Islāmī, 1373 Sh. | |||
*Dīnawarī, Aḥmad b. Dāwūd al-. ''Al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl''. Translated to Farsi by Mahdawī Dāmghānī. Fourth edition. Tehran: Nashr-i Niy, 1371 Sh. | |||
*Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb''. Edited by ʿAlī Muḥammad al-Bajāwī. Beirut: Dār al-Jail, 1412 AH. | |||
*Ibn al-Jawzī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAlī. ''Al-Muntaẓam fī tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk''. Edited by Muḥammad & Muṣṭafā ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭā. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1412 AH. | |||
*Ibn Athīr, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad. ''Usd al-ghāba fī maʿrifat al-ṣaḥāba''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1409 AH. | |||
*Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya''. Edited by Muṣṭafā al-Saqā. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d]. | |||
*Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1407 AH. | |||
*Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad. ''Al-ʿIbar fī tārīkh man ʿabbar''. Translated to Farsi by Muḥamamd Āyatī. Tehran: Muʾassisa-yi Muṭāliʿāt wa taḥqīqāt-i Farhangī, 1363 Sh. | |||
*Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad b. Manīʿ al-Baṣrī. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubra''. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Farhang wa Andīsha, 1374 Sh. | |||
*Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār''. Third edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH. | |||
*Maqdisī, Muṭahhar b. Ṭāhir al-. ''Al-Bidaʾ wa l-tārīkh''. Translated to Farsi by Muḥammad Riḍā Shafīʿī. Tehran: Āgah, 1374 Sh. | |||
*Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿādin al-jawhar''. Second edition. Qom: Dār al-Hijra, 1409 AH. | |||
*Rasūlī Maḥallātī, Sayyid Hāshim. ''Zindigānī-yi Muḥammad (s)''. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Kitābchī, 1375 Sh. | |||
*Ṣadūq, Muḥammd b. ʿAlī al-. ''Al-Khiṣāl''. Translated by Jaʿfarī. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1362 Sh. | |||
*Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk''. Second edition. Beirut: Dār al-Turāth, 1387 AH. | |||
*Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī''. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, [n.d]. | |||
{{end}} | |||
{{the Prophet (s)}} | {{the Prophet (s)}} | ||
| Line 146: | Line 163: | ||
| navbox =done | | navbox =done | ||
| redirects=done | | redirects=done | ||
| references = | | references =done | ||
| good article = | | good article = | ||
| featured article = | | featured article = | ||