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Tayammum: Difference between revisions
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== Meaning == | == Meaning == | ||
In jurisprudential terminology, the word "tayammum" refers to the act of touching the forehead and the back of the hands.<ref>Baḥrānī | In jurisprudential terminology, the word "tayammum" refers to the act of touching the forehead and the back of the hands.<ref>Baḥrānī,''al-Ḥadāʾig al-nāḍira'', vol. 4, p. 243.</ref> If [[Wudu]] or [[Ghusl]] is not possible, tayammum substitutes them. Tayammum is also called "al-taharat al-turabiyya" while Wudu and Ghusl are called "al-taharat al-ma'iyya" ({{ia|الطهارة المائية}}).<ref>''Farhanq-i fiqh-i fārsī'', vol. 5, p. 243.</ref> | ||
==In the Qur'an and Hadiths== | ==In the Qur'an and Hadiths== | ||
{{Main|Verses of tayammum}} | {{Main|Verses of tayammum}} | ||
In two [[verses]], the [[Qur'an]] refers to tayammum and its rulings: [[Qur'an 4]]:43 | In two [[verses]], the [[Qur'an]] refers to tayammum and its rulings: [[Qur'an 4]]:43<ref> But if you are sick or on a journey, or any of you has come from the toilet, or you have touched women, and you cannot find water, then make your ablution on clean ground and wipe a part of your faces and your hands.</ref> and [[Qur'an 5]]:6<ref>O you who have faith! When you stand up for prayer, wash your faces and your hands up to the elbows, and wipe a part of your heads and your feet, up to the ankles. If you are junub, purify yourselves. But if you are sick, or on a journey, or any of you has come from the toilet, or you have touched women, and you cannot find water, then make tayammum with clean ground and wipe a part of your faces and your hands with it.</ref> | ||
In ''[[Wasa'il al-Shi'a]]'' and ''[[Mustadrak al-wasa'il]]'', there are more than 220 [[hadiths]] about the manner and conditions of tayammum. | In ''[[Wasa'il al-Shi'a]]'' and ''[[Mustadrak al-wasa'il]]'', there are more than 220 [[hadiths]] about the manner and conditions of tayammum. | ||
== As a Substitute for Wudu or Ghusl == | == As a Substitute for Wudu or Ghusl == | ||
One who cannot perform Wudu, needs to perform tayammum instead of Wudu for doing things which require Wudu and one who cannot perform Ghusl, needs to perform tayammum instead of Ghusl for doing things which require Ghusl. If tayammum is done instead of [[Ghusl al-Janaba]] and then one of the things which cancels Wudu (such as urinating or sleeping) happens, (if the person is still in a condition which requires Ghusl), for doing things like prayer, he needs to perform Wudu if he can, otherwise he has to perform tayammum instead of Wudu.<ref>Imām Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīh al-masāʾil'',ruling | One who cannot perform Wudu, needs to perform tayammum instead of Wudu for doing things which require Wudu and one who cannot perform Ghusl, needs to perform tayammum instead of Ghusl for doing things which require Ghusl. If tayammum is done instead of [[Ghusl al-Janaba]] and then one of the things which cancels Wudu (such as urinating or sleeping) happens, (if the person is still in a condition which requires Ghusl), for doing things like prayer, he needs to perform Wudu if he can, otherwise he has to perform tayammum instead of Wudu.<ref>Imām Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīh al-masāʾil'', ruling 724.</ref> There are different opinions regarding sufficiency of tayammum instead of Ghusl of Janabat instead of Wudu or tayammum instead of Wudu.<ref>Imām Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīh al-masāʾil'', ruling 724.</ref> | ||
These two tayammums are different and some | These two tayammums are different and some jurists believe that in tayammum instead of Ghusl, one needs to hit the palms of his hands on soil twice, once at the beginning and once before rubbing the back of his hands.<ref>Imām Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīh al-masāʾil'', ruling. 724.</ref> | ||
== Cases of the Obligation == | == Cases of the Obligation == | ||
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* If the available water is not enough for removing [[Najasa]] (impurity) and Wudu or Ghusl is not enough. (different fatwas) | * If the available water is not enough for removing [[Najasa]] (impurity) and Wudu or Ghusl is not enough. (different fatwas) | ||
* If using Wudu or Ghusl is harmful for the body (a rational probability of harm is also enough.) | * If using Wudu or Ghusl is harmful for the body (a rational probability of harm is also enough.) | ||
* When there is not enough time for Wudu or Ghusl. | * When there is not enough time for Wudu or Ghusl.<ref>Imām Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīh al-masāʾil'', ruling. 648-678.</ref> | ||
== Procedure == | == Procedure == | ||
# First the person needs to put the palms of hands on something which is alright for tayammum having the intention of performing God's command (some marja's also require a small hit of hands, not just slowly putting the hands on the soil). | # First the person needs to put the palms of hands on something which is alright for tayammum having the intention of performing God's command (some marja's also require a small hit of hands, not just slowly putting the hands on the soil).<ref>Imām Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīh al-masāʾil'', ruling 700.</ref> | ||
# To rub the palms of both hands on the forehead from the line of growing hairs down to eyebrows (and on the eyebrows according to some fatwas). (Hairs of the head must not block the performance.) | # To rub the palms of both hands on the forehead from the line of growing hairs down to eyebrows (and on the eyebrows according to some fatwas). (Hairs of the head must not block the performance.)<ref>Imām Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīh al-masāʾil'', ruling 700.</ref> | ||
# The whole palm of left hand needs to be rubbed on the whole back of the right hand from the wrist to the tips of fingers. | # The whole palm of left hand needs to be rubbed on the whole back of the right hand from the wrist to the tips of fingers.<ref>Imām Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīh al-masāʾil'', ruling 700.</ref> | ||
# The same as in step three needs to be done for the left hand as well. | # The same as in step three needs to be done for the left hand as well.<ref>Imām Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīh al-masāʾil'', ruling 700.</ref> | ||
Some marja's believe that before rubbing the hands (steps three and four) one needs to hit his palms on the soil once again;<ref>Khāmeneʾī, ''Ajwabat al-istiftāʾāt'', | Some marja's believe that before rubbing the hands (steps three and four) one needs to hit his palms on the soil once again;<ref>Khāmeneʾī, ''Ajwabat al-istiftāʾāt'', Question 209.</ref> and some believe that in addition to the four steps above, one needs to hit his palms on the soil once again and rub the back of his hands once more (i.e. repeats steps 1, 3 and 4).<ref>Subḥanī, ''Tawḍīḥ al-masā'il'', ruling 674, 675; Imām Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīh al-masāʾil'', ruling 701.</ref> | ||
=== Points === | === Points === | ||
* In tayammum, Muwalat is a condition; i.e. there should not be a long break between the steps. | * In tayammum, Muwalat is a condition; i.e. there should not be a long break between the steps.<ref>Imām Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīh al-masāʾil'', ruling 704.</ref> | ||
* In tayammum, the place to be touched should be still and the hands should move on it. | * In tayammum, the place to be touched should be still and the hands should move on it.<ref>Imām Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīh al-masāʾil'', ruling 700.</ref> | ||
* The organs involved in tayammum should be ritually pure and there should be no obstacle on them. If it is not possible to remove an obstacle from the skin, tayammum should be performed in [[Jabira]] form. | * The organs involved in tayammum should be ritually pure and there should be no obstacle on them. If it is not possible to remove an obstacle from the skin, tayammum should be performed in [[Jabira]] form.<ref>Imām Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīh al-masāʾil'', ruling 706-707.</ref> | ||
* Under normal conditions, one should not get help from someone else in performing tayammum. | * Under normal conditions, one should not get help from someone else in performing tayammum.<ref>Imām Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīh al-masāʾil'', ruling 711.</ref> | ||
* Rubbing of hands on the nose is not necessary. | * Rubbing of hands on the nose is not necessary.<ref>Imām Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīh al-masāʾil'', ruling 700.</ref> | ||
* After hitting the palms on the soil, they can be hit together so that the extra soil on them pours. | * After hitting the palms on the soil, they can be hit together so that the extra soil on them pours.<ref>Imām Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīh al-masāʾil'', ruling 698.</ref> | ||
* It is necessary to remove the ring from the finger before tayammum. | * It is necessary to remove the ring from the finger before tayammum. | ||
== Things which are Alright to Make Tayammum On == | == Things which are Alright to Make Tayammum On == | ||
According to the [[Qur'an 5]]:6, tayammum need to be performed on "Sa'id" ({{ia|صَعید}}), but there are different opinions among lexicologists and thus among [[marja']]s whether "Sa'id" only refers to the soil or whatever grows out of the earth. | According to the [[Qur'an 5]]:6, tayammum need to be performed on "Sa'id" ({{ia|صَعید}}), but there are different opinions among lexicologists and thus among [[marja']]s whether "Sa'id" only refers to the soil or whatever grows out of the earth.<ref>Fayyūmī, ''al-Miṣbāḥ al-munīr'', vol. 2, p. 339; Jawharī, ''al-Ṣiḥāḥ'', vol. 2, p. 498.</ref> | ||
According to some [[fatwa]]s, tayammum must be performed on soil as the first choice; however, if it was not available, it can be done on sand, gravel, clod, clay or stone (which has some dust on it). | According to some [[fatwa]]s, tayammum must be performed on soil as the first choice; however, if it was not available, it can be done on sand, gravel, clod, clay or stone (which has some dust on it).<ref>Imām Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīh al-masāʾil'', ruling 684.</ref> | ||
There are different opinions about the permission of performing tayammum on plaster, cement, brick, tile, etc. | There are different opinions about the permission of performing tayammum on plaster, cement, brick, tile, etc.<ref>Imām Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīh al-masāʾil'', ruling 685.</ref> | ||
What is going to perform tayammum on needs to be pure and not illegally obtained. | What is going to perform tayammum on needs to be pure and not illegally obtained.<ref>Imām Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīh al-masāʾil'', ruling 692-694.</ref> | ||
== Other Rulings == | == Other Rulings == | ||
* Anything that nullifies Wudu can nullify tayammum (which is performed as a substitute for Wudu) too and everything that nullifies Ghusl, can nullify tayammum (which is performed as a substitute for Ghusl) too.<ref>Imām Khomeinī,''Tawḍīh al-masāʾil'', ruling | * Anything that nullifies Wudu can nullify tayammum (which is performed as a substitute for Wudu) too and everything that nullifies Ghusl, can nullify tayammum (which is performed as a substitute for Ghusl) too.<ref>Imām Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīh al-masāʾil'', ruling 720, 726.</ref> | ||
* If for the lack of time, one performs tayammum instead of Ghusl (such as the moments before the [[call for prayer]] in the [[month of Ramadan]]), for doing other practices such as prayer, the person needs to perform Ghusl. | |||
* If the cause for which one has performed tayammum is no longer in place, there are different fatwas about repeating the practices one has performed while in tayammum. For example, if in the afternoon, one thinks that one will not find water and performs one's prayer by doing tayammum, but later one finds water, there are different fatwas about whether or not one has to repeat his prayer after performing Wudu or Ghusl. | * If for the lack of time, one performs tayammum instead of Ghusl (such as the moments before the [[call for prayer]] in the [[month of Ramadan]]), for doing other practices such as prayer, the person needs to perform Ghusl.<ref>Imām Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīh al-masāʾil'', ruling 719.</ref> | ||
* If the cause for which one has performed tayammum is no longer in place, there are different fatwas about repeating the practices one has performed while in tayammum.<ref>Imām Khomeinī, ''Tawḍīh al-masāʾil'', ruling 715.</ref> For example, if in the afternoon, one thinks that one will not find water and performs one's prayer by doing tayammum, but later one finds water, there are different fatwas about whether or not one has to repeat his prayer after performing Wudu or Ghusl. | |||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
{{notes}} | {{notes}} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{references}} | {{references}} | ||
*Baḥrānī Āl ʿAṣfūr, Yūsuf b. Aḥmad b. Ibrāhīm. ''Al-Ḥadāʾig al-nāḍira fī aḥkām al-ʿitra al-ṭāhira''. | * Baḥrānī Āl ʿAṣfūr, Yūsuf b. Aḥmad b. Ibrāhīm. ''Al-Ḥadāʾig al-nāḍira fī aḥkām al-ʿitra al-ṭāhira''. Edited by Īrawānī, Muḥammad Taqī and Mugarram, Sayyid ʿAbd al-Razzāg. 1st Edition. Qom: Daftar Intishārāt Islāmī, 1405 AH. | ||
* Fayyūmī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. ''Al-Miṣbāḥ al-munīr fī gharīb al-sharḥ al-kabīr li-rāfiʿī''. 1st edition. Qom: Manshūrāt Dār al-Raḍī, [n.d]. | |||
*Fayyūmī, | * Imām Khomeinī. ''Tawḍīh al-masāʾil''.Edited by Muḥammad Ḥusayn Banī Hāshimi Khomeinī. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, [n.d]. | ||
* Jawharī, Ismāʿīl b. Ḥammād. ''Al-Ṣiḥāḥ'' (Tāj al-lugha wa siḥāḥ al-ʿarabīyya). Edited by Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Ghafūr ʿAṭṭār. 1st edition. Beirut: Dār al-ʾIlm li-l-Malāyīn, 1410 SH. | |||
* | * Khāmeneʾī, Sayyid ʿAlī b. Jawād. ''Ajwabat al-istiftāʾāt''. Tehran: Al-Hudā, 1386 SH. | ||
* Muʾassisa-i Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif Fiqh Islāmī Bar Madhāhib Ahl Bayt (a). ''Farhanq-i fiqh-i fārsī''. Under the supervision of Āyat Allāh Sayyid Muḥamūad Shahrūdī, Qom: Intishārāt Muʾassisa-i Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif Fiqh Islāmī, 1392 SH. | |||
*Khāmeneʾī, Sayyid ʿAlī b. Jawād. ''Ajwabat al-istiftāʾāt''. Tehran: Al-Hudā, 1386 SH. | * Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, al-Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad al-. ''Al-Mufradāt fī gharīb al-Qurʾān''. Edited by Ṣafwān ʿAdnān Dāwūdī. 1st edition. Beirut: Dār al-ʿIlm al-Dār al-Shāmīya, 1412 AH. | ||
* Subḥanī, Jʿfar. ''Tawḍīḥ al-masāʾil''. Muʾassisa Imām Ṣādig(a), 1386 SH. | |||
* Sabziwārī, Sayyid Abd al-ʿAlī. ''Muhadhdhab al-aḥkām fī bayān al-ḥalāl wa al-ḥarām''. 4th edition. Qom: Muʾassisa-i al-Manār, 1413 AH. | |||
{{end}} | |||
*Muʾassisa-i Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif Fiqh Islāmī Bar Madhāhib Ahl Bayt(a) .''Farhanq fiqh fārsī''. Under the supervision of Āyat Allāh Sayyid Muḥamūad Shahrūdī, Qom: Intishārāt Muʾassisa-i Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif Fiqh Islāmī, 1392 SH. | |||
*Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, al-Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad al-. ''Al-Mufradāt fī gharīb al-Qurʾān''. | |||
*Subḥanī, Jʿfar.''Tawḍīḥ al- | |||
*Sabziwārī, Sayyid Abd al-ʿAlī. ''Muhadhdhab al-aḥkām fī bayān al-ḥalāl wa al-ḥarām''. 4th edition. Qom: Muʾassisa-i al-Manār, 1413 AH.{{end | |||
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