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Eid al-Fitr: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Eid al-fitr prayer lead by Imam Khamenei - 2013.jpg|thumbnail|Eid al-Fitr prayer lead by [[Ayatollah Khamenei]], Tehran, 2013]] | [[File:Eid al-fitr prayer lead by Imam Khamenei - 2013.jpg|thumbnail|Eid al-Fitr prayer lead by [[Ayatollah Khamenei]], Tehran, 2013]] | ||
'''Eid al-Fiṭr''' (Arabic:{{inlineArabic| عيد الفِطر}}) is one of the greatest religious holidays in Islamic tradition which marks the end of [[Ramadan]]. Fitr means opening and since in this day ([[Shawwal 1]]) Muslims break one month of fasting is called Eid al-Fitr. There are some verses and hadiths that mention the importance of this day. Fasting is forbidden on this day and Muslims hold [[Eid prayer]]. Paying [[Zakat al-Fitra]] is obligatory for Muslims on this day. This day is usually followed by official holidays in Islamic countries. | '''Eid al-Fiṭr''' (Arabic:{{inlineArabic| عيد الفِطر}}) is one of the greatest religious holidays in Islamic tradition which marks the end of [[Ramadan]]. Fitr means opening and since in this day ([[Shawwal 1]]) Muslims break one month of [[fasting]] is called Eid al-Fitr. There are some [[verses]] and [[hadiths]] that mention the importance of this day. Fasting is [[forbidden]] on this day and [[Muslims]] hold [[Eid prayer]]. Paying [[Zakat al-Fitra]] is [[obligatory]] for Muslims on this day. This day is usually followed by official holidays in Islamic countries. | ||
== Meaning of Fitr == | == Meaning of Fitr == | ||
{{Islam-vertical}} | {{Islam-vertical}} | ||
The meaning of the word "Fitr" is "opening (of something)".<ref>Ibn Manẓūr, ''Lisān al-ʿArab'', under the word "فطر".</ref> The word "Infatarat" (Arabic:{{inlineArabic| إنفَطَرَت}}) in the following [[verse]] is derived from a similar root with the word "Fitr": | The meaning of the word "Fitr" is "opening (of something)".<ref>Ibn Manẓūr, ''Lisān al-ʿArab'', under the word "فطر".</ref> The word "Infatarat" (Arabic:{{inlineArabic| إنفَطَرَت}}) in the following [[verse]] is derived from a similar root with the word "Fitr": {{ia|إِذَا السَّمَاءُ انفَطَرَتْ}}; "When the sky is rent apart <ref>Qurʾān, 82:1.</ref> | ||
It is also mentioned that "Tatafattarat" (Arabic:{{inlineArabic| تَفَطَّرَت}}) and "Infatarat" have the same meaning and "Iftar" (Arabic:{{inlineArabic| إِفطار}}) and "Fitr" (Arabic:{{inlineArabic| فِطر}}) are from the same root, since the fasting person opens his mouth to eat at sunset and on the day of Eid al-Fitr.<ref>Ibn Manẓūr, ''Lisān al-ʿArab'', under the word "فطر".</ref> | It is also mentioned that "Tatafattarat" (Arabic:{{inlineArabic| تَفَطَّرَت}}) and "Infatarat" have the same meaning and "Iftar" (Arabic:{{inlineArabic| إِفطار}}) and "Fitr" (Arabic:{{inlineArabic| فِطر}}) are from the same root, since the fasting person opens his mouth to eat at sunset and on the day of Eid al-Fitr.<ref>Ibn Manẓūr, ''Lisān al-ʿArab'', under the word "{{ia|فطر}}".</ref> | ||
== Determination == | == Determination == | ||
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== Eid al-Fitr in Hadiths == | == Eid al-Fitr in Hadiths == | ||
* It is quoted from [[Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-Ansari|Jabir]] who quoted from [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]] and he (a) quoted from [[the Prophet (s)]] saying, "when the first of Shawwal comes, the caller will call 'O believers! Rush to your rewards in the morning!" He (a) then said, "O Jabir! Rewards of God are not [like] the rewards of kings." And he (s) said, "That day is the day of rewards."<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 7, p. 650.</ref> | * It is quoted from [[Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-Ansari|Jabir]] who quoted from [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]] and he (a) quoted from [[the Prophet (s)]] saying, "when the first of Shawwal comes, the caller will call 'O believers! Rush to your rewards in the morning!" He (a) then said, "O Jabir! Rewards of God are not [like] the rewards of kings." And he (s) said, "That day is the day of rewards."<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 7, p. 650.</ref> | ||
* The Prophet (s) said, "[[angels]] on the day of Eid stand at the alleys and paths and say, 'rush to the Generous Lord who gives great blessings and forgives great sins."<ref>Nūrī, ''Mustadrak al-wasāʾil'', vol. 6, p. 154.</ref> | * The Prophet (s) said, "[[angels]] on the day of Eid stand at the alleys and paths and say, 'rush to the Generous Lord who gives great blessings and forgives great sins."<ref>Nūrī, ''Mustadrak al-wasāʾil'', vol. 6, p. 154.</ref> | ||
* In some Eids, [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] said, "This is Eid of the one, God has accepted his fasting and worships and every day in which God is not disobeyed is Eid."<ref>''Nahj al-balāgha'', maxim: 428.</ref> | * In some Eids, [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] said, "This is Eid of the one, God has accepted his fasting and worships and every day in which God is not disobeyed is Eid."<ref>''Nahj al-balāgha'', maxim: 428.</ref> | ||
* [[Imam Hasan al-Mujtaba (a)]] looked at some people who were happy and laughed; then he (a) turned to his companions and said, 'God, the Almighty, created the month of Ramadan as a field for the competition of his creatures, so that through obeying God, they excel each other towards His happiness. Some excelled and won and some left behind and lost. Thus, it is so surprising one who is frivolously playful and laughing on the day the good-doers are rewarded and those who fall behind lose. By God I swear that if the veils are removed, the good-doer will engage in his good-doing and the evil-doer will be taken captive in his evil-doing."<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 2, p. 174.</ref> | * [[Imam Hasan al-Mujtaba (a)]] looked at some people who were happy and laughed; then he (a) turned to his companions and said, 'God, the Almighty, created the month of Ramadan as a field for the competition of his creatures, so that through obeying God, they excel each other towards His happiness. Some excelled and won and some left behind and lost. Thus, it is so surprising one who is frivolously playful and laughing on the day the good-doers are rewarded and those who fall behind lose. By God I swear that if the veils are removed, the good-doer will engage in his good-doing and the evil-doer will be taken captive in his evil-doing."<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 2, p. 174.</ref> | ||
* [[Imam al-Rida (a)]] said, "The day of Fitr is appointed as Eid so that Muslims have a gathering and come out for the sake of God and praise Him for the blessings they have been given; and the day of Eid is the day of gathering, day of breaking the [[fasting]], day of giving Zakat, day of happiness and day of worship; and it is the first day of the year in which eating and drinking is permissible, since the month of Ramadan is the first month of the year for the people of truth. So, God wanted them to have a gathering to praise the Lord and on this day, saying Takbir in the [[prayer]] is more than other days, because Takbir is glorifying God and praising Him for His blessings as He has said, 'and magnify Allah for guiding you, and that you may give thanks.' (2:185) and in that day, 12 Takbirs have been instructed to be said, of which 7 have to be said in the first [[Rak'a]] and 5 Takbirs in the second Rak'a, and they have not been made equal since it is recommended that the obligatory prayer follows 7 Takbirs. Therefore, the first Rak'a begins with 7 Takbirs. And there are 5 Takbirs in the second Rak'a, since [[Takbirat al-Ihram]] for all the prayers during one day are 5 Takbirs and because Takbirs in each of the two Rak'as be odd."<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 1, p. 522.</ref> | * [[Imam al-Rida (a)]] said, "The day of Fitr is appointed as Eid so that Muslims have a gathering and come out for the sake of God and praise Him for the blessings they have been given; and the day of Eid is the day of gathering, day of breaking the [[fasting]], day of giving Zakat, day of happiness and day of worship; and it is the first day of the year in which eating and drinking is permissible, since the month of Ramadan is the first month of the year for the people of truth. So, God wanted them to have a gathering to praise the Lord and on this day, saying Takbir in the [[prayer]] is more than other days, because Takbir is glorifying God and praising Him for His blessings as He has said, 'and magnify Allah for guiding you, and that you may give thanks.' (2:185) and in that day, 12 Takbirs have been instructed to be said, of which 7 have to be said in the first [[Rak'a]] and 5 Takbirs in the second Rak'a, and they have not been made equal since it is recommended that the obligatory prayer follows 7 Takbirs. Therefore, the first Rak'a begins with 7 Takbirs. And there are 5 Takbirs in the second Rak'a, since [[Takbirat al-Ihram]] for all the prayers during one day are 5 Takbirs and because Takbirs in each of the two Rak'as be odd."<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 1, p. 522.</ref> | ||
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=== Eve of Eid al-Fitr === | === Eve of Eid al-Fitr === | ||
* Reciting supplication and the Qur'an and doing prayer. [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] said, "See if you can observe the eve of Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha, etc. and in these nights recite supplications and the Qur'an and do prayers a lot."<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Miṣbāḥ al-mutihajjid'', p. 589-590.</ref> | * Reciting supplication and the Qur'an and doing prayer. [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] said, "See if you can observe the eve of Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha, etc. and in these nights recite supplications and the Qur'an and do prayers a lot."<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Miṣbāḥ al-mutihajjid'', p. 589-590.</ref> | ||
* On the eve of the first day of Shawwal, reciting the supplication of Istihlal upon seeing the new moon is recommended.<ref>Mufīd, ''Masār al-Shīʿa'', p. 29.</ref> | * On the eve of the first day of Shawwal, reciting the supplication of Istihlal upon seeing the new moon is recommended.<ref>Mufīd, ''Masār al-Shīʿa'', p. 29.</ref> | ||
* [[Ziyarah of Imam al-Husayn (a)]] is recommended on the eve of Eid al-Fitr.<ref>Sayyid b. Ṭāwūs, ''al-Iqbāl bi-l-aʿmāl al-ḥasana'', vol. 1, p. 464.</ref> | * [[Ziyarah of Imam al-Husayn (a)]] is recommended on the eve of Eid al-Fitr.<ref>Sayyid b. Ṭāwūs, ''al-Iqbāl bi-l-aʿmāl al-ḥasana'', vol. 1, p. 464.</ref> | ||
* Doing [[ghusl]] is recommended in this night. It is narrated that it is recommended to do ghusl before the sunset of the eve of Eid al-Fitr when one finds out it is the eve of the Eid. It is also narrated and recommended to do ghusl at the late night of the eve of Eid al-Fitr.<ref>Sayyid b. Ṭāwūs, ''al-Iqbāl bi-l-aʿmāl al-ḥasana'', vol. 1, p. 457.</ref> | * Doing [[ghusl]] is recommended in this night. It is narrated that it is recommended to do ghusl before the sunset of the eve of Eid al-Fitr when one finds out it is the eve of the Eid. It is also narrated and recommended to do ghusl at the late night of the eve of Eid al-Fitr.<ref>Sayyid b. Ṭāwūs, ''al-Iqbāl bi-l-aʿmāl al-ḥasana'', vol. 1, p. 457.</ref> | ||
* According to a famous opinion of late scholars, obligatory time for [[Zakat al-Fitra]] at the sunset of the eve of Eid al-Fitr. Some have considered its time as the sunrise of the Eid.<ref>Yazdī, ''al-ʿUrwa al-wuthqā'', vol. 4, p. 222.</ref> | * According to a famous opinion of late scholars, obligatory time for [[Zakat al-Fitra]] at the sunset of the eve of Eid al-Fitr. Some have considered its time as the sunrise of the Eid.<ref>Yazdī, ''al-ʿUrwa al-wuthqā'', vol. 4, p. 222.</ref> | ||
* [[Prayer of Eid]]: [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] quoted from Imam 'Ali (a), "anyone who does two Rak'as of prayer, at the first Rak'a of which one must read the [[Surat al-Fatiha]] once and the [[Surat al-Tawhid]] a thousand times and in the second Rak'a he must read the Surat al-Fatiha and the Surat al-Tawhid once and would not ask God anything unless he will receive it."<ref>Sayyid b. Ṭāwūs, ''al-Iqbāl bi-l-aʿmāl al-ḥasana'', vol. 1, p. 461.</ref> | * [[Prayer of Eid]]: [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] quoted from Imam 'Ali (a), "anyone who does two Rak'as of prayer, at the first Rak'a of which one must read the [[Surat al-Fatiha]] once and the [[Surat al-Tawhid]] a thousand times and in the second Rak'a he must read the Surat al-Fatiha and the Surat al-Tawhid once and would not ask God anything unless he will receive it."<ref>Sayyid b. Ṭāwūs, ''al-Iqbāl bi-l-aʿmāl al-ḥasana'', vol. 1, p. 461.</ref> | ||
* Saying Takbirs after the prayers: (quoted from [[Mu'awiya b. 'Ammar]]) I heard from Imam al-Sadiq (a) said, "There are Takbirs in the Eid al-Fitr." I said, "when?" he (a) said, "In the [[Maghrib prayer]] on the eve of the Eid al-Fitr and in the [[Fajr prayer]] in the morning of the Eid al-Fitr and in the prayer of the Eid al-Fitr. Then there be no more. And this is the word of God that says, 'so that you may complete the number, and magnify Allah for guiding you,'<ref>Qurʾān, 2:185.</ref> and Takbir is saying 'Allah akbar, Allah akbar, La ilah illa Allah wa Allah akbar, wa lillah al-hamd 'ala ma hadana, wa lah al-shukr 'ala ma awlana." (اللهُ اکبر، اللهُ اکبر، لا إله إلا اللهُ و اللهُ اکبر، و لله الحمد علی ما هدانا، و له الشکر علی ما اولانا)<ref>Sayyid b. Ṭāwūs, ''al-Iqbāl bi-l-aʿmāl al-ḥasana'', vol. 1, p. 459.</ref> | * Saying Takbirs after the prayers: (quoted from [[Mu'awiya b. 'Ammar]]) I heard from Imam al-Sadiq (a) said, "There are Takbirs in the Eid al-Fitr." I said, "when?" he (a) said, "In the [[Maghrib prayer]] on the eve of the Eid al-Fitr and in the [[Fajr prayer]] in the morning of the Eid al-Fitr and in the prayer of the Eid al-Fitr. Then there be no more. And this is the word of God that says, 'so that you may complete the number, and magnify Allah for guiding you,'<ref>Qurʾān, 2:185.</ref> and Takbir is saying 'Allah akbar, Allah akbar, La ilah illa Allah wa Allah akbar, wa lillah al-hamd 'ala ma hadana, wa lah al-shukr 'ala ma awlana." (اللهُ اکبر، اللهُ اکبر، لا إله إلا اللهُ و اللهُ اکبر، و لله الحمد علی ما هدانا، و له الشکر علی ما اولانا)<ref>Sayyid b. Ṭāwūs, ''al-Iqbāl bi-l-aʿmāl al-ḥasana'', vol. 1, p. 459.</ref> | ||
* [[Ihya]] (night vigil); [[Imam al-Kazim (a)]] said, "'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) said, 'This makes me happy that anyone during the year releases himself (for worship) at four nights: the eve of Eid al-Fitr, eve of [[Eid al-Adha]], the eve of [[Sha'ban 15|15th of Sha'ban]] and the eve of the first of [[Rajab]].<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Miṣbāḥ al-mutihajjid'', p. 589.</ref>" Imam al-Baqir (a) said, "my father, 'Ali b. al-Husayn (a) stayed in the mosque on the eve of Eid al-Fitr and prayed until morning and kept the night vigil and said, 'O my son! This night is not less important than the [[Qadr night]].'"<ref>Sayyid b. Ṭāwūs, ''al-Iqbāl bi-l-aʿmāl al-ḥasana'', vol. 1, p. 465.</ref> | * [[Ihya]] (night vigil); [[Imam al-Kazim (a)]] said, "'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) said, 'This makes me happy that anyone during the year releases himself (for worship) at four nights: the eve of Eid al-Fitr, eve of [[Eid al-Adha]], the eve of [[Sha'ban 15|15th of Sha'ban]] and the eve of the first of [[Rajab]].<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Miṣbāḥ al-mutihajjid'', p. 589.</ref>" Imam al-Baqir (a) said, "my father, 'Ali b. al-Husayn (a) stayed in the mosque on the eve of Eid al-Fitr and prayed until morning and kept the night vigil and said, 'O my son! This night is not less important than the [[Qadr night]].'"<ref>Sayyid b. Ṭāwūs, ''al-Iqbāl bi-l-aʿmāl al-ḥasana'', vol. 1, p. 465.</ref> | ||
=== Day of Eid al-Fitr === | === Day of Eid al-Fitr === | ||
* Among the highly recommended actions of the day of Eid al-Fitr is doing ghusl which can be done after [[Fajr]], but there is a disagreement about the time of [[Zuhr prayer]] or the sunset being the latest time it can be done.<ref>Āmulī, ''Miṣbāḥ al-hudā'', vol. 7, p. 86.</ref> | * Among the highly recommended actions of the day of Eid al-Fitr is doing ghusl which can be done after [[Fajr]], but there is a disagreement about the time of [[Zuhr prayer]] or the sunset being the latest time it can be done.<ref>Āmulī, ''Miṣbāḥ al-hudā'', vol. 7, p. 86.</ref> | ||
* Holding [[Eid prayer]] is recommended in the [[Age of Occultation]], but during the presence of Imams (a), it is obligatory.<ref>Najafī, ''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol. 11, p. 332-333.</ref> | * Holding [[Eid prayer]] is recommended in the [[Age of Occultation]], but during the presence of Imams (a), it is obligatory.<ref>Najafī, ''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol. 11, p. 332-333.</ref> | ||
* It is recommended to eat something especially dates before the prayer of Eid al-Fitr.<ref>Najafī, ''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol. 11, p. 377.</ref> | * It is recommended to eat something especially dates before the prayer of Eid al-Fitr.<ref>Najafī, ''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol. 11, p. 377.</ref> | ||
* Saying Takbirs as instructed is recommended after [[Maghrib prayer]] on the eve of Eid and also in the Fajr prayer in the morning of Eid and in the prayer of the Eid.<ref>Najafī, ''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol. 11, p. 378 & 382.</ref> | * Saying Takbirs as instructed is recommended after [[Maghrib prayer]] on the eve of Eid and also in the Fajr prayer in the morning of Eid and in the prayer of the Eid.<ref>Najafī, ''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol. 11, p. 378 & 382.</ref> | ||
* Fasting on the day of Eid al-Fitr is forbidden.<ref>Najafī, ''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol. 16, p. 324.</ref> Reciting the [[Du'a al-Nudba|Nudba supplication]]<ref>Sayyid b. Ṭāwūs, ''al-Iqbāl bi-l-aʿmāl al-ḥasana'', vol. 1, p. 504.</ref> and also expanding the eating for the family are recommended.<ref>Abū l-Ṣalāḥ al-Ḥalabī, ''al-Kāfī fī l-fiqh'', p. 155.</ref> | * Fasting on the day of Eid al-Fitr is forbidden.<ref>Najafī, ''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol. 16, p. 324.</ref> Reciting the [[Du'a al-Nudba|Nudba supplication]]<ref>Sayyid b. Ṭāwūs, ''al-Iqbāl bi-l-aʿmāl al-ḥasana'', vol. 1, p. 504.</ref> and also expanding the eating for the family are recommended.<ref>Abū l-Ṣalāḥ al-Ḥalabī, ''al-Kāfī fī l-fiqh'', p. 155.</ref> | ||
* Traveling on the day of Eid after the sunrise before holding the prayer of Eid (in case of being obligatory) is forbidden, otherwise it is reprehensible.<ref>Abū l-Ṣalāḥ al-Ḥalabī, ''al-Kāfī fī l-fiqh'', p. 155.</ref> | * Traveling on the day of Eid after the sunrise before holding the prayer of Eid (in case of being obligatory) is forbidden, otherwise it is reprehensible.<ref>Abū l-Ṣalāḥ al-Ḥalabī, ''al-Kāfī fī l-fiqh'', p. 155.</ref> | ||