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Migration to Abyssinia: Difference between revisions
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:::''{{about|'''Hijra of some companions of Prophet Muhammad (s) to Abyssina'''|other event called '''Hijra'''|Hijra (disambiguation)}}'' | :::''{{about|'''Hijra of some companions of Prophet Muhammad (s) to Abyssina'''|other event called '''Hijra'''|Hijra (disambiguation)}}'' | ||
{{Early Islam}} | {{Early Islam}} | ||
'''Migration to Abyssinia''' was an event in which some Muslims in [[Mecca]] migrated to [[Abyssinia]] in the early years of [[bi'that]] at the command of [[the Prophet Muhammad (s)]] in order to escape the brutal oppressions of the [[polytheist]]s. The [[Quraysh]] sent [['Amr b. 'As]] and 'Abd Allah b. Abi Rabi'a to Abyssinia in order to extradite the [[:Category:Emigrants to Abyssinia|emmigrants]], but [[Ashama b. Abjar]]—the King of Abyssinia known as al-Najashi—was impressed by the remarks of [[Ja'far b. Abi Talib]], the head of the migrants, and thus he did not surrender them to the polytheists. Some Muslims passed away in Abyssinia, and some of them had children there; [['Abd Allah b. Ja'far]]—[[Zaynab (a)]]'s husband—was born in Abyssinia. | '''Migration to Abyssinia''' was an event in which some Muslims in [[Mecca]] migrated to [[Abyssinia]] in the early years of [[bi'that]] at the command of [[the Prophet Muhammad (s)]] in order to escape the brutal oppressions of the [[polytheist]]s. The [[Quraysh]] sent [['Amr b. al-'As]] and 'Abd Allah b. Abi Rabi'a to Abyssinia in order to extradite the [[:Category:Emigrants to Abyssinia|emmigrants]], but [[Ashama b. Abjar]]—the King of Abyssinia known as al-Najashi—was impressed by the remarks of [[Ja'far b. Abi Talib]], the head of the migrants, and thus he did not surrender them to the polytheists. Some Muslims passed away in Abyssinia, and some of them had children there; [['Abd Allah b. Ja'far]]—[[Zaynab (a)]]'s husband—was born in Abyssinia. | ||
== | ==Reason== | ||
After [[bi'that]] (the first [[revelation]] of [[the Prophet (s)]]), some people in [[Mecca]] believed in the Prophet (s). In reaction to this, heads of [[Quraysh]] began torturing and persecuting people who converted to [[Islam]]. Thus the Prophet (s) told Muslims to migrate to Abyssinia, because its ruler—[[Ashama b. Abjar]]—was a just and pious [[Christianity|Christian]]. The migration took place surreptitiously; two commercial ships took the [[:Category:Emigrants to Abyssinia|emigrants to Abyssinia]] with half the price. There were two migrations by Muslims to Abyssinia. According to [[Ya'qubi]], in the first migration 12 men went to Abyssinia, and in the second 70 men (not including women and children) migrated there. | After [[bi'that]] (the first [[revelation]] of [[the Prophet (s)]]), some people in [[Mecca]] believed in the Prophet (s). In reaction to this, heads of [[Quraysh]] began torturing and persecuting people who converted to [[Islam]]. Thus the Prophet (s) told Muslims to migrate to Abyssinia, because its ruler—[[Ashama b. Abjar]]—was a just and pious [[Christianity|Christian]]. The migration took place surreptitiously; two commercial ships took the [[:Category:Emigrants to Abyssinia|emigrants to Abyssinia]] with half the price. There were two migrations by Muslims to Abyssinia. According to [[Ya'qubi]], in the first migration 12 men went to Abyssinia, and in the second 70 men (not including women and children) migrated there. | ||
== | ==First Migration== | ||
In the first migration, 11 men and 4 women went to [[Abyssinia]]. The [[polytheist]]s chased them, but they could not find them. The Muslims were still in Abyssinia when they heard that polytheists of [[Quraysh]] had converted to [[Islam]]; so they returned to [[Mecca]]. When they arrived near Mecca, they found out that the news about Quraysh's conversion to Islam was false, but they could not go back to Abyssinia. So they entered Mecca individually or by refuge to some polytheists. | In the first migration, 11 men and 4 women went to [[Abyssinia]]. The [[polytheist]]s chased them, but they could not find them. The Muslims were still in Abyssinia when they heard that polytheists of [[Quraysh]] had converted to [[Islam]]; so they returned to [[Mecca]]. When they arrived near Mecca, they found out that the news about Quraysh's conversion to Islam was false, but they could not go back to Abyssinia. So they entered Mecca individually or by refuge to some polytheists. | ||
[['Uthman b. Maz'un]] entered Mecca under the refuge of one polytheist. But when he saw that other Muslims were being persecuted, he asked that polytheist to remove the refuge so that he could be persecuted too. When he was being tortured, he expressed gratification. | [['Uthman b. Maz'un]] entered Mecca under the refuge of one polytheist. But when he saw that other Muslims were being persecuted, he asked that polytheist to remove the refuge so that he could be persecuted too. When he was being tortured, he expressed gratification. | ||
===Migrants | ===Migrants=== | ||
* [['Uthman b. 'Affan]] and his wife [[Ruqayya bt. Muhammad|Ruqayya]] | * [['Uthman b. 'Affan]] and his wife [[Ruqayya bt. Muhammad|Ruqayya]] | ||
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* [['Uthman b. Maz'un]] | * [['Uthman b. Maz'un]] | ||
== | ==Second Migration== | ||
Once again [[the Prophet (s)]] ordered Muslims to migrate to [[Abyssinia]] under the leadership of [[Ja'far b. Abi Talib]]. This time the migrants were 83 people. | Once again [[the Prophet (s)]] ordered Muslims to migrate to [[Abyssinia]] under the leadership of [[Ja'far b. Abi Talib]]. This time the migrants were 83 people. | ||
===Migrants | ===Migrants=== | ||
* Ja'far b. Abi Talib: he was the leader of the migrants in the second migration. He later came to be known as Ja'far Dhu l-Janahayn and Ja'far al-Tayyar. His wife was [[Asma' bt. 'Umays]] and his children were 'Abd Allah, Muhammad, and 'Awn. | * Ja'far b. Abi Talib: he was the leader of the migrants in the second migration. He later came to be known as Ja'far Dhu l-Janahayn and Ja'far al-Tayyar. His wife was [[Asma' bt. 'Umays]] and his children were 'Abd Allah, Muhammad, and 'Awn. | ||
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* [['Ammar b. Yasir]], on one account. | * [['Ammar b. Yasir]], on one account. | ||
==Quraysh's | ==Quraysh's Reaction== | ||
After the second migration of some Muslims to [[Abyssinia]], heads of [[Quraysh]] sought to counteract. Since they had commercial transactions and friendly relationships with people and the government of Abyssinia, they sent [['Amr b. 'As]] and [['Abd Allah b. Abi Rabi'a]], with some presents, to [[Ashama b. Abjar]], the king of Abyssinia, in order to convince him to return the migrants. 'Amr b. 'As told the king that the migrants were silly slaves who abandoned their religion, and he wants them back. The king preferred to ask the migrants themselves. So he gathered the religious seniors of his country and in their presence, he asked the Muslims about the reason why they migrated to Abyssinia. [[Ja'far b. Abi Talib]] replied: | After the second migration of some Muslims to [[Abyssinia]], heads of [[Quraysh]] sought to counteract. Since they had commercial transactions and friendly relationships with people and the government of Abyssinia, they sent [['Amr b. al-'As]] and [['Abd Allah b. Abi Rabi'a]], with some presents, to [[Ashama b. Abjar]], the king of Abyssinia, in order to convince him to return the migrants. 'Amr b. al-'As told the king that the migrants were silly slaves who abandoned their religion, and he wants them back. The king preferred to ask the migrants themselves. So he gathered the religious seniors of his country and in their presence, he asked the Muslims about the reason why they migrated to Abyssinia. [[Ja'far b. Abi Talib]] replied: | ||
: We were ignorant idolaters, we used to eat the meat of dead animals, we used to shed bloods, and we used to commit adultery, until [[God]] sent us a [[Prophethood|prophet]] whose genealogy we know and in whose truthfulness and honesty we trust. He has called us to God and [[monotheism]] and prohibited [[idolatry]], he called us to truthfulness and relations with our family and goodness to our neighbors. However, these people were being hostile to us and want to force us back to idolatry. Thus we migrated to your lands and preferred you over others. | : We were ignorant idolaters, we used to eat the meat of dead animals, we used to shed bloods, and we used to commit adultery, until [[God]] sent us a [[Prophethood|prophet]] whose genealogy we know and in whose truthfulness and honesty we trust. He has called us to God and [[monotheism]] and prohibited [[idolatry]], he called us to truthfulness and relations with our family and goodness to our neighbors. However, these people were being hostile to us and want to force us back to idolatry. Thus we migrated to your lands and preferred you over others. | ||
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The king said: I swear to God that I will never return you to them. Thus the two polytheists felt abased. | The king said: I swear to God that I will never return you to them. Thus the two polytheists felt abased. | ||
==Ashama b. Abjar's | ==Ashama b. Abjar's Conversion to Islam== | ||
The next day, [['Amr b. 'As]] went to [[Ashama b. Abjar]] once again. He talked to him about the disagreement of Muslims with Christians about [[Jesus]] in order to convince him to extradite the Muslims to [[Mecca]]. Not only did he fail to do so, but the king converted to [[Islam]] because of [[Ja'far b. Abi Talib|Ja'far]]'s remarks about Jesus. | The next day, [['Amr b. al-'As]] went to [[Ashama b. Abjar]] once again. He talked to him about the disagreement of Muslims with Christians about [[Jesus]] in order to convince him to extradite the Muslims to [[Mecca]]. Not only did he fail to do so, but the king converted to [[Islam]] because of [[Ja'far b. Abi Talib|Ja'far]]'s remarks about Jesus. | ||
== | ==Return of the Migrants== | ||
The migrants gradually returned from [[Abyssinia]]. Those who had returned after the first migration stayed in [[Mecca]] and then migrated with other Muslims to [[Medina]]. Some of them returned to Medina prior to the [[Battle of Khaybar]] and others returned after the Conquest of [[Khaybar]]. | The migrants gradually returned from [[Abyssinia]]. Those who had returned after the first migration stayed in [[Mecca]] and then migrated with other Muslims to [[Medina]]. Some of them returned to Medina prior to the [[Battle of Khaybar]] and others returned after the Conquest of [[Khaybar]]. | ||
[[The Prophet (s)]] sent [['Amr b. Umayya al-Damri]] to the king of Abyssinia in order to facilitate their return. The last migrants returned from Abyssinia in [[7]]/628-9 simultaneous with the Conquest of Khaybar. [[Asma' bt. 'Umays]], [['Abd Allah b. Ja'far]] and his brothers Muhammad and 'Awn were among the last migrants. When [[Ja'far b. Abi Talib|Ja'far]] went to the Prophet (s), he kissed the point between his two eyes and said: "I do not know which to express my happiness for: the Conquest of Khaybar or the return of Ja'far." | [[The Prophet (s)]] sent [['Amr b. Umayya al-Damri]] to the king of Abyssinia in order to facilitate their return. The last migrants returned from Abyssinia in [[7]]/628-9 simultaneous with the Conquest of Khaybar. [[Asma' bt. 'Umays]], [['Abd Allah b. Ja'far]] and his brothers Muhammad and 'Awn were among the last migrants. When [[Ja'far b. Abi Talib|Ja'far]] went to the Prophet (s), he kissed the point between his two eyes and said: "I do not know which to express my happiness for: the Conquest of Khaybar or the return of Ja'far." | ||
==Migrants | ==Migrants Who Passed Away== | ||
Some migrants to [[Abyssinia]] passed away and were buried there: | Some migrants to [[Abyssinia]] passed away and were buried there: | ||
{{col-begin|3}} | |||
* 'Ubayd Allah b. Jahsh from Banu 'Abd Shams who converted to [[Christianity]] and stayed there until he died | * 'Ubayd Allah b. Jahsh from Banu 'Abd Shams who converted to [[Christianity]] and stayed there until he died | ||
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* Musa b. Harith b. Khalid from [[Banu Tamim]]. | * Musa b. Harith b. Khalid from [[Banu Tamim]]. | ||
{{end}} | |||
==People | ==People Who Were Born in Abyssinia== | ||
{{col-begin|3}} | |||
* [['Abd Allah b. Ja'far]], the son of [[Ja'far al-Tayyar]] | * [['Abd Allah b. Ja'far]], the son of [[Ja'far al-Tayyar]] | ||
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* Zaynab bt. Harith b. Khalid | * Zaynab bt. Harith b. Khalid | ||
{{end}} | |||
==References== | |||
* The material for this article is mainly taken from [[:fa:هجرت به حبشه|هجرت به حبشه]] in Farsi WikiShia. | |||
[[fa:هجرت به حبشه]] | [[fa:هجرت به حبشه]] | ||
[[ur:ہجرت حبشہ]] | [[ur:ہجرت حبشہ]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:History of Islam]] | ||
[[Category:Emigrants to Abyssinia]] | [[Category:Emigrants to Abyssinia]] | ||