Anonymous user
Third Testimony: Difference between revisions
m
no edit summary
imported>Kadeh |
imported>Shakeri mNo edit summary |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
'''Al-Shahāda al-Thālitha''' (Arabic: {{ia|الشَهادَة الثالِثة}}) or the '''Third Testimony''' is to testify or witness the [[wilaya]] of [['Ali (a)]]. It is recited after testifying the oneness of God and the prophethood of [[the Prophet Muhammad (s)]] as follows: | '''Al-Shahāda al-Thālitha''' (Arabic: {{ia|الشَهادَة الثالِثة}}) or the '''Third Testimony''' is to testify or witness the [[wilaya]] of [['Ali (a)]]. It is recited after testifying the oneness of God and the prophethood of [[the Prophet Muhammad (s)]] as follows: "I bear witness that 'Ali is the wali of [[Allah]]" ({{ia| أشهَدُ أَنّ عَلیاً ولیُّالله}}) or "I bear witness that 'Ali is the proof of Allah" ({{ia|أشهَدُ أَنّ عَلیاً حُجَّةُ الله}}). | ||
According to some [[hadiths]], whenever one bears witness to [[monotheism]] and the [[prophethood]] of Muhammad (s), one should bear witness to the wilaya of 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) as well. The main issue about the Third Testimony concerns [[adhan]] and [[iqama]]. In Shiite sources of [[fiqh]] and hadith, the Third Testimony is not considered as part of adhan and iqama. According to the majority of Shiite [[fuqaha]], this phrase is not part of adhan and iqama, but it is [[mustahab]] or permissible to recite it with the intention of proximity to God in a way that it is known that the phrase is not part of adhan and iqama. | According to some [[hadiths]], whenever one bears witness to [[monotheism]] and the [[prophethood]] of Muhammad (s), one should bear witness to the wilaya of 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) as well. The main issue about the Third Testimony concerns [[adhan]] and [[iqama]]. In Shiite sources of [[fiqh]] and hadith, the Third Testimony is not considered as part of adhan and iqama. According to the majority of Shiite [[fuqaha]], this phrase is not part of adhan and iqama, but it is [[mustahab]] or permissible to recite it with the intention of proximity to God in a way that it is known that the phrase is not part of adhan and iqama. | ||
==The Notion== | ==The Notion== | ||
Al-Shahada al-Thalitha, or the Third Testimony, follows the [[Shahadatayn]] (testification of monotheism and the prophethood of [[Muhammad (a)]]) and consists in a testification of the [[wilaya]] of [['Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]]. It is usually expressed with the following phrases: | Al-Shahada al-Thalitha, or the Third Testimony, follows the [[Shahadatayn]] (testification of monotheism and the prophethood of [[Muhammad (a)]]) and consists in a testification of the [[wilaya]] of [['Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]]. It is usually expressed with the following phrases: "I bear witness that 'Ali is the wali of Allah", "I bear witness that 'Ali is the proof of Allah", and "I bear witness that 'Ali is rightly the Ruler of the Believers" ({{ia|أشهَدُ أَنّ عَلیاً اَمیرالمؤمنین حقاً}}). | ||
In some hadiths, it is recommended to bear witness to the wilaya of 'Ali b. Ai Talib (a) right after bearing witness to monotheism and the prophethood of Muhammad (s). The Third Testimony is mainly discussed within the issues of adhan and iqama. It is also discussed within the issues of [[tashahhud]] in [[prayers]]. | In some hadiths, it is recommended to bear witness to the wilaya of 'Ali b. Ai Talib (a) right after bearing witness to monotheism and the prophethood of Muhammad (s). The Third Testimony is mainly discussed within the issues of adhan and iqama. It is also discussed within the issues of [[tashahhud]] in [[prayers]]. | ||
| Line 12: | Line 12: | ||
===Background=== | ===Background=== | ||
It is famously held that the Third Testimony entered the Shiite adhan since the [[Safavid]] era. However, there is evidence that it was recited in adhans prior to this era in different regions. For example, Ibn Batuta in 8th/14th century talked about the recitation of | It is famously held that the Third Testimony entered the Shiite adhan since the [[Safavid]] era. However, there is evidence that it was recited in adhans prior to this era in different regions. For example, Ibn Batuta in 8th/14th century talked about the recitation of "I bear witness that 'Ali is the [[wali]] of [[Allah]]" in adhans of the Shi'as in [[Qatif]]. Also, [[al-Shaykh al-Saduq]]’s position about [[hadiths]] concerning the permissibility of the Third Testimony shows that there were people in his time who recited the Third Testimony in their adhans. | ||
'Abd al-Muhsin al-Sarawi dates the recitation of | 'Abd al-Muhsin al-Sarawi dates the recitation of "I bear witness that 'Ali is the wali of Allah" back to the [[Umayyad]] era, taking it to be a reaction by the Shi'as to those who cursed 'Ali (a) on [[minbars]] and [[ma'dhanas]]. | ||
It is said that 'Abd Allah al-Maraghi al-Misri has cited hadiths in his book, ''al-Silafa fi amr al-khilafa'', according to which [[Salman]] and [[Abu Dhar]] recited the Third Testimony in the period of [[the Prophet (s)]]. However, some people have doubted the existence of such a book. | It is said that 'Abd Allah al-Maraghi al-Misri has cited hadiths in his book, ''al-Silafa fi amr al-khilafa'', according to which [[Salman]] and [[Abu Dhar]] recited the Third Testimony in the period of [[the Prophet (s)]]. However, some people have doubted the existence of such a book. | ||
===Disagreements over the Jurisprudential Ruling=== | ===Disagreements over the Jurisprudential Ruling=== | ||
According to the Shiite [[fiqh]] (jurisprudence), the phrase, | According to the Shiite [[fiqh]] (jurisprudence), the phrase, "I bear witness that 'Ali is the wali of Allah", was not originally legislated as part of the adhan. Thus, the Shiite jurisprudents have not mentioned it as part of adhan and iqama. However, they disagree over the jurisprudential ruling of the recitation of the Third Testimony in adhan and iqama. Here are the jurisprudential views in this regard: | ||
* It is not permissible to recite the Third Testimony in adhan and iqama: al-Shaykh al-Saduq believed that hadiths implying the permissibility of reciting the Third Testimony in adhan and iqama are fabricated by [[ghulat]] (people who exaggerate about the position of Shiite Imams). According to [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]], these hadiths are [[Types of Hadith#Al-Shadhdh|shadhdh]], believing that a person who recites the Third Testimony in adhan and iqama is sinful. | * It is not permissible to recite the Third Testimony in adhan and iqama: al-Shaykh al-Saduq believed that hadiths implying the permissibility of reciting the Third Testimony in adhan and iqama are fabricated by [[ghulat]] (people who exaggerate about the position of Shiite Imams). According to [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]], these hadiths are [[Types of Hadith#Al-Shadhdh|shadhdh]], believing that a person who recites the Third Testimony in adhan and iqama is sinful. | ||
| Line 25: | Line 25: | ||
* It is permissible or [[mustahab]] (recommended) to recite the Third Testimony in adhan and iqama without believing that they are parts thereof: 'Abd al-Halim al-Ghazzi has gathered [[fatwas]] of over 100 Shiite scholars in this regard in his book, ''al-Shahada al-thalitha al-muqaddasa'', most of whom take the recitation of the Third Testimony in adhan and iqama to be mustahab on the condition that one does not take it to be part of adhan and iqama. They appeal to general hadiths (that is, not specifically regarding adhan and iqama) according to which one should bear witness to the [[wilaya]] of [['Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] whenever he or she bears witness to [[monotheism]] and [[prophethood]] of the Prophet Muhammad (s). They take the positions of al-Shaykh al-Saduq and al-Shaykh al-Tusi to be concerned with cases in which one takes the Third Testimony as part of adhan. | * It is permissible or [[mustahab]] (recommended) to recite the Third Testimony in adhan and iqama without believing that they are parts thereof: 'Abd al-Halim al-Ghazzi has gathered [[fatwas]] of over 100 Shiite scholars in this regard in his book, ''al-Shahada al-thalitha al-muqaddasa'', most of whom take the recitation of the Third Testimony in adhan and iqama to be mustahab on the condition that one does not take it to be part of adhan and iqama. They appeal to general hadiths (that is, not specifically regarding adhan and iqama) according to which one should bear witness to the [[wilaya]] of [['Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] whenever he or she bears witness to [[monotheism]] and [[prophethood]] of the Prophet Muhammad (s). They take the positions of al-Shaykh al-Saduq and al-Shaykh al-Tusi to be concerned with cases in which one takes the Third Testimony as part of adhan. | ||
* If the Third Testimony is believed to be the slogan of Shiism, then it is mustahab or even obligatory ([[wajib]]) to recite it: [[ | * If the Third Testimony is believed to be the slogan of Shiism, then it is mustahab or even obligatory ([[wajib]]) to recite it: [[Al-Sayyid Muhsin al-Hakim]] believes that it is mustahab to recite the Third Testimony in adhan and iqama on the condition that the reciter does not take it as part thereof. He believes that in our time, the Third Testimony is the slogan of Shiism, and so, it is mustahab or even obligatory to recite it in adhan and iqama. | ||
* The Third Testimony is part of adhan and iqama: a number of Shiite jurisprudents claim that the Third Testimony is part of adhan and iqama. They appeal to the very hadiths rejected by al-Shaykh al-Saduq and al-Shaykh al-Tusi. Some of them appeal to hadiths said to be cited by al-Maraghi al-Misri according to which Salman and Abu Dhar recited the Third Testimony in adhan and iqama. However, some scholars have doubted the existence of a book by al-Maraghi appealing to the author being totally unknown, unavailability of the book in libraries, and the absence of such a hadith in Shiite books of hadiths. Some Shiite jurisprudents believe that it is mustahab to recite the Third Testimony in adhan and iqama, although they do not take it to be part thereof. However, they maintain that it might be mustahab even if one intends it as part of adhan and iqama. According to [[Sahib al-Jawahir]], | * The Third Testimony is part of adhan and iqama: a number of Shiite jurisprudents claim that the Third Testimony is part of adhan and iqama. They appeal to the very hadiths rejected by al-Shaykh al-Saduq and al-Shaykh al-Tusi. Some of them appeal to hadiths said to be cited by al-Maraghi al-Misri according to which Salman and Abu Dhar recited the Third Testimony in adhan and iqama. However, some scholars have doubted the existence of a book by al-Maraghi appealing to the author being totally unknown, unavailability of the book in libraries, and the absence of such a hadith in Shiite books of hadiths. Some Shiite jurisprudents believe that it is mustahab to recite the Third Testimony in adhan and iqama, although they do not take it to be part thereof. However, they maintain that it might be mustahab even if one intends it as part of adhan and iqama. According to [[Sahib al-Jawahir]], | ||
| Line 52: | Line 52: | ||
| photo =- | | photo =- | ||
| categories =done | | categories =done | ||
| infobox = | | infobox =- | ||
| navbox =done | | navbox =done | ||
| redirects=done | | redirects=done | ||