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Third Testimony: Difference between revisions
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'''Al-Shahāda al-Thālitha''' (Arabic: {{ia|الشَهادَة الثالِثة}}) or the '''Third Testimony''' is to testify or witness the [[wilaya]] of [['Ali (a)]]. It is recited after testifying the oneness of God and the prophethood of [[the Prophet Muhammad (s)]] as follows: "I bear witness that 'Ali is the wali of [[Allah]]" ({{ia| أشهَدُ أَنّ عَلیاً ولیُّالله}}) or "I bear witness that 'Ali is the proof of Allah" ({{ia|أشهَدُ أَنّ عَلیاً حُجَّةُ الله}}). | '''Al-Shahāda al-Thālitha''' (Arabic: {{ia|الشَهادَة الثالِثة}}) or the '''Third Testimony''' is to testify or witness the [[wilaya]] of [['Ali (a)]]. It is recited after testifying the oneness of God and the prophethood of [[the Prophet Muhammad (s)]] as follows: "I bear witness that 'Ali is the wali of [[Allah]]" ({{ia| أشهَدُ أَنّ عَلیاً ولیُّالله}}) or "I bear witness that 'Ali is the proof of Allah" ({{ia|أشهَدُ أَنّ عَلیاً حُجَّةُ الله}}). | ||
According to some [[hadiths]], whenever one bears witness to [[monotheism]] and the [[prophethood]] of Muhammad (s), one should bear witness to the wilaya of 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) as well. The main issue about the Third Testimony concerns [[adhan]] and [[iqama]]. In Shiite sources of [[fiqh]] and hadith, the Third Testimony is not considered as part of adhan | According to some [[hadiths]], whenever one bears witness to [[monotheism]] and the [[prophethood]] of Muhammad (s), one should bear witness to the wilaya of 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a) as well. The main issue about the Third Testimony concerns [[adhan]] and [[iqama]]. In Shiite sources of [[fiqh]] and hadith, the Third Testimony is not considered as part of adhan or iqama. According to the majority of Shiite [[fuqaha]], this phrase is not part of adhan or iqama, but it is [[mustahab]] or permissible to recite it with the intention of proximity to God in a way that it is known that the phrase is not part of adhan or iqama. | ||
==The Notion== | ==The Notion== | ||
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==In Adhan and Iqama== | ==In Adhan and Iqama== | ||
Issues regarding the recitation of the Third Testimony in [[adhan]] | Issues regarding the recitation of the Third Testimony in [[adhan]] or [[iqama]] are mainly concerned with its background and jurisprudential ruling. | ||
===Background=== | ===Background=== | ||
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===Disagreements over the Jurisprudential Ruling=== | ===Disagreements over the Jurisprudential Ruling=== | ||
According to the Shiite [[fiqh]] (jurisprudence), the phrase, "I bear witness that 'Ali is the wali of Allah", was not originally legislated as part of the adhan. Thus, the Shiite jurisprudents have not mentioned it as part of adhan | According to the Shiite [[fiqh]] (jurisprudence), the phrase, "I bear witness that 'Ali is the wali of Allah", was not originally legislated as part of the adhan. Thus, the Shiite jurisprudents have not mentioned it as part of adhan or iqama. However, they disagree over the jurisprudential ruling of the recitation of the Third Testimony in adhan or iqama. Here are the jurisprudential views in this regard: | ||
* It is not permissible to recite the Third Testimony in adhan and iqama: al-Shaykh al-Saduq believed that hadiths implying the permissibility of reciting the Third Testimony in adhan | * It is not permissible to recite the Third Testimony in adhan and iqama: al-Shaykh al-Saduq believed that hadiths implying the permissibility of reciting the Third Testimony in adhan or iqama are fabricated by [[ghulat]] (people who exaggerate about the position of Shiite Imams). According to [[al-Shaykh al-Tusi]], these hadiths are [[Types of Hadith#Al-Shadhdh|shadhdh]], believing that a person who recites the Third Testimony in adhan or iqama is sinful. | ||
* It is permissible or [[mustahab]] (recommended) to recite the Third Testimony in adhan | * It is permissible or [[mustahab]] (recommended) to recite the Third Testimony in adhan or iqama without believing that they are parts thereof: 'Abd al-Halim al-Ghazzi has gathered [[fatwas]] of over 100 Shiite scholars in this regard in his book, ''al-Shahada al-thalitha al-muqaddasa'', most of whom take the recitation of the Third Testimony in adhan or iqama to be mustahab on the condition that one does not take it to be part of adhan or iqama. They appeal to general hadiths (that is, not specifically regarding adhan and iqama) according to which one should bear witness to the [[wilaya]] of [['Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] whenever he or she bears witness to [[monotheism]] and [[prophethood]] of the Prophet Muhammad (s). They take the positions of al-Shaykh al-Saduq and al-Shaykh al-Tusi to be concerned with cases in which one takes the Third Testimony as part of adhan. | ||
* If the Third Testimony is believed to be the slogan of Shiism, then it is mustahab or even obligatory ([[wajib]]) to recite it: [[Al-Sayyid Muhsin al-Hakim]] believes that it is mustahab to recite the Third Testimony in adhan and iqama on the condition that the reciter does not take it as part thereof. He believes that in our time, the Third Testimony is the slogan of Shiism, and so, it is mustahab or even obligatory to recite it in adhan and iqama. | * If the Third Testimony is believed to be the slogan of Shiism, then it is mustahab or even obligatory ([[wajib]]) to recite it: [[Al-Sayyid Muhsin al-Hakim]] believes that it is mustahab to recite the Third Testimony in adhan and iqama on the condition that the reciter does not take it as part thereof. He believes that in our time, the Third Testimony is the slogan of Shiism, and so, it is mustahab or even obligatory to recite it in adhan and iqama. | ||
* The Third Testimony is part of adhan | * The Third Testimony is part of adhan or iqama: a number of Shiite jurisprudents claim that the Third Testimony is part of adhan and iqama. They appeal to the very hadiths rejected by al-Shaykh al-Saduq and al-Shaykh al-Tusi. Some of them appeal to hadiths said to be cited by al-Maraghi al-Misri according to which Salman and Abu Dhar recited the Third Testimony in adhan or iqama. However, some scholars have doubted the existence of a book by al-Maraghi appealing to the author being totally unknown, unavailability of the book in libraries, and the absence of such a hadith in Shiite books of hadiths. Some Shiite jurisprudents believe that it is mustahab to recite the Third Testimony in adhan or iqama, although they do not take it to be part thereof. However, they maintain that it might be mustahab even if one intends it as part of adhan or iqama. According to [[Sahib al-Jawahir]], | ||
: We would claim that it [i.e. the Third Testimony] is part [of adhan and iqama] had the scholars and jurisprudents not agreed on it not being a part. | : We would claim that it [i.e. the Third Testimony] is part [of adhan and iqama] had the scholars and jurisprudents not agreed on it not being a part. | ||