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Migration to Abyssinia: Difference between revisions
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==Reason== | ==Reason== | ||
After [[bi'that]] (the first [[revelation]] of the [[Prophet (s)]]), some people in [[Mecca]] believed in the Prophet (s). In reaction to this, heads of [[Quraysh]] began torturing and persecuting people who converted to [[Islam]]. Thus the Prophet (s) told Muslims to migrate to Abyssinia, because its ruler—[[Ashama b. Abjar]]—was a just and pious [[Christianity|Christian]]. The migration took place surreptitiously; two commercial ships took the [[:Category:Emigrants to Abyssinia|emigrants to Abyssinia]] with half the price. There were two migrations by Muslims to Abyssinia. According to [[al-Ya'qubi]], in the first migration 12 men went to Abyssinia, and in the second 70 men (not including women and children) migrated there. | After [[bi'that]] (the first [[revelation]] of the [[Prophet (s)]]), some people in [[Mecca]] believed in the Prophet (s). In reaction to this, heads of [[Quraysh]] began torturing and persecuting people who converted to [[Islam]].<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''al-ʿIbar'', vol. 1, p. 395.</ref> Thus the Prophet (s) told Muslims to migrate to Abyssinia, because its ruler—[[Ashama b. Abjar]]—was a just and pious [[Christianity|Christian]].<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 3, p. 873.</ref> The migration took place surreptitiously; two commercial ships took the [[:Category:Emigrants to Abyssinia|emigrants to Abyssinia]] with half the price.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 3, p. 873.</ref> There were two migrations by Muslims to Abyssinia. According to [[al-Ya'qubi]], in the first migration 12 men went to Abyssinia, and in the second 70 men (not including women and children) migrated there.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 1, p. 386.</ref> | ||
==First Migration== | ==First Migration== | ||
In the first migration, 11 men and 4 women went to [[Abyssinia]]. The [[polytheist]]s chased them, but they could not find them. The Muslims were still in Abyssinia when they heard that polytheists of [[Quraysh]] had converted to [[Islam]]; so they returned to [[Mecca]]. When they arrived near Mecca, they found out that the news about Quraysh's conversion to Islam was false, but they could not go back to Abyssinia. So they entered Mecca individually or by refuge to some polytheists. | In the first migration, 11 men and 4 women went to [[Abyssinia]]. The [[polytheist]]s chased them, but they could not find them. The Muslims were still in Abyssinia when they heard that polytheists of [[Quraysh]] had converted to [[Islam]]; so they returned to [[Mecca]]. When they arrived near Mecca, they found out that the news about Quraysh's conversion to Islam was false,<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 3, p. 882.</ref> but they could not go back to Abyssinia. So they entered Mecca individually or by refuge to some polytheists.<ref>Muqaddisī, ''Āfarīnish wa tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 654.</ref> | ||
[['Uthman b. Maz'un]] entered Mecca under the refuge of one polytheist. But when he saw that other Muslims were being persecuted, he asked that polytheist to remove the refuge so that he could be persecuted too. When he was being tortured, he expressed gratification. | [['Uthman b. Maz'un]] entered Mecca under the refuge of one polytheist. But when he saw that other Muslims were being persecuted, he asked that polytheist to remove the refuge so that he could be persecuted too. When he was being tortured, he expressed gratification.<ref>Bayhaqī, ''Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa'', vol. 2, p. 49.</ref> | ||
===Migrants of the First Migration=== | ===Migrants of the First Migration=== | ||
* [['Uthman b. 'Affan]] and his wife [[Ruqayya bt. Muhammad|Ruqayya]] | * [['Uthman b. 'Affan]] and his wife [[Ruqayya bt. Muhammad|Ruqayya]]<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''al-ʿIbar'', vol. 1, p. 395.</ref> | ||
* [[Abu Hudhayfa|Abu Hudhayfa b. 'Utba b. Rabi'a]] with his wife, Sahla bt. Suhayl b. 'Amr b. 'Amir b. Lu'ayy | * [[Abu Hudhayfa|Abu Hudhayfa b. 'Utba b. Rabi'a]] with his wife, Sahla bt. Suhayl b. 'Amr b. 'Amir b. Lu'ayy<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''al-ʿIbar'', vol. 1, p. 395.</ref> | ||
* [[Al-Zubayr b. al-'Awwam]] | * [[Al-Zubayr b. al-'Awwam]]<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''al-ʿIbar'', vol. 1, p. 395.</ref> | ||
* Abu Sabra b. Abi Ruhm b. 'Abd al-Ghura al-'Amiri from Banu 'Amir b. Lu'ayy | * Abu Sabra b. Abi Ruhm b. 'Abd al-Ghura al-'Amiri from Banu 'Amir b. Lu'ayy<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''al-ʿIbar'', vol. 1, p. 395.</ref> | ||
* [[Suhayl b. Bayda']] from Banu l-Harith b. Fahr | * [[Suhayl b. Bayda']] from Banu l-Harith b. Fahr<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''al-ʿIbar'', vol. 1, p. 396.</ref> | ||
* [['Abd Allah b. Mas'ud]] | * [['Abd Allah b. Mas'ud]]<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''al-ʿIbar'', vol. 1, p. 396.</ref> | ||
* [['Amir b. Rabi'a al-'Anzi]], an ally of [[Banu 'Udayy]], with his wife, Layla bt. Abi Hathama | * [['Amir b. Rabi'a al-'Anzi]], an ally of [[Banu 'Udayy]], with his wife, Layla bt. Abi Hathama<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''al-ʿIbar'', vol. 1, p. 396.</ref> | ||
* [[Mus'ab b. 'Umayr]], the handsome chap who later taught the [[Qur'an]] to [[Ansar]] | * [[Mus'ab b. 'Umayr]],<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''al-ʿIbar'', vol. 1, p. 396.</ref> the handsome chap who later taught the [[Qur'an]] to [[Ansar]]<ref>Muqaddisī, ''Āfarīnish wa tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 791.</ref> | ||
* [['Uthman b. Maz'un]] | * [['Uthman b. Maz'un]]<ref>Bayhaqī, ''Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa'', vol. 2, p. 49.</ref> | ||
* [['Abd al-Rahman b. 'Awf]] | * [['Abd al-Rahman b. 'Awf]]<ref>Rasūlī Maḥallātī, ''Zindigānī Muḥammad (s) payāmbar-i Islām'', vol. 1, p. 213.</ref> | ||
==Second Migration== | ==Second Migration== | ||
Once again the [[Prophet (s)]] ordered Muslims to migrate to [[Abyssinia]] under the leadership of [[Ja'far b. Abi Talib]]. This time the migrants were 83 people. | Once again the [[Prophet (s)]] ordered Muslims to migrate to [[Abyssinia]] under the leadership of [[Ja'far b. Abi Talib]]. This time the migrants were 83 people.<ref>Muqaddisī, ''Āfarīnish wa tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 655.</ref>20 | ||
===Migrants=== | ===Migrants=== | ||
Some of the famous migrants in the second migration are: | Some of the famous migrants in the second migration are: | ||
* Ja'far b. Abi Talib: he was the leader of the migrants in the second migration. He later came to be known as Ja'far Dhu l-Janahayn and Ja'far al-Tayyar. His wife was [[Asma' bt. 'Umays]] and his children were [['Abd Allah b. Ja'far|'Abd Allah]], Muhammad, and 'Awn. | * Ja'far b. Abi Talib: he was the leader of the migrants in the second migration. He later came to be known as Ja'far Dhu l-Janahayn and Ja'far al-Tayyar.<ref>Muqaddisī, ''Āfarīnish wa tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 792.</ref> His wife was [[Asma' bt. 'Umays]] and his children were [['Abd Allah b. Ja'far|'Abd Allah]], Muhammad, and 'Awn. | ||
* [[Sawda bt. Zam'at b. Qays|Sawda]] who went to [[Abyssinia]] with her husband Sukran. Sukran converted to [[Christianity]] and passed away in Abyssinia. Sawda later married the [[Prophet (s)]]. | * [[Sawda bt. Zam'at b. Qays|Sawda]] who went to [[Abyssinia]] with her husband Sukran. Sukran converted to [[Christianity]] and passed away in Abyssinia. Sawda later married the [[Prophet (s)]].<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 4, p. 1289; Muqaddisī, ''Āfarīnish wa tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 726.</ref> | ||
* [[Umm Habiba|Umm Habiba bt. Abi Sufyan b. Harb]] who went to Abyssinia with her husband, [['Abd Allah b. Jahsh]]. On one account, her husband died there, and on another, he converted to Christianity. Later Umm Habiba married the Prophet (s). | * [[Umm Habiba|Umm Habiba bt. Abi Sufyan b. Harb]] who went to Abyssinia with her husband, [['Abd Allah b. Jahsh]]. On one account, her husband died there, and on another, he converted to Christianity. Later Umm Habiba married the Prophet (s).<ref>Muqaddisī, ''Āfarīnish wa tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 728.</ref> | ||
* [[Khalid b. Sa'id b. 'As b. Umayya]]. Al-Waqidi cited him as saying that he was one of the first people who migrated to Abyssinia. | * [[Khalid b. Sa'id b. 'As b. Umayya]]. Al-Waqidi cited him as saying that he was one of the first people who migrated to Abyssinia.<ref>Muqaddisī, ''Āfarīnish wa tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 790.</ref> | ||
* [['Umayr b. Rubab al-Sahmi]] who was later killed in [[Abu Bakr b. Abi Quhafa|Abu Bakr]]'s conquests. | * [['Umayr b. Rubab al-Sahmi]] who was later killed in [[Abu Bakr b. Abi Quhafa|Abu Bakr]]'s conquests.<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''al-ʿIbar'', vol. 1, p. 495.</ref> | ||
* [[Shurahbil b. Hasana]] | * [[Shurahbil b. Hasana]]<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 350.</ref> | ||
* [['Ammar b. Yasir]], on one account. | * [['Ammar b. Yasir]], on one account.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 3, p. 873.</ref> | ||
==Quraysh's Reaction== | ==Quraysh's Reaction== | ||
After the second migration of some Muslims to [[Abyssinia]], heads of [[Quraysh]] sought to counteract. Since they had commercial transactions and friendly relationships with people and the government of Abyssinia, they sent [['Amr b. al-'As]] and [['Abd Allah b. Abi Rabi'a]], with some presents, to [[Ashama b. Abjar]], the king of Abyssinia, in order to convince him to hand the migrants over to them. 'Amr b. al-'As told the king that the migrants were silly slaves who abandoned their religion, and he wants them back. The king preferred to ask the migrants themselves. So he gathered the religious seniors of his country and in their presence, he asked the Muslims about the reason why they migrated to Abyssinia. [[Ja'far b. Abi Talib]] replied: | After the second migration of some Muslims to [[Abyssinia]], heads of [[Quraysh]] sought to counteract. Since they had commercial transactions and friendly relationships with people and the government of Abyssinia,<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''al-ʿIbar'', vol. 1, p. 395.</ref> they sent [['Amr b. al-'As]] and [['Abd Allah b. Abi Rabi'a]], with some presents, to [[Ashama b. Abjar]], the king of Abyssinia,<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 3, p. 878.</ref> in order to convince him to hand the migrants over to them. 'Amr b. al-'As told the king that the migrants were silly slaves who abandoned their religion, and he wants them back. The king preferred to ask the migrants themselves. So he gathered the religious seniors of his country and in their presence, he asked the Muslims about the reason why they migrated to Abyssinia. [[Ja'far b. Abi Talib]] replied: | ||
: We were ignorant idolaters, we used to eat the meat of dead animals, we used to shed bloods, and we used to commit adultery, until [[God]] sent us a [[Prophethood|prophet]] whose genealogy we know and in whose truthfulness and honesty we trust. He has called us to God and [[monotheism]] and prohibited [[idolatry]], he called us to truthfulness and relations with our family and goodness to our neighbors. However, these people were being hostile to us and want to force us back to idolatry. Thus we migrated to your lands and preferred you over others. | : We were ignorant idolaters, we used to eat the meat of dead animals, we used to shed bloods, and we used to commit adultery, until [[God]] sent us a [[Prophethood|prophet]] whose genealogy we know and in whose truthfulness and honesty we trust. He has called us to God and [[monotheism]] and prohibited [[idolatry]], he called us to truthfulness and relations with our family and goodness to our neighbors. However, these people were being hostile to us and want to force us back to idolatry. Thus we migrated to your lands and preferred you over others. | ||
The king said: I swear to God that I will never return you to them. Thus the two polytheists felt abased. | The king said: I swear to God that I will never return you to them. Thus the two polytheists felt abased.<ref>Muqaddisī, ''Āfarīnish wa tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 655.</ref> | ||
==Ashama b. Abjar's Conversion to Islam== | ==Ashama b. Abjar's Conversion to Islam== | ||
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==Return of the Migrants== | ==Return of the Migrants== | ||
The migrants gradually returned from [[Abyssinia]]. Those who had returned after the first migration stayed in [[Mecca]] and then migrated with other Muslims to [[Medina]]. Some of them returned to Medina prior to the [[Battle of Khaybar]] and others returned after the Conquest of Khaybar. | The migrants gradually returned from [[Abyssinia]]. Those who had returned after the first migration stayed in [[Mecca]] and then migrated with other Muslims to [[Medina]]. Some of them returned to Medina prior to the [[Battle of Khaybar]] and others returned after the Conquest of Khaybar.<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''al-ʿIbar'', vol. 1, p. 438.</ref> | ||
The [[Prophet (s)]] sent [['Amr b. Umayya al-Damri]] to the king of Abyssinia in order to facilitate their return. The last migrants returned from Abyssinia in [[7]]/628-29 simultaneous with the Conquest of Khaybar. [[Asma' bt. 'Umays]], [['Abd Allah b. Ja'far]] and his brothers Muhammad and 'Awn were among the last migrants. When [[Ja'far b. Abi Talib|Ja'far]] went to the Prophet (s), he kissed the point between his two eyes and said: "I do not know which to express my happiness for: the Conquest of Khaybar or the return of Ja'far." | The [[Prophet (s)]] sent [['Amr b. Umayya al-Damri]] to the king of Abyssinia in order to facilitate their return.<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''al-ʿIbar'', vol. 1, p. 438.</ref> The last migrants returned from Abyssinia in [[7]]/628-29 simultaneous with the Conquest of Khaybar.<ref>Muqaddisī, ''Āfarīnish wa tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 706.</ref> [[Asma' bt. 'Umays]], [['Abd Allah b. Ja'far]] and his brothers Muhammad and 'Awn were among the last migrants.<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''al-ʿIbar'', vol. 1, p. 438.</ref> When [[Ja'far b. Abi Talib|Ja'far]] went to the Prophet (s), he kissed the point between his two eyes and said: "I do not know which to express my happiness for: the Conquest of Khaybar or the return of Ja'far."<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''al-ʿIbar'', vol. 1, p. 438.</ref> | ||
==Migrants Who Passed Away== | ==Migrants Who Passed Away== | ||
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* 'Urwa b. 'Abd al-'Uzza | * 'Urwa b. 'Abd al-'Uzza | ||
* 'Udayy b. Nadla from Banu 'Udayy | * 'Udayy b. Nadla from Banu 'Udayy | ||
* Musa b. Harith b. Khalid from [[Banu Tamim]]. | * Musa b. Harith b. Khalid from [[Banu Tamim]].<ref>Rasūlī Maḥallātī, ''Zindigānī Muḥammad (s) payāmbar-i Islām'', vol. 2, p. 244.</ref> | ||
{{end}} | {{end}} | ||
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* Fatima bt. Harith b. Khalid | * Fatima bt. Harith b. Khalid | ||
* Zaynab bt. Harith b. Khalid | * Zaynab bt. Harith b. Khalid<ref>Rasūlī Maḥallātī, ''Zindigānī Muḥammad (s) payāmbar-i Islām'', vol. 2, p. 245.</ref> | ||
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