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Migration to Abyssinia: Difference between revisions
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==First Migration== | ==First Migration== | ||
In the first migration, | In the first migration, eleven men and four women went to [[Abyssinia]]. The [[polytheist]]s chased them, but they could not find them. The Muslims were still in Abyssinia when they heard that polytheists of [[Quraysh]] had converted to [[Islam]]; so they returned to [[Mecca]]. When they arrived near Mecca, they found out that the news about Quraysh's conversion to Islam was false,<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 3, p. 882.</ref> but they could not go back to Abyssinia. So they entered Mecca individually or by refuge to some polytheists.<ref>Maqdisī, ''Āfarīnish wa tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 654.</ref> | ||
[['Uthman b. Maz'un]] entered Mecca under the refuge of one polytheist. But when he saw that other Muslims were being persecuted, he asked that polytheist to remove the refuge so that he could be persecuted too. When he was being tortured, he expressed gratification.<ref>Bayhaqī, ''Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa'', vol. 2, p. 49.</ref> | [['Uthman b. Maz'un]] entered Mecca under the refuge of one polytheist. But when he saw that other Muslims were being persecuted, he asked that polytheist to remove the refuge so that he could be persecuted too. When he was being tortured, he expressed gratification.<ref>Bayhaqī, ''Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa'', vol. 2, p. 49.</ref> | ||
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* [['Abd Allah b. Mas'ud]]<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''al-ʿIbar'', vol. 1, p. 396.</ref> | * [['Abd Allah b. Mas'ud]]<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''al-ʿIbar'', vol. 1, p. 396.</ref> | ||
* [['Amir b. Rabi'a al-'Anzi]], an ally of [[Banu 'Udayy]], with his wife, Layla bt. Abi Hathama<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''al-ʿIbar'', vol. 1, p. 396.</ref> | * [['Amir b. Rabi'a al-'Anzi]], an ally of [[Banu 'Udayy]], with his wife, Layla bt. Abi Hathama<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''al-ʿIbar'', vol. 1, p. 396.</ref> | ||
* [[Mus'ab b. 'Umayr]],<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''al-ʿIbar'', vol. 1, p. 396.</ref> the handsome chap who later taught the [[Qur'an]] to [[Ansar]]<ref> | * [[Mus'ab b. 'Umayr]],<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''al-ʿIbar'', vol. 1, p. 396.</ref> the handsome chap who later taught the [[Qur'an]] to [[Ansar]]<ref>Maqdisī, ''Āfarīnish wa tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 791.</ref> | ||
* [['Uthman b. Maz'un]]<ref>Bayhaqī, ''Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa'', vol. 2, p. 49.</ref> | * [['Uthman b. Maz'un]]<ref>Bayhaqī, ''Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa'', vol. 2, p. 49.</ref> | ||
* [['Abd al-Rahman b. 'Awf]]<ref>Rasūlī Maḥallātī, ''Zindigānī Muḥammad (s) payāmbar-i Islām'', vol. 1, p. 213.</ref> | * [['Abd al-Rahman b. 'Awf]]<ref>Rasūlī Maḥallātī, ''Zindigānī Muḥammad (s) payāmbar-i Islām'', vol. 1, p. 213.</ref> | ||
==Second Migration== | ==Second Migration== | ||
Once again the [[Prophet (s)]] ordered Muslims to migrate to [[Abyssinia]] under the leadership of [[Ja'far b. Abi Talib]]. This time the migrants were 83 people.<ref> | Once again the [[Prophet (s)]] ordered Muslims to migrate to [[Abyssinia]] under the leadership of [[Ja'far b. Abi Talib]]. This time the migrants were 83 people.<ref>Maqdisī, ''Āfarīnish wa tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 655.</ref>20 | ||
===Migrants=== | ===Migrants=== | ||
Some of the famous migrants in the second migration are: | Some of the famous migrants in the second migration are: | ||
* Ja'far b. Abi Talib: he was the leader of the migrants in the second migration. He later came to be known as Ja'far Dhu l-Janahayn and Ja'far al-Tayyar.<ref> | * Ja'far b. Abi Talib: he was the leader of the migrants in the second migration. He later came to be known as Ja'far Dhu l-Janahayn and Ja'far al-Tayyar.<ref>Maqdisī, ''Āfarīnish wa tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 792.</ref> His wife was [[Asma' bt. 'Umays]] and his children were [['Abd Allah b. Ja'far|'Abd Allah]], Muhammad, and 'Awn. | ||
* [[Sawda bt. Zam'at b. Qays|Sawda]] who went to [[Abyssinia]] with her husband Sukran. Sukran converted to [[Christianity]] and passed away in Abyssinia. Sawda later married the [[Prophet (s)]].<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 4, p. 1289; | * [[Sawda bt. Zam'at b. Qays|Sawda]] who went to [[Abyssinia]] with her husband Sukran. Sukran converted to [[Christianity]] and passed away in Abyssinia. Sawda later married the [[Prophet (s)]].<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 4, p. 1289; Maqdisī, ''Āfarīnish wa tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 726.</ref> | ||
* [[Umm Habiba|Umm Habiba bt. Abi Sufyan b. Harb]] who went to Abyssinia with her husband, [['Abd Allah b. Jahsh]]. On one account, her husband died there, and on another, he converted to Christianity. Later Umm Habiba married the Prophet (s).<ref> | * [[Umm Habiba|Umm Habiba bt. Abi Sufyan b. Harb]] who went to Abyssinia with her husband, [['Abd Allah b. Jahsh]]. On one account, her husband died there, and on another, he converted to Christianity. Later Umm Habiba married the Prophet (s).<ref>Maqdisī, ''Āfarīnish wa tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 728.</ref> | ||
* [[Khalid b. Sa'id b. 'As b. Umayya]]. Al-Waqidi cited him as saying that he was one of the first people who migrated to Abyssinia.<ref> | * [[Khalid b. Sa'id b. 'As b. Umayya]]. Al-Waqidi cited him as saying that he was one of the first people who migrated to Abyssinia.<ref>Maqdisī, ''Āfarīnish wa tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 790.</ref> | ||
* [['Umayr b. Rubab al-Sahmi]] who was later killed in [[Abu Bakr b. Abi Quhafa|Abu Bakr]]'s conquests.<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''al-ʿIbar'', vol. 1, p. 495.</ref> | * [['Umayr b. Rubab al-Sahmi]] who was later killed in [[Abu Bakr b. Abi Quhafa|Abu Bakr]]'s conquests.<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''al-ʿIbar'', vol. 1, p. 495.</ref> | ||
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: We were ignorant idolaters, we used to eat the meat of dead animals, we used to shed bloods, and we used to commit adultery, until [[God]] sent us a [[Prophethood|prophet]] whose genealogy we know and in whose truthfulness and honesty we trust. He has called us to God and [[monotheism]] and prohibited [[idolatry]], he called us to truthfulness and relations with our family and goodness to our neighbors. However, these people were being hostile to us and want to force us back to idolatry. Thus we migrated to your lands and preferred you over others. | : We were ignorant idolaters, we used to eat the meat of dead animals, we used to shed bloods, and we used to commit adultery, until [[God]] sent us a [[Prophethood|prophet]] whose genealogy we know and in whose truthfulness and honesty we trust. He has called us to God and [[monotheism]] and prohibited [[idolatry]], he called us to truthfulness and relations with our family and goodness to our neighbors. However, these people were being hostile to us and want to force us back to idolatry. Thus we migrated to your lands and preferred you over others. | ||
The king said: I swear to God that I will never return you to them. Thus the two polytheists felt abased.<ref> | The king said: I swear to God that I will never return you to them. Thus the two polytheists felt abased.<ref>Maqdisī, ''Āfarīnish wa tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 655.</ref> | ||
==Ashama b. Abjar's Conversion to Islam== | ==Ashama b. Abjar's Conversion to Islam== | ||
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The migrants gradually returned from [[Abyssinia]]. Those who had returned after the first migration stayed in [[Mecca]] and then migrated with other Muslims to [[Medina]]. Some of them returned to Medina prior to the [[Battle of Khaybar]] and others returned after the Conquest of Khaybar.<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''al-ʿIbar'', vol. 1, p. 438.</ref> | The migrants gradually returned from [[Abyssinia]]. Those who had returned after the first migration stayed in [[Mecca]] and then migrated with other Muslims to [[Medina]]. Some of them returned to Medina prior to the [[Battle of Khaybar]] and others returned after the Conquest of Khaybar.<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''al-ʿIbar'', vol. 1, p. 438.</ref> | ||
The [[Prophet (s)]] sent [['Amr b. Umayya al-Damri]] to the king of Abyssinia in order to facilitate their return.<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''al-ʿIbar'', vol. 1, p. 438.</ref> The last migrants returned from Abyssinia in [[7]]/628-29 simultaneous with the Conquest of Khaybar.<ref> | The [[Prophet (s)]] sent [['Amr b. Umayya al-Damri]] to the king of Abyssinia in order to facilitate their return.<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''al-ʿIbar'', vol. 1, p. 438.</ref> The last migrants returned from Abyssinia in [[7]]/628-29 simultaneous with the Conquest of Khaybar.<ref>Maqdisī, ''Āfarīnish wa tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 706.</ref> [[Asma' bt. 'Umays]], [['Abd Allah b. Ja'far]] and his brothers Muhammad and 'Awn were among the last migrants.<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''al-ʿIbar'', vol. 1, p. 438.</ref> When [[Ja'far b. Abi Talib|Ja'far]] went to the Prophet (s), he kissed the point between his two eyes and said: "I do not know which to express my happiness for: the Conquest of Khaybar or the return of Ja'far."<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''al-ʿIbar'', vol. 1, p. 438.</ref> | ||
==Migrants Who Passed Away== | ==Migrants Who Passed Away== | ||
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* Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb''. Edited by ʿAlī Muḥammad al-Bajāwī. Cairo: 1380 AH. | * Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb''. Edited by ʿAlī Muḥammad al-Bajāwī. Cairo: 1380 AH. | ||
* Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya''. Edited by Muṣṭafā al-Saqā, Ibrāhīm Ābyārī and ʿAbd al-Ḥafīz Shalbī. Cairo: [n.n], 1355 AH/1936. | * Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya''. Edited by Muṣṭafā al-Saqā, Ibrāhīm Ābyārī and ʿAbd al-Ḥafīz Shalbī. Cairo: [n.n], 1355 AH/1936. | ||
* | * Maqdisī, Muṭahhar b. Ṭāhir. ''Āfarīnish wa tārīkh''. Translated by Muḥammad Riḍā Shafīʿī Kadkanī. 1st edition. Tehran: Āgah, 1374 Sh. | ||
* Rasūlī Maḥallātī, Sayyid Hāshim. ''Zindigānī Muḥammad (s) payāmbar-i Islām''. Farsi translation of the book ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'' by Ibn Hishām. 5th edition. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Kitābchī, 1375 Sh. | * Rasūlī Maḥallātī, Sayyid Hāshim. ''Zindigānī Muḥammad (s) payāmbar-i Islām''. Farsi translation of the book ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'' by Ibn Hishām. 5th edition. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Kitābchī, 1375 Sh. | ||
* Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī''. Translated to Farsi by Abū l-Qāsim Pāyanda. 5th edition. Tehran: Asāṭīr, 1375 Sh. | * Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī''. Translated to Farsi by Abū l-Qāsim Pāyanda. 5th edition. Tehran: Asāṭīr, 1375 Sh. | ||