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Al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf al-Thaqafi: Difference between revisions
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'''Al-Ḥajjāj b. Yūsuf al-Thaqafī''' (Arabic:{{InlineArabic| الحجاج بن يوسف الثقفي}}, d. [[95]]/714) was the ruler of [[Iraq]] and [[Hijaz]] in the [[Umayyad]] period and was hostile to [[Shia]]s. He played a significant role in the establishment of the Umayyad government. His loyalty to the Umayyad dynasty and his services to protect their government made him highly respectable by the Umayyads. Upon his death, [['Abd al-Malik b. Marwan]] recommended his son, [[Walid b. 'Abd al-Malik]], to respect al-Hajjaj. Moreover, he called one of his sons "Hajjaj". | '''Al-Ḥajjāj b. Yūsuf al-Thaqafī''' (Arabic:{{InlineArabic| الحجاج بن يوسف الثقفي}}, d. [[95]]/714) was the ruler of [[Iraq]] and [[Hijaz]] in the [[Umayyad]] period and was hostile to [[Shia]]s. He played a significant role in the establishment of the Umayyad government. His loyalty to the Umayyad dynasty and his services to protect their government made him highly respectable by the Umayyads. Upon his death, [['Abd al-Malik b. Marwan]] recommended his son, [[Walid b. 'Abd al-Malik]], to respect al-Hajjaj. Moreover, he called one of his sons "Hajjaj". | ||
He is known as a | He is known as a ruthless, brutal person. He slaughtered his opponents so excessively that he was even reprimanded by 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwan. On some historical accounts, the number of people slaugtered by al-Hajjaj rises to 120,000 or even 130,000 people. | ||
Al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf founded the city, [[Wasit]], and passed away there. | Al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf founded the city, [[Wasit]], and passed away there. | ||
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Al-Hajjaj's father, Yusuf b. Hakam al-Thaqafi, was a head and a nobleman of the [[Thaqif tribe]]. He was intimately friends with the household of [[Marwan b. Hakam al-Umawi]]. He attended the Battle of Marwan and the battles in the period of [['Abd al-Malik b. Marwan]]. In the period of 'Abd al-Malik, he was the ruler of some areas. He passed away when his son, al-Hajjaj, ruled [[Hijaz]] ([[Medina]]). His mother was Fari'a or Furay'a, the daughter of Hammam b. 'Urwa al-Thaqafi. | Al-Hajjaj's father, Yusuf b. Hakam al-Thaqafi, was a head and a nobleman of the [[Thaqif tribe]]. He was intimately friends with the household of [[Marwan b. Hakam al-Umawi]]. He attended the Battle of Marwan and the battles in the period of [['Abd al-Malik b. Marwan]]. In the period of 'Abd al-Malik, he was the ruler of some areas. He passed away when his son, al-Hajjaj, ruled [[Hijaz]] ([[Medina]]). His mother was Fari'a or Furay'a, the daughter of Hammam b. 'Urwa al-Thaqafi. | ||
==Childhood and | ==Childhood and Adolescence== | ||
There is no much information about al-Hajjaj's early life and his youth. Some scattered accounts imply that like his ancestors, he was a pitman, shepard, and a tanner. It seems that al-Hajjaj learned the [[Quran]] and religious doctrines from his father when he was a child, and he then learned from teachers such as [['Abd Allah b. 'Abbas]], [[Anas b. Malik]], [[Samura b. Jundab]], and [[Abu Burda b. Abi Musa al-Asha'ari]]. | There is no much information about al-Hajjaj's early life and his youth. Some scattered accounts imply that like his ancestors, he was a pitman, shepard, and a tanner. It seems that al-Hajjaj learned the [[Quran]] and religious doctrines from his father when he was a child, and he then learned from teachers such as [['Abd Allah b. 'Abbas]], [[Anas b. Malik]], [[Samura b. Jundab]], and [[Abu Burda b. Abi Musa al-Asha'ari]]. | ||
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Historical sources show that he was a professional politician. He used tricks to win battles. Some historians characterized him as cruel, brutal, liar, and evil. | Historical sources show that he was a professional politician. He used tricks to win battles. Some historians characterized him as cruel, brutal, liar, and evil. | ||
In a reply to a letter from 'Abd al-Malik, al-Hajjaj called himself a stubborn, jealous, and | In a reply to a letter from 'Abd al-Malik, al-Hajjaj called himself a stubborn, jealous, and malicious person. | ||
==In the Period of Marwan b. Hakam== | ==In the Period of Marwan b. Hakam== | ||
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When al-Hajjaj arrived in Rustaqubadh, he encountered the first riot of Iraqi people under the leadership of [['Abd Allah b. Jarud]]. The riot was caused by al-Hajjaj's insistence that people should resist in battlefields until they win and his decision to reduce the soldier's wages to 100 [[dirham]]s. In this riot, which occurred in [[Rabi' II]], [[76]]/August 695, Iraqi people plundered al-Hajjaj's property and his armaments. After consultations with his companions and upon the arrival of backup forces, al-Hajjaj fought with them and killed ibn Jarud. | When al-Hajjaj arrived in Rustaqubadh, he encountered the first riot of Iraqi people under the leadership of [['Abd Allah b. Jarud]]. The riot was caused by al-Hajjaj's insistence that people should resist in battlefields until they win and his decision to reduce the soldier's wages to 100 [[dirham]]s. In this riot, which occurred in [[Rabi' II]], [[76]]/August 695, Iraqi people plundered al-Hajjaj's property and his armaments. After consultations with his companions and upon the arrival of backup forces, al-Hajjaj fought with them and killed ibn Jarud. | ||
===Quenching Iraqi | ===Quenching Iraqi Africans=== | ||
At the time when ibn Jarud rioted, Iraqi | At the time when ibn Jarud rioted, Iraqi Africans rioted under the leadership of Ribah Shirzanji (or Sharzanji) and conquered the areas surrounding [[Basra]]. Al-Hajjaj sent an army of people of Basra to quench them in the plains of [[Khuzestan]] (near Dawraq). | ||
===Battle with Khawarij=== | ===Battle with Khawarij=== | ||
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After quenching domestic opponents, al-Hajjaj ordered Qutayba b. Muslim al-Bahili (the ruler of [[Khurasan]]) to continue his conquests, and he conquered many cities in Transoxiana and Central Asia, and on the other hand, Muhammad b. Qasim al-Thaqafi conquered parts of Sindh and the [[India]]n Subcontinent. | After quenching domestic opponents, al-Hajjaj ordered Qutayba b. Muslim al-Bahili (the ruler of [[Khurasan]]) to continue his conquests, and he conquered many cities in Transoxiana and Central Asia, and on the other hand, Muhammad b. Qasim al-Thaqafi conquered parts of Sindh and the [[India]]n Subcontinent. | ||
==Al-Hajjaj's | ==Al-Hajjaj's Performance== | ||
===Al-Hajjaj's | ===Al-Hajjaj's Constructions=== | ||
Al-Hajjaj | Al-Hajjaj started some construction projects during his rule, including a water well in Mecca called Yaquta, dams around Mecca to reserve water supplies, and farms around creeks from [[Euphrates]]. He also constructed a city, called "Nile", near Euphrates north of [[Hillah]]. Today only ruins of the city have remained. From [[83]]/702-3 to [[86]]/705, al-Hajjaj constructed another city, called Wasit, and made specific laws to keep it clean and beautiful, and stayed there until his death. | ||
In [[75]]/694-5 and [[76]]/695-6, al-Hajjaj minted [[dirham]]s and [[dinar]]s with Arabic inscriptions. | In [[75]]/694-5 and [[76]]/695-6, al-Hajjaj minted [[dirham]]s and [[dinar]]s with Arabic inscriptions. | ||
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According to Mas'udi, one day al-Hajjaj told 'Abd Allah b. Hani (a close companion of al-Hajjaj who had an ugly face) that your tribe has no virtue. Ibn Hani began to enumerate the virtues of his tribe. After each of these virtues, al-Hajjaj said: "Yes (it is a virtue)". Ibn Hani said: "all people from my tribe have cursed [[Abu Turab]] (that is, Imam 'Ali (a)). Moreover, they also curse his two sons and their mother (that is, [[Fatima al-Zahra (a)]]). Al-Hajjaj said: "I swear to God! This is a virtue." | According to Mas'udi, one day al-Hajjaj told 'Abd Allah b. Hani (a close companion of al-Hajjaj who had an ugly face) that your tribe has no virtue. Ibn Hani began to enumerate the virtues of his tribe. After each of these virtues, al-Hajjaj said: "Yes (it is a virtue)". Ibn Hani said: "all people from my tribe have cursed [[Abu Turab]] (that is, Imam 'Ali (a)). Moreover, they also curse his two sons and their mother (that is, [[Fatima al-Zahra (a)]]). Al-Hajjaj said: "I swear to God! This is a virtue." | ||
===Other | ===Other Cases=== | ||
There are other things attributed to al-Hajjaj that are worthy of reflection, including his disrespect of [[the Prophet (s)]] and the sacred city of [[Medina]], postponing the [[prayer]], taking the Umayyad [[caliph]] to be superior to angels, prophets and the Prophet Muhammad (a), and him saying that it is a more important obligation for him to be obeyed than for God to be obeyed. | There are other things attributed to al-Hajjaj that are worthy of reflection, including his disrespect of [[the Prophet (s)]] and the sacred city of [[Medina]], postponing the [[prayer]], taking the Umayyad [[caliph]] to be superior to angels, prophets and the Prophet Muhammad (a), and him saying that it is a more important obligation for him to be obeyed than for God to be obeyed. | ||
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==Al-Hajjaj's Household== | ==Al-Hajjaj's Household== | ||
During the caliphate of [[Sulayman b. 'Abd al-Malik]], al-Hajjaj's household were tortured, prosecuted, and their property was confiscated. At the command of the Umayyad caliph, al-Hajjaj was cursed on [[ | During the caliphate of [[Sulayman b. 'Abd al-Malik]], al-Hajjaj's household were tortured, prosecuted, and their property was confiscated. At the command of the Umayyad caliph, al-Hajjaj was cursed on [[minbar]]s. During the caliphate of [['Umar b. 'Abd al-'Aziz]], his household were deported to Yemen. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{references}} | |||
* The material for this article was mainly taken from [http://fa.wikishia.net/view/حجاج_بن_یوسف_ثقفی حجاج بن یوسف ثقفی] in Farsi WikiShia. | * The material for this article was mainly taken from [http://fa.wikishia.net/view/حجاج_بن_یوسف_ثقفی حجاج بن یوسف ثقفی] in Farsi WikiShia. | ||
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[[fa:حجاج بن یوسف ثقفی]] | [[fa:حجاج بن یوسف ثقفی]] | ||
[[ar:الحجاج بن يوسف الثقفي]] | [[ar:الحجاج بن يوسف الثقفي]] | ||
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