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Celebration of Worship

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Celebration of Worship
Celebration of Taklif for girls in the Holy Shrine of Lady Ma'suma (a); 2017.
Celebration of Taklif for girls in the Holy Shrine of Lady Ma'suma (a); 2017.
Ritual Information
TimeReaching puberty (boys and girls)
PlaceSchools and religious places
OriginIran and some Islamic countries


Celebration of Worship (Arabic: حفل التكليف) is a religious ceremony held to mark the occasion of adolescents reaching the age of religious maturity (bulugh). This ceremony is mostly prevalent among Twelver Shi'as and it is said to have been held for the first time by Sayyid Ibn Tawus (d. 664/1266). In this ceremony, a gift is usually given to the person who has reached the age of religious responsibility, and honoring it is considered a form of gratitude and honoring religious rituals.

This ceremony is held in Iran and some other countries, and instances of it have been performed in the presence of Ayatollah Khamenei, the Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Regarding the legitimacy of the celebration, the views of jurists differ; some consider it permissible and a form of gratitude for the blessing of becoming religiously responsible, while others consider it an innovation (bid'a).

Introduction and Status

Celebration of Takif or Celebration of 'ibada is a ritual ceremony held on the occasion of girls and boys reaching the age of religious responsibility (religious maturity).[1] It is said that in the treatise al-Tashrif bi-ta'yin waqt al-taklif, the term "Tashrīf" (ennoblement/honoring) was used instead of the word "Taklīf" (burden/responsibility) to reduce the semantic weight of hardship and compulsion associated with it.[2]

The day of Taklif has been referred to by titles such as the Divine Eid,[3] Yawm Allah (Day of God), or a good tradition (al-Sunna al-Hasana), and honoring it is considered a type of honoring religious rituals.[4] Some researchers believe that holding this ceremony is a memorable and influential experience in shaping the individual's devotional behaviors.[5]

In Iran, this ceremony is held in homes and religious places such as schools, mosques, and shrines, where gifts are presented to the individual who has reached the age of Taklif.[6] This ceremony is also held in countries including Iraq,[7] Lebanon,[8] Nigeria,[9] India,[10] Malaysia,[11] Tanzania,[12] and Guinea.[13] It has also been held in Islamic centers of some non-Muslim countries such as Congo,[14] England,[15] Netherlands,[16] and Germany.[17]

Holding the Jashn-e Taklīf for a group of girls at the Islamic Assembly of Guinea.

History

According to Muhammad Muhammadi Rayshahri, Sayyid Ibn Tawus (d. 664/1266) was the first person to establish the Taklif ceremony among Muslims and encouraged others to honor it.[18] It is said that he wrote the treatise al-Tashrif bi-ta'yin waqt al-taklif on the occasion of his son's Taklīf[19] and in it, he determined the exact time of his maturity with the help of astronomers.[20] Ibn Tawus also advised his son in the book Kashf al-mahajja li-thamarat al-muhja to honor this day, record its date, engage in gratitude and praise of God every year like the days of Eid, and give charity to the needy.[21]

Some believe that this ritual has become more prevalent among a section of Imami Shi'as.[22] At the same time, it has been noted that in many societies, the beginning of the age of maturity is celebrated as an important stage in life. For example, in Judaism, the "Bar and bat mitzvah" ceremonies and in Zoroastrianism, the "Navjote" ceremony is held, which are in a way considered signs of adolescents entering the religious community.[23]

Legitimacy and Validity

Holding the Jashn-e Taklīf ceremony for girls in the presence of Ayatollah Khamenei, the Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran (February 3, 2023).[24]

There are different views regarding the legitimacy of holding the Taklif Ceremont. It is said that most jurists have not explicitly expressed an opinion about this ceremony, and some have interpreted this silence as implied consent;[25] in contrast, a number of jurists have explicitly agreed with holding it.[26] This ceremony has also been held with the presence of Sayyid Ali Khamenei, the Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran.[27]

Opposing these views, Shaykh Hurr al-Amili (d. 1104/1693) opposed holding the Taklif Ceremony and considered it an innovation (bid'a).[28] In his opinion, Islamic Eids have been specified in religious sources, and since no sign of this celebration is seen in the Sira of the Infallibles (a) and their companions, holding it is considered an innovation.[29] However, Abd Allah Javadi Amoli, a Shi'a Marja', considers holding the TaklifCeremony permissible as gratitude for the blessing of becoming religiously responsible, and not as legislating a new religious ruling.[30]

Notes

  1. ↑ Muḥammadī Ray-Shahrī, Jashn-e taklīf-i vīzha-yi pesarān, 1385 Sh, p. 13.
  2. ↑ Mīr-ḥusaynī, "Jashn-e tashrīf, sunnat-i ḥasana yā bidʿatī ḥarām!?", Pāygāh-i ʿIbrat-pazhūhī-yi Tārīkhī.
  3. ↑ Shahīdī Gulpāygānī, Tarjuma-yi al-Tashrīf bi-taʿyīn waqt al-taklīf, 1386 Sh, pp. 312-314.
  4. ↑ Muḥammadī Ray-Shahrī, Jashn-e taklīf-i vīzha-yi pesarān, 1385 Sh, pp. 13, 29-30.
  5. ↑ Muḥammadī Ray-Shahrī, Jashn-e taklīf-i vīzha-yi pesarān, 1385 Sh, p. 34.
  6. ↑ Muḥammadī Ray-Shahrī, Jashn-e taklīf-i vīzha-yi pesarān, 1385 Sh, p. 13.
  7. ↑ "Barguzārī-yi jashn-e taklīf barā-yi dānish-āmūzān-i dukhtar-i madāris-i ʿIrāq...", Al-Kafeel Global Network.
  8. ↑ "Jashn-e taklīf-i dukhtarān-i Lubnānī barguzār shud", Hawzah News Agency.
  9. ↑ "Marāsim-i jashn-e taklīf-i naw-javānān-i musalmān dar Nījirīya barguzār shud", IQNA.
  10. ↑ "Barguzārī-yi jashn-e taklīf dar Kargil-i Hind", IQNA.
  11. ↑ "Barguzārī-yi jashn-e taklīf-i dukhtarān dar Mālizī", IQNA.
  12. ↑ "Marāsim-i jashn-e taklīf-i dukhtarān-i Shīʿa wa Sunnī dar Tānzāniyā barguzār shud", Ahlulbayt World Assembly.
  13. ↑ "Barguzārī-yi jashn-e taklīf-i jamʿī az dukhtarān dar Majmaʿ-i Islāmī-yi kishvar-i Gīna", Hawzah News Agency.
  14. ↑ "Barā-yi nukhustīn bār dar kishvar-i Āfrīqāyī-yi Kungū, jashn-e taklīf-i dukhtarān-i Shīʿa barguzār shud", Farda News.
  15. ↑ "Jashn-e taklīf-i dukhtarān dar Ingilīs", Mashregh News.
  16. ↑ "Dukhtarān-i Shīʿa dar Huland jashn-e taklīf mī-gīrand", Hawzah News Agency.
  17. ↑ "Marāsim-i jashn-e taklīf-i dukhtarān dar Markaz-i Islāmī-yi Berlin", World Shia Studies Center.
  18. ↑ Muḥammadī Ray-Shahrī, Jashn-e taklīf-i vīzha-yi pesarān, 1385 Sh, pp. 13-14.
  19. ↑ Mīr-ḥusaynī, "Jashn-e tashrīf, sunnat-i ḥasana yā bidʿatī ḥarām!?", Pāygāh-i ʿIbrat-pazhūhī-yi Tārīkhī.
  20. ↑ Shahīdī Gulpāygānī, Tarjuma-yi al-Tashrīf bi-taʿyīn waqt al-taklīf, 1386 Sh, pp. 312-314.
  21. ↑ Ibn Ṭāwūs, Kashf al-maḥajja, 1370 AH, p. 142.
  22. ↑ Mīr-ḥusaynī, "Jashn-e tashrīf, sunnat-i ḥasana yā bidʿatī ḥarām!?", Pāygāh-i ʿIbrat-pazhūhī-yi Tārīkhī.
  23. ↑ Mīr-ḥusaynī, "Jashn-e tashrīf, sunnat-i ḥasana yā bidʿatī ḥarām!?", Pāygāh-i ʿIbrat-pazhūhī-yi Tārīkhī.
  24. ↑ "Marāsim-i jashn-e taklīf-i dukhtarān-i dānish-āmūz bā ḥuḍūr-i Rahbar-i Inqilāb", The Office of Preservation and Publication of the Works of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  25. ↑ Mīr-ḥusaynī, "Jashn-e tashrīf, sunnat-i ḥasana yā bidʿatī ḥarām!?", Pāygāh-i ʿIbrat-pazhūhī-yi Tārīkhī.
  26. ↑ Shahīdī Gulpāygānī, Tarjuma-yi al-Tashrīf bi-taʿyīn waqt al-taklīf, 1386 Sh, pp. 312-314; Muḥammadī Ray-Shahrī, Jashn-e taklīf-i vīzha-yi pesarān, 1385 Sh, pp. 29-30.
  27. ↑ "Bayānāt-i Āyatullāh Khāmeniʾī dar marāsim-i jashn-e taklīf-i dānish-āmūzān", The Office of Preservation and Publication of the Works of Grand Ayatollah Khamenei.
  28. ↑ Mīr-ḥusaynī, "Jashn-e tashrīf, sunnat-i ḥasana yā bidʿatī ḥarām!?", Pāygāh-i ʿIbrat-pazhūhī-yi Tārīkhī.
  29. ↑ See: Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Taʿlīqa bar al-Tashrīf bi-taʿyīn waqt al-taklīf, Manuscript no. 1751 in Ayatollah Golpaygani Library.
  30. ↑ Jawādī Āmulī, Zan dar āʾīna-yi jalāl wa jamāl, 1374 Sh, p. 354.

References

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