Draft:Anbar
Anbar or al-Anbar is a city in Iraq that has been mentioned several times in the history of Islam, and currently, the remains of this city are located next to the Euphrates and near the city of Fallujah in the Al-Anbar Governorate.[1] It is said that this city was named so because it was a warehouse (anbar) for storing the provisions of the armies.[2] According to some reports, this city was also called "Piruz Shapur,"[3]Template:Note and since it was the center of the Abbasid government before the construction of Baghdad,[4] it was also named Madinat Abi l-Abbas in the third century.[5]
Anbar fell to the Muslims in the year 12 AH, during the caliphate of Abu Bakr, at the hands of Khalid b. al-Walid without war or bloodshed.[6]
The army of Imam Ali (a) passed through there while going to the Battle of Siffin, and Imam Ali (a) was met with a reception by the people of that place.[7] The peasants of Anbar, upon encountering the army, dismounted from their mounts and, according to their custom and as a sign of respect, ran after Ali (a); however, Ali (a) forbade them from their action and considered their work a source of suffering in this world and the Hereafter.[8]
According to Thaqafi, the author of the book Al-Gharāt, Mu'awiya, during the reign of Imam Ali (a), sent an army to Anbar, which resulted in the killing of Ashras b. Hassan al-Bakri, Imam Ali's (a) governor, and the city was looted.[9] Following this event, Imam Ali (a) delivered Sermon 27 of Nahj al-Balagha, known as the Sermon of Jihad,[10] and then sent Sa'id b. Qays al-Hamdani with eight thousand men to fight Mu'awiya's army.[11]
According to Al-Tabari, the historian of the fourth century AH, Nebuchadnezzar (the king of Babylon in the sixth century BC) built Anbar.[12] After him, Shapur II of the Sassanid kings (the king of Iran in the fourth century AD) rebuilt it.[13] Ibn Rusta, the third-century geographer, believes that the Arabic script was disseminated for the first time from the city of Anbar.[14] Based on the report of al-Asma'i, when the Quraysh were asked where they learned writing, they said from al-Hira, and the people of al-Hira were asked where they learned, they said from the people of Anbar, and the residents of Anbar also used to say we learned writing from the Iyad tribe.[15]
External Links
Notes
- ↑ ʿAlī, Al-Mufaṣṣal fī tārīkh al-ʿArab qabl al-Islām, 1422 AH, vol. 16, p. 355.
- ↑ Ḥamawī, Muʿjam al-buldān, 1995, vol. 1, p. 257.
- ↑ Dīnawarī, Al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl, 1368 SH, p. 49.
- ↑ Ḥamawī, Muʿjam al-buldān, 1995, vol. 5, p. 389.
- ↑ Dīnawarī, Al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl, 1368 SH, p. 375.
- ↑ Ḥamawī, Muʿjam al-buldān, 1995, vol. 1, p. 258.
- ↑ Ibn Muzāḥim, Waqʿat Ṣiffīn, 1404 AH, pp. 143-144.
- ↑ Nahj al-balāgha, edited by Ṣubḥī Ṣāliḥ, 1414 AH, Wisdom 37, p. 475.
- ↑ Thaqafī, Al-Gharāt, 1395 AH, pp. 464-470.
- ↑ Nahj al-balāgha, edited by Ṣubḥī Ṣāliḥ, 1414 AH, Sermon 27, p. 69.
- ↑ Thaqafī, Al-Gharāt, 1395 AH, pp. 470-471.
- ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, 1387 AH, vol. 2, p. 43.
- ↑ Ḥamawī, Muʿjam al-buldān, 1995, vol. 1, p. 257.
- ↑ Ibn Rusta, Al-Aʿlāq al-nafīsa, 1892, p. 192.
- ↑ Al-Ḥimyari, Al-Rawḍ al-miʿṭār fī khabar al-aqṭār, p. 36.
References
- Ibn Rusta, Aḥmad b. ʿUmar. Al-Aʿlāq al-nafīsa. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1892.
- Ibn Muzāḥim, Naṣr. Waqʿat Ṣiffīn. Qom: Maktabat Āyat Allāh al-Marʿashī al-Najafī, 1404 AH.
- Pākat-chī. "Abū Ṭālib-i Anbārī". In Dāʾirat al-maʿārif-i buzurg-i Islāmī. Tehran: 1372 SH.
- Thaqafī, Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad. Al-Gharāt. Tehran: Anjuman-i Āthār-i Millī, 1395 AH.
- Ḥamawī, Yāqūt. Muʿjam al-buldān. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1995.
- Al-Ḥimyarī. Al-Rawḍ al-miʿṭār fī khabar al-aqṭār. N.p., n.d.
- Dīnawarī, Aḥmad b. Dāwūd. Al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl. Qom: Manshūrāt al-Raḍī, 1368 SH.
- Al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, Muḥammad b. Ḥusayn. Nahj al-balāgha (edited by Ṣubḥī Ṣāliḥ). Qom: Nashr-i Hijrat, first edition, 1414 AH.
- Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr. Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī. Beirut: Dār al-Turāth, 1387 AH.
- ʿAlī, Jawād. Al-Mufaṣṣal fī tārīkh al-ʿArab qabl al-Islām. Beirut: Dār al-Sāqī, 1422 AH.
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