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Shi'a Clerical clothing is the official attire of Shi'a clerics. Its main components are the ʿimāma (turban), 'Aba, Qaba, or Labbada. This attire became a symbol of Shi'a clergy after the Safavid era (907/1501 – 1135/1722). It has been reported that the Prophet Muhammad (s) and Shi'a Imams (a) also used the ʿimāma and 'aba.

Some believe that clerical clothing is a type of clothing of notoriety (libas al-shuhra) and this type of covering should be changed. In contrast, it has been answered that this attire, like the uniform of the armed forces, is a symbol of an institution and cannot be called clothing of notoriety.

Introduction

White 'Imama which is a head covering for clerics who are not Sayyids.

Clerical clothing is an attire that graduates of religious sciences (Talaba) mostly wear after a period of general education in religious teachings in Shi'a seminaries.[1] This attire is considered to define the social status and role of the clergy and is referred to as the organizational uniform of Shi'a clerics.[2] Some Shi'a scholars have described this attire as having a special status and being the uniform of service to religion and Imam al-Mahdi (a).[3]

Shi'as regard this attire with a kind of sanctity due to its attribution to religious figures. Some also consider wearing it to be Mustahabb.[4]

Components

'Aba

The ʿimama, 'Aba, Qaba, or Labbada are the main components of clerical clothing.[5] Some clerics also use a Dashdasha and Na'layn.[6]

  • ʿImama: A piece of fabric wrapped around the head several times.[7] Its color is either white or black; the black ʿimama is used by Sayyids and the white by non-Sayyids.[8] The use of the ʿimama has been reported in the Sira of the Prophet (s)[9] and the Shi'a Imams (a).[10]
  • 'Aba: A loose, long garment thrown over the shoulders on top of other clothes.[11] In Hadith al-Kisa, it is stated that the Prophet (s) had an 'aba.[12]
  • Qaba and Labbada: A long garment worn over the shirt, upon which the 'aba is placed. The collar of the labbada is completely closed.[13]
Qaba
  • Dashdasha: A long shirt with a collar known as the "Akhundi collar," worn under the qaba or without the qaba.[14]
  • Na'layn: Shoes resembling closed-toe slippers. However, clerics have used them less in recent years.[15]
Labbada

History

According to Mahdi Masa'ili in the book Jama-yi Payambar (The Prophet's Garment), the history of the specific clerical outfit (the combination of ʿimama, 'aba, and qaba) dates back to recent centuries, during which this attire became a symbol for the clergy, although both the clergy and common people used qaba and ʿimama before that.[16] Some attribute the design of the clerical uniform to the Safavid era (907/1501 – 1135/1722) and the Talibiyya School of Tabriz.[17] In their view clerics assumed positions and jobs during this period and a special attire was designed for them accordingly.[18]

During the era of Reza Shah, following the Uniform Dress Code Law,[19] wearing clerical clothing was prohibited except for specific individuals such as renowned scholars.[20]

According to Morteza Motahhari, during the time of Harun al-Rashid a specific attire was chosen for judges to distinguish them from others. From that time on the clothing of the clergy (jurists and judges)was known as a symbol of distinction.[21]

Permission of use

'Amama-guzaari (Turban-crowning) ceremony

In Iran, since (1420/2000), the responsibility of matters related to the use of clerical clothing has been the responsibility of the "Department of Talabbus" (wearing the attire) of the Moral Refinement Deputy at the Management Center of Islamic Seminaries.[22] This center defined regulations for wearing clerical clothing and obtaining the license for talabbus.[23] Every year, ceremonies are held on religious holidays for dawning the 'Imama.[24] In these ceremonies, Maraji' usually place the ʿimama on the heads of the students.[25]

Opinions on Changing Clerical Attire

Some have argued that clerical clothing causes a distinction between clerics and common people; therefore, using this attire acts as a barrier to communication and the propagation of religion.[26] In response to this, narrations and historical reports have been cited indicating that there was no difference between the clothing of the Prophet (s) and Imams (a) to that of common people.[27] Some also consider clerical clothing to be clothing of notoriety (libas al-shuhra)—the use of which is religiously impermissible.[28]

In contrast, it has been said that while it is acceptable that clerics should be from among the people like the Messenger of God (s) and should not have a fundamental distinction from them, however the application of has not been proven to apply to their choice of attire, which is dependent on the lifestyle and the culture of societies.[29] Furthermore, clerical clothing is a symbol of an institution and by introducing this attire as the clothing of religious scholars, it cannot be considered clothing of notoriety, just as the uniform of the armed forces is not considered clothing of notoriety.[30]

Notes

  1. ↑ Islāmī-tanhā, "Libās-i rūḥāniyyat-i Shīʿa...", p. 110.
  2. ↑ Islāmī-tanhā, "Libās-i rūḥāniyyat-i Shīʿa...", p. 110.
  3. ↑ "Libās-i rūḥāniyyat, libās-i sarbāzān-i dīn-i Khudāst", Hawzah.net.
  4. ↑ Bayātī, "Taḥlīl-i fiqhī-yi libās-i rūḥāniyyat", p. 12.
  5. ↑ "Nigāhī bi pīshīna-yi libās-i rūḥāniyyat", Islamquest.
  6. ↑ "Ajzā-yi libās-i rūḥāniyūn", Eshraagh.
  7. ↑ Islāmī-tanhā, "Libās-i rūḥāniyyat-i Shīʿa...", p. 114.
  8. ↑ Islāmī-tanhā, "Libās-i rūḥāniyyat-i Shīʿa...", p. 114.
  9. ↑ Nūrī, Mustadrak al-wasāʾil, 1408 AH, vol. 3, p. 211.
  10. ↑ See: Ibn Biṭrīq, ʿUmdat ʿuyūn ṣiḥāḥ al-akhbār, 1407 AH, p. 307; Khaṣībī, Al-Hidāya al-kubrā, 1411 AH, p. 396; Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa, 1409 AH, vol. 5, p. 57; Irbilī, Kashf al-ghumma, 1381 AH, vol. 2, p. 278.
  11. ↑ Dihkhudā, Lughat-nāma, 1377 Sh, under the word 'Aba'.
  12. ↑ Ṭabarī, Dalāʾil al-imāma, 1413 AH, p. 21.
  13. ↑ "Ajzā-yi libās-i rūḥāniyūn", Eshraagh.
  14. ↑ "Ajzā-yi libās-i rūḥāniyūn", Eshraagh.
  15. ↑ "Ajzā-yi libās-i rūḥāniyūn", Eshraagh.
  16. ↑ "Libās-i rūḥāniyyat az ibtidā-yi paydāyish tākūnūn", Hawzah.net.
  17. ↑ "Libās-i rūḥāniyyat dar dawrān-i Ṣafawiyya ṭarrāḥī shud", Rasa News.
  18. ↑ "Libās-i ṭalabigī dar āyīna-yi tārīkh", Tasnim News Agency.
  19. ↑ "Riwāyatī az ihānat-i Riḍā Khān bi rūḥāniyūn", Islamic Revolution Document Center.
  20. ↑ Nūrī, "Libās-i rūḥāniyyat, chirāhā wa bāyadhā", p. 13.
  21. ↑ Muṭahharī, Majmūʿa-yi āthār, vol. 21, p. 126.
  22. ↑ "Sharāyiṭ-i ʿammāma-gudhārī-yi ṭullāb iʿlām shud", Khabaronline.
  23. ↑ "Sharāyiṭ-i ʿammāma-gudhārī-yi ṭullāb iʿlām shud", Khabaronline.
  24. ↑ "Sharāyiṭ wa muqarrarāt-i ʿammāma-gudhārī chīst", Asr Iran.
  25. ↑ "Sharāyiṭ wa muqarrarāt-i ʿammāma-gudhārī chīst", Asr Iran.
  26. ↑ Bayātī, "Taḥlīl-i fiqhī-yi libās-i rūḥāniyyat", p. 3.
  27. ↑ Bayātī, "Taḥlīl-i fiqhī-yi libās-i rūḥāniyyat", pp. 6-7.
  28. ↑ Bayātī, "Taḥlīl-i fiqhī-yi libās-i rūḥāniyyat", p. 9.
  29. ↑ Bayātī, "Taḥlīl-i fiqhī-yi libās-i rūḥāniyyat", p. 10.
  30. ↑ "Nigāhī bi pīshīna-yi libās-i rūḥāniyyat", Islamquest.

References

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  • Dihkhudā, ʿAlī Akbar. *Lughat-nāma-yi Dihkhudā*. Tehran, Intishārāt-i Dānishgāh-i Tihrān, 1377 Sh.
  • "Ajzā-yi libās-i rūḥāniyūn". Eshraagh Website. Accessed: 2 Tīr 1402 Sh.
  • Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. *Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa*. Qom, Muʾassisa Āl al-Bayt, 1st ed., 1409 AH.
  • Ibn Abī Dāwūd, Sulaymān b. al-Ashʿath. *Sunan Abī Dāwūd*. Dār al-Risāla al-ʿĀlamiyya, 1st ed., 1430 AH.
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  • Irbilī, ʿAlī b. ʿĪsā al-. *Kashf al-ghumma fī maʿrifat al-aʾimma*. Tabriz, Nashr-i Banī Hāshimī, 1st ed., 1381 AH.
  • Islāmī-tanhā, Aṣghar. "Libās-i rūḥāniyyat-i Shīʿa bi mathāba-yi dāl-i siyāsī dar Īrān-i muʿāṣir". *Nashriyya-yi ʿUlūm-i Siyāsī*. No. 60. Dānishgāh-i Bāqir al-ʿUlūm, 1391 Sh.
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  • Kūfī, Muḥammad b. Sulaymān al-. *Manāqib al-Imām Amīr al-Muʾminīn (a)*. Ed. Muḥammad Bāqir Maḥmūdī. Qom, Majmaʿ-i Iḥyā-yi Farhang-i Islāmī, 1412 AH.
  • "Nigāhī bi pīshīna-yi libās-i rūḥāniyyat". Islamquest. Published: 18 Ordībihisht 1395 Sh. Accessed: 2 Tīr 1402 Sh.
  • "Libās-i rūḥāniyyat az ibtidā-yi paydāyish tākūnūn". Hawzah.net. Published: 9 Ordībihisht 1398 Sh. Accessed: 6 Tīr 1402 Sh.
  • "Libās-i rūḥāniyyat, libās-i sarbāzān-i dīn-i Khudāst". Hawzah.net. Published: 9 Ordībihisht 1398 Sh. Accessed: 6 Tīr 1402 Sh.
  • "Libās-i rūḥāniyyat dar dawrān-i Ṣafawiyya ṭarrāḥī shud". Rasa News Agency.
  • "Libās-i ṭalabigī dar āyīna-yi tārīkh/ Barrasī-yi tārīkhī-yi shiklgīrī-yi libās-i rasmī-yi rūḥāniyūn". Tasnim News Agency.
  • Muḥammadī Rayshahrī, Muḥammad. *Mīzān al-ḥikma*. Qom, Muʾassisa-yi ʿIlmī Farhangī-yi Dār al-Ḥadīth, 1389 Sh.
  • Muṭahharī, Murtaḍā. *Majmūʿa-yi āthār*. Tehran, Ṣadrā, n.d.
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  • "Riwāyatī az ihānat-i Riḍā Khān bi rūḥāniyūn". Islamic Revolution Document Center. Published: 5 Dey 1397 Sh. Accessed: 6 Tīr 1402 Sh.
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