Draft:Hilya-writing
Hilya-writing or Written Iconography[1] is a type of illuminated calligraphy that describes the characteristics of Prophet Muhammad (s)[2] and is considered blessed by Muslims.[3] In Islamic art, Hilya refers to texts that describe the physical, moral, and behavioral characteristics of Prophet Muhammad (s),[4] the Imams (a), and sometimes the companions of the Prophet (s)[5] using Nasta'liq Script.[6]
The word Hilya literally means ornament and decoration[7] and has been used in verses such as Qur'an 16:14 and Qur'an 35:12.[8] The purpose of Hilya-writing is to express love for the Prophet (s), hope for his intercession, ward off calamity, and obtain sustenance.[9]
There are different views regarding the origin of Hilya-writing; some consider Hafiz Osman (d. 1109 AH/1698) as its innovator, while a group introduces Mir Ali Heravi and Sultan Ali Mashhadi as pioneers of this art. Others consider its origin to be Herat in the late 8th century AH.[10]
In Iran, Hilya-writing became popular in the late Timurid period and especially in the Safavid period with a format different from Ottoman Hilyas.[11] In some Iranian works of the 13th/19th century, the image of Imam Ali (a) is also seen.[12]
Notes
- ↑ Kāẓimī, ʿIlal-i girāyish bi shamāyil-nigārī-yi maktūb, p. 49.
- ↑ Fakhrī, Dānishnāma-yi Jahān-i Islām, vol. 14, p. 63.
- ↑ Fakhrī, Dānishnāma-yi Jahān-i Islām, vol. 14, p. 63.
- ↑ Khalīlī, Hunar-i qalam, p. 46; Muḥammadī-Pārsā, "Barrasī-yi jāygāh-i tārīkhī ʿirfānī-yi Imām ʿAlī (a) dar hunar-i khushnivīsī-yi Islāmī", p. 91.
- ↑ Fakhrī, Dānishnāma-yi Jahān-i Islām, vol. 14, p. 63.
- ↑ Kāẓimī, "Vākāvī-yi masʾala-yi shamāyil-nigārī dar hunar-i Islāmī", p. 71.
- ↑ Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Mufradāt alfāẓ al-Qurʾān, p. 254.
- ↑ Tamīn, Tajziya va taḥlīl-i ḥilya-nigārī dar hunar-i Islāmī, p. 33.
- ↑ Qurbānī, "Hunar-i khushnivīsī dar dawra-yi ʿUthmānī", p. 149.
- ↑ Kāẓimī, "Vākāvī-yi masʾala-yi shamāyil-nigārī dar hunar-i Islāmī", p. 66.
- ↑ Kāẓimī, "Vākāvī-yi masʾala-yi shamāyil-nigārī dar hunar-i Islāmī", p. 70.
- ↑ Khalīlī, Hunar-i qalam, p. 49.
References
- Fakhrī, Ḥujjat. "Ḥilya-navīsī". In Dānishnāma-yi Jahān-i Islām (Vol. 14). Tehran, Bunyād-i Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif-i Islāmī, 1375 Sh.
- Kāẓimī, Sāmira. "masʾala-yi shamāyil-nigārī dar hunar-i Islāmī dar chīstī-yi shamāyil-nigārī-yi maktūb". Mabānī-yi Naẓarī-yi Hunar-hā-yi Tajassumī, no. 11, Spring and Summer 1400 Sh.
- Kāẓimī, Sāmira. ʿIlal-i girāyish bi shamāyil-nigārī-yi maktūb dar hunar-i Islāmī va muṭālaʿa-yi mawridī-yi shamāyil-nigāsht-hā dar dawra-yi Ṣafavī. PhD diss., University of Religions and Denominations, 1390 Sh.
- Khalīlī, Nāṣir. Hunar-i qalam. Tehran, Kārang, 1379 Sh.
- Muḥammadī-Pārsā, ʿAbd Allāh. "jāygāh-i tārīkhī ʿirfānī-yi Imām ʿAlī (a) dar hunar-i khushnivīsī-yi Islāmī". Ilāhiyyāt-i Hunar, no. 11, Winter 1396 Sh.
- Qurbānī, Mahdī. "Hunar-i khushnivīsī dar dawra-yi ʿUthmānī". Muṭālaʿāt-i Āsiyā-yi Ṣaghīr, no. 5, Spring and Summer 1397 Sh.
- Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, al-Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad al-. Mufradāt alfāẓ al-Qurʾān. Beirut, Dār al-Shāmiyya, 1412 AH.
- Tamīn, Ilāha. Tajziya va taḥlīl-i ḥilya-nigārī dar hunar-i Islāmī. Master's thesis, Soore University, 1394-1395 Sh.