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Resistance Economy (Persian: اقتصاد مقاومتی) is a term in the field of economics that has a direct relationship with Islamic economics. Based on this theory, economic pressures on a country during times of crisis will be managed, and in another aspect, it will have favorable effects on a country's economy, leading to entrepreneurship, economic transformation and growth, as well as an increase in social capital.

This idea was first proposed by Abbas Ma'aref (d. 2002), an Iranian philosopher and theorist, in 1997. However, with the emphasis of Sayyid Ali Khamenei, the Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran, since 2010, it has been adopted as an economic strategy to neutralize the effects of economic sanctions imposed by foreign countries against Iran. Numerous works have been written on the subject of this economic concept.

Significance and Status

One of the functions of the Resistance Economy is to counter shocks inflicted upon the economy. The economic flexibility of this plan allows it to have the ability to overcome crises in critical situations, and as a long-term economic plan, it can transform the country's economic infrastructure.[1] Since some economic indicators in Islam are aligned with the definitions of Resistance Economy, some believe that the foundations of Islamic economics are based on Resistance Economy. Negation of Sabil (Nafy al-Sabil), prohibition of disrupting the system, prohibition of Israf (wastefulness), Itraf (luxury), and Tabdhir (squandering) can be enumerated as these foundations.[2]

Sayyid Ali Khamenei, the Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran, first used the term "Resistance Economy" on September 7, 2010.[3] Before this, Abbas Ma'aref had submitted a plan titled "Resistance Economy" to the then-government of the Islamic Republic in 1997.[4] The use of this terminology by the Leadership of the Islamic Republic drew the attention of various strata to this subject and led to the formation of numerous institutions and works in this regard. The establishment of the Virtual and Popular Faculty of Resistance Economy,[5] the formation of the Central Headquarters for Following up on the Implementation of Resistance Economy Policies in the Judiciary,[6] and the writing of numerous policies and works on this subject are among the measures taken in this direction.[7]

Lowering the unemployment rate, high labor productivity, polarization of society, increasing social capital, stability in the economic growth rate, and diversification of export income are listed among the benefits of the Resistance Economy.[8] Based on assessments published regarding the process from notification to implementation of the Resistance Economy in Iran; considering the official notification of Resistance Economy policies from 2011 onwards in Iran, and by observing economic indicators in this country, the relative growth of indicators shows the positive function of Resistance Economy policies in Iran. The development of the country's financial and banking system, the socialization of the economy, the development of knowledge-based companies, and economic endogeneity have been among Iran's most important advancements in the years following the notification of this law.[9] Countering the sanctions imposed against the Islamic Republic of Iran was another reason for establishing Resistance Economy policies, which has also provided successes in this field, such as reliance on internal forces and independence from abroad.[10]

Concept and Examples

The concept of Resistance Economy has been defined in various ways. From the perspective of Sayyid Ali Khamenei, Resistance Economy refers to an economy that, while resisting the enemy's sabotage, causes the country's growth and prosperity. Internal resistance such that no harm comes to that economy with changes at the international level is a characteristic of Resistance Economy.[11] The Center for Strategic Studies of Islamic Economics of Resistance Economy of Qom Seminary has defined Resistance Economy as "an economy arising from revolutionary and Islamic culture which, while strengthening the economy against the threats of the domination system, guarantees economic growth."[12] The set of economic policies based on the indigenous, cultural, and scientific model in the Islamic Republic of Iran which is implemented in this country is also called Resistance Economy.[13]

Resistance Economy has been defined and interpreted in several dimensions. In the words of Sayyid Ali Khamenei, the Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran, entrepreneurship has been used as one of the interpretations of Resistance Economy. Shortening the implementation time of economic plans, avoiding impulsive decisions, passing and implementing laws aimed at reducing dependence on foreign countries, reducing dependence on oil, focusing more on long-term plans, policy-making in line with knowledge-based companies, and greater use of domestic products are mentioned as examples of Resistance Economy.[14]

Sayyid Ali Khamenei, one of the founders of the Resistance Economy perspective, considers this economic model a scientific pattern suitable for Iran, which is a type of endogenous economy but is not introverted and seeks development.[15] 'Adel Peyghami, a faculty member of Imam Sadiq University, believes that Resistance Economy does not necessarily mean an economy from a point of weakness and in a defensive position, and considering the explanation of the knowledge-based economy within the Resistance Economy by Ayatollah Khamenei, it becomes clear that Resistance Economy can also have an offensive mode.[16]

Bibliography

After the Resistance Economy was explained by Sayyid Ali Khamenei, the Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran, university economics professors were asked to address the academic and university explanation of this theory.[17] Numerous works have been written in the field of Islamic economics which have been used as sources in expressing theories such as Resistance Economy.[18] Some of them include:

  • The book Niẓām-i iqtiṣād-i muqāwamatī (The System of Resistance Economy) by Ahmad Ali Yusufi is among these works. In this work, while defining Resistance Economy, the author has addressed the Islamic foundations of economics.[19]
  • The book Ufuq-i navīd-bakhsh (Iqtiṣād-i muqāwamatī; siyāsat-hā wa intiẓārāt dar bayānāt-i maqām-i muʿaẓẓam-i rahbarī) (Promising Horizon: Resistance Economy; Policies and Expectations in the Statements of the Supreme Leader), by Naser Abedi, has collected Sayyid Ali Khamenei's speeches on the subject of Resistance Economy.[20]
  • Khākrīz-i iqdām wa ʿamal (The Frontline of Action and Practice) is another book that has addressed this same subject.[21]
  • Another book on the subject of Resistance Economy is Iqtiṣād-i muqāwim wa pāydār (Resilient and Sustainable Economy), written by Behrouz Kheshtzar, which has been published by the Foundation for the Preservation of Works and Publication of Values of the Holy Defense.[22]
  • The book Iqtiṣād-i muqāwamatī dar Āmrīkā (Resistance Economy in America) is another work on this subject which has addressed the history of the economy in the United States of America.[23]
  • The book Darāmadī bar rāhburd-hā-yi iqtiṣād-i muqāwamatī (An Introduction to Resistance Economy Strategies) is a work by Hadi Abdolmaleki and Sattar Sadeghi which has addressed the subject of Resistance Economy from theory to practice.[24]
  • The book Darsnāma-yi iqtiṣād-i muqāwamatī (Textbook of Resistance Economy), written by Ahmad Ali Yusufi with the scientific collaboration of Mojtaba Ghaffari and Sajed Samadi Qorbani, has also been written on this same subject.[25]

Notes

  1. ↑ Kāviyānī & Sayyid Shukrī, "Eqtesād-i muqāwamatī", p. 1.
  2. ↑ Kāviyānī & Sayyid Shukrī, "Eqtesād-i muqāwamatī", pp. 8-9.
  3. ↑ Yūsufī, Niẓām-i iqtiṣādī-yi muqāwamatī, 1395 Sh, p. 32.
  4. ↑ "Ṭarḥ-i marḥūm-i ʿAbbās Maʿārif bi dawlat-i Khātamī darbāra-yi iqtiṣād-i muqāwamatī", Alef News Website.
  5. ↑ "Nakhustīn dānishgāh-i mardumī-yi iqtiṣād-i muqāwamatī rāh-andāzī shud", Student News Network (SNN).
  6. ↑ "Barguzārī-yi nuhumīn nishast-i sitād-i markazī-yi paygīrī-yi ijrā-yi siyāsat-hā-yi iqtiṣād-i muqāwamatī dar quwwa-yi qaḍāʾiyya", Student News Network (SNN).
  7. ↑ "Barrasī-yi guzārish-i ijrā-yi band-i duwwum-i siyāsat-hā-yi kullī-yi iqtiṣād-i muqāwamatī dar hayʾat-i ʿālī-yi niẓārat-i majmaʿ", Student News Network (SNN).
  8. ↑ Kāviyānī & Sayyid Shukrī, "Eqtesād-i muqāwamatī", pp. 12-14.
  9. ↑ Shaqāqī Shahryār, "Arzyābī-yi waḍʿīyat-i ijrā-yi iqtiṣād-i muqāwamatī", pp. 79-82.
  10. ↑ Makiyān & Zangī Ābādī, "Taḥrīm-hā wa ilzāmāt-i iqtiṣād-i muqāwamatī", pp. 41, 55.
  11. ↑ Yūsufī, Niẓām-i iqtiṣādī-yi muqāwamatī, 1395 Sh, p. 32.
  12. ↑ Yūsufī, Niẓām-i iqtiṣādī-yi muqāwamatī, 1395 Sh, p. 33.
  13. ↑ Yūsufī, Niẓām-i iqtiṣādī-yi muqāwamatī, 1395 Sh, p. 33.
  14. ↑ Kāviyānī & Sayyid Shukrī, "Eqtesād-i muqāwamatī", pp. 3-8.
  15. ↑ Yūsufī, Niẓām-i iqtiṣādī-yi muqāwamatī, 1395 Sh, p. 33.
  16. ↑ "Rāhburdī kalān bi nām-i iqtiṣād-i muqāwamatī", Islamic Banking.
  17. ↑ "Rāhburdī kalān bi nām-i iqtiṣād-i muqāwamatī", Islamic Banking.
  18. ↑ Yūsufī, Niẓām-i iqtiṣādī-yi muqāwamatī, 1395 Sh, p. 97.
  19. ↑ Yūsufī, Niẓām-i iqtiṣādī-yi muqāwamatī, 1395 Sh, p. 25.
  20. ↑ "Kitāb-i siyāsat-hā-yi iqtiṣād-i muqāwamatī dar bayān-i rahbar-i inqilāb chāp shud", Mehr News Agency.
  21. ↑ "'Khākrīz-i iqdām wa ʿamal' muntashir shud", IRIB News Agency.
  22. ↑ "Kitāb-i 'Iqtiṣād-i muqāwim wa pāydār' muntashir shud", Diyar Mirza.
  23. ↑ "Rāz-i pīshraft wa ufūl-i iqtiṣād-i Āmrīkā dar kitāb-i 'Iqtiṣād-i muqāwamatī dar Āmrīkā'", ISNA.
  24. ↑ "'Darāmadī bar rāhburd-hā-yi iqtiṣād-i muqāwamatī' dar bāzār", Donya-e-Eqtesad.
  25. ↑ "Kitāb-i darsnāma-yi iqtiṣād-i muqāwamatī rūnamāyī mī-shavad", Mehr News Agency.

References

Template:Ayatollah Khamenei

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