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Riḍwān or Divine Riḍwān is among the attributes of divine act and denotes God's pleasure and satisfaction with human beings.[1] Being encompassed by divine ridwan is regarded as the greatest of the blessings of Paradise[2] and is introduced as the source of felicity and access to all paradisal bounties.[3] Some exegetes have considered ridwan to be a station higher than all the paradises. Based on Qur'anic verses such as Qur'an 3:15, they have counted one of the paradises as "the Paradise of Ridwan."[4] According to Allama Tabataba'i, if the inhabitants of Paradise were deprived of divine ridwan, Paradise itself would become a torment for them rather than a blessing.[5] It has been stated that the Qur'anic and religious usage of the term ridwan is exclusive to God,[6] as in the verses "[They] followed the pleasure of God" (Qur'an 3:174) and "The pleasure of God is greater" (Qur'an 9:72). However, other derivatives of the root r-ḍ-y are used in the Qur'an both for God and for human beings,[7] such as the verses "God is pleased with them and they are pleased with Him" (Qur'an 5:119) and "Are you satisfied with the life of this world instead of the Hereafter?" (Qur'an 9:38). Based on Qur'anic verses, scholars have identified faith, sincerity, trust in God, contentment with divine decree, reliance on God, piety, worship, righteous deeds, prayer, awe, kindness toward believers, dissociation, truthfulness, enjoining prayer and Zakat, spending in the way of God, and migration as among the ways to attain divine ridwan.[8] Conversely, treachery, worldliness, indulgence in lust, transgression, hypocrisy, disbelief, ingratitude for blessings, and abandonment of jihad are regarded as causes of deprivation from divine ridwan.[9] The expressions "ridwan Allah ta'ala 'alayh" and "radiya Allah ta'ala 'anhu" (abbreviated as "raḍ") mean "may God, exalted is He, be pleased with him." These expressions are mostly used by the Shi'a to honor deceased Shi'a scholars. Examples include "al-Shaykh Murtada al-Ansari, riḍwān Allāh taʿālā ʿalayh,"[10] "'Abd al-Karim al-Ha'iri al-Yazdi, ridwan Allah ta'ala 'alayh,"[11] and al-Sharif al-Murtada, ridwan Allah ta'ala 'alayh.[12] A related expression, "radiya Allah 'anhu," meaning "may God be pleased with him," is used more frequently by Ahl al-Sunna as a mark of respect for the Companions.[13] For example: Ali, raḍiya Allāh ʿanhu[14] or Ibn Abbas, radiya Allah 'anhu.[15]

Notes

  1. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, al-Mīzān, 1417 AH, vol. 9, p. 376.
  2. ↑ Ḥasani, "Taḥlīl-i maʿnā-shinākhtī-yi riḍwān dar Qurʾān-i Karīm," p. 55.
  3. ↑ Ṭabrisī, Jawāmiʿ al-Jāmiʿ, 1377 Sh, vol. 2, pp. 69–70; Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-Bayān, 1372 Sh, vol. 5, p. 77.
  4. ↑ Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-Bayān, 1372 Sh, vol. 2, p. 713.
  5. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, al-Mīzān, 1417 AH, vol. 9, p. 339.
  6. ↑ Rāghib Iṣfahānī, al-Mufradāt fī Gharīb al-Qurʾān, 1412 AH, p. 356.
  7. ↑ Ḥasani, "Taḥlīl-i maʿnā-shinākhtī-yi riḍwān dar Qurʾān-i Karīm," p. 47.
  8. ↑ Hāshimī Rafsanjānī, Farhang-i Qurʾān, 1395 Sh, vol. 15, pp. 52–56; Ḥasani, "Taḥlīl-i maʿnā-shinākhtī-yi riḍwān dar Qurʾān-i Karīm," pp. 51–54.
  9. ↑ Hāshimī Rafsanjānī, Farhang-i Qurʾān, 1395 Sh, vol. 15, pp. 60–61.
  10. ↑ Imām Khomeini, "Payām bih Millat-i Īrān va Masʾūlīn-i Niẓām," website of Imām Khomeini.
  11. ↑ Imām Khomeini, "Payām bih Millat-i Īrān bih Munāsibat-i Riḥlat-i Āqāy-i Murtaḍā Ḥāʾirī Yazdī," website of Imām Khomeini.
  12. ↑ Ṣadr al-Dīn Shīrāzī, al-Ḥikma al-Mutaʿāliya, 1981, vol. 9, p. 165.
  13. ↑ "Which Expression Is an Innovation?", Comprehensive Database of Sects, Religions, and Schools.
  14. ↑ Ghazālī, Majmūʿat Rasāʾil al-Imām al-Ghazālī, 1416 AH, pp.258, 319.
  15. ↑ Ghazālī, Majmūʿat Rasāʾil al-Imām al-Ghazālī, 1416 AH, p. 445.

References

  • Āmidī, ʿAbd al-Wāḥid b. Muḥammad. Taṣnīf Ghurar al-Ḥikam wa Durar al-Kalim. Qom, Markaz al-Nashr al-Tābiʿ li-Maktab al-Iʿlām al-Islāmī, 1366 Sh. *Fāris, Aḥmad b. Zakariyyā Ibn. Muʿjam Maqāyīs al-Lugha. Beirut, Dār al-Jīl, 1412 AH.
  • Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid. Majmūʿat Rasāʾil al-Imām al-Ghazālī. Beirut, Dār al-Fikr, 1416 AH.
  • Ḥasani, Yūnus. "Taḥlīl-i Maʿnā-shinākhtī-yi Riḍwān dar Qurʾān-i Karīm." Maʿrifat, no. 10, 1398 Sh.
  • Hāshimī Rafsanjānī, Akbar. Farhang-i Qurʾān. Qom, Bustān-i Kitāb, 1395 Sh. *Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad b. Mukarram. Lisān al-ʿArab. Beirut, Dār al-Fikr, 1399 AH. *Iṣfahānī, Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad Rāghib. al-Mufradāt fī Gharīb al-Qurʾān. Beirut, Dār al-Shāmiyya, 1412 AH.
  • Ṣadr al-Dīn Shīrāzī, Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm. al-Ḥikma al-Mutaʿāliya fī al-Asfār al-ʿAqliyya al-Arbaʿa. Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1981. *Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. al-Mīzān fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Qom, Jāmiʿat al-Mudarrisīn, 1417 AH.
  • Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. Ḥasan. Jawāmiʿ al-Jāmiʿ. Tehran, University of Tehran Press and Hawza Management of Qom, 1377 Sh.
  • Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. Ḥasan. Majmaʿ al-Bayān fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Tehran, Nāṣir Khusraw, 1372 Sh.
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