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Draft:Verse 65 of Sura al-Anfal

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Verse 65 of Sura al-Anfal
Verse's Information
Suraal-Anfal (Qur'an 8)
Verse65
Juz'10
AboutEncouraging Muslims to jihad and the result of patience on the battlefield


Qur'an 8:65 exhorts the Prophet (s) to mobilize the believers for jihad against the polytheists and unbelievers.[1] The verse asserts that through patience and steadfastness, Muslims possess the capacity to overcome enemies who are vastly superior in number.[2]

According to Shi'a scholars, although Verse 65 of Sura al-Anfal is grammatically declarative, the contextual evidence provided by verse 66—which mandates standing against two adversaries—indicates that it carries an imperative force. Consequently, the verse is understood to obligate Muslims to resist an enemy force ten times their size.[3]

Exegetical sources indicate that Verse 65 was revealed prior to the Battle of Badr.[4] Certain exegetes attribute the Muslims' victory to their unwavering faith in God.[5] They argue that a Muslim fights with superior valor due to certainty in the otherworldly rewards promised for victory or martyrdom.[6] In contrast, the unbelievers lack such faith[7] and remain oblivious to the spiritual power derived from faith, patience, and the yearning for Paradise.[8] Instead, they rely solely on material resources and carnal desires,[9] and thus lack the resolve to resist until death.[10]

According to the Shi'a exegete Muhammad Taqi Modarresi, this verse establishes that a collective of twenty believers is equivalent to two hundred disbelievers, rather than implying that a single individual equals ten. He posits that a unique unity and cooperation exists among twenty believers, endowing them with power, whereas such cohesion is absent among two hundred unbelievers.[11] Additionally, some Shi'a exegetes maintain that prior to battle, combatants must be spiritually prepared through encouragement and the promise of the rewards of jihad to ensure they engage the enemy with high morale.[12]

Verse 65 of Sura al-Anfal is cited as a proof text in various jurisprudential contexts. Some Shi'a jurists rely on this verse to establish the obligation of Jihad.[13] It is also posited that patience and perseverance during war are obligatory.[14] According to Shaykh al-Tusi,[15] during the early Islamic period, it was incumbent upon every Muslim to fight against ten enemies. Based on this verse, some Shi'a scholars, such as Ali b. Ibrahim[16] and Muhammad Taqi Shushtari,[17] consider fleeing from ten unbelievers to constitute flight from battle, which is classified among the major sins.[18]

Shaykh al-Tusi and Muhammad Taqi Shushtari hold that Verse 66 of Sura al-Anfal abrogated verse 65, thereby reducing the obligation for Muslims to resisting two enemies rather than ten.[19]

Notes

  1. ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, Al-Tibyān, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, vol. 5, p. 153.
  2. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i namūna, 1374 Sh, vol. 7, p. 236.
  3. ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, Al-Tibyān, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, vol. 5, p. 153; Al-ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī, Muntahā l-maṭlab, 1412 AH, vol. 14, p. 78.
  4. ↑ Al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Al-Mīzān, 1417 AH, vol. 9, p. 122.
  5. ↑ Al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Al-Mīzān, 1417 AH, vol. 9, p. 122.
  6. ↑ Al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Al-Mīzān, 1417 AH, vol. 9, p. 122.
  7. ↑ Al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Al-Mīzān, 1417 AH, vol. 9, p. 123.
  8. ↑ Al-Mudarrisī, Min hudā l-Qurʾān, 1419 AH, vol. 4, p. 94.
  9. ↑ Al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Al-Mīzān, 1417 AH, vol. 9, p. 123.
  10. ↑ Al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Al-Mīzān, 1417 AH, vol. 9, p. 123.
  11. ↑ Al-Mudarrisī, Min hudā l-Qurʾān, 1419 AH, vol. 4, p. 93.
  12. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i namūna, 1374 Sh, vol. 7, p. 236; Riḍāyī, Tafsīr-i Qurʾān-i Mihr, 1387 Sh, vol. 8, p. 119.
  13. ↑ Najafī, Jawāhir al-kalām, 1404 AH, vol. 21, p. 8; Fāḍil Kāẓimī, Masālik al-afhām, Murtaḍawī, vol. 2, p. 330; Khūʾī, Minhāj al-ṣāliḥīn, 1410 AH, vol. 1, pp. 360, 370; Tabrīzī, Minhāj al-ṣāliḥīn, 1426 AH, vol. 1, p. 369.
  14. ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, Al-Tibyān, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, vol. 5, p. 153; Al-Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, 1372 Sh, vol. 4, p. 856; Jawādī Āmulī, "Tafsīr-i Sūra-yi Anfāl, Session 77", Isrāʾ Portal.
  15. ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, Al-Mabsūṭ, 1387 AH, vol. 2, p. 10.
  16. ↑ Al-Qummī, Tafsīr al-Qummī, 1363 Sh, vol. 1, p. 279.
  17. ↑ Shūshtarī, Al-Najʿa fī sharḥ al-lumʿa, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 165.
  18. ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, Al-Mabsūṭ, 1387 AH, vol. 2, p. 10.
  19. ↑ Al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, Al-Tibyān, vol. 5, p. 154; Shūshtarī, Al-Najʿa fī sharḥ al-lumʿa, 1406 AH, vol. 6, p. 165.

References

  • Al-ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī, Ḥasan b. Yūsuf, Muntahā l-maṭlab fī taḥqīq al-madhhab, research by Fiqh Department in Islamic Research Foundation, Mashhad, Majmaʿ al-Buḥūth al-Islāmiyya, 1st ed., 1412 AH.
  • Al-Mudarrisī, Sayyid Muḥammad Taqī, Min hudā l-Qurʾān, Tehran, Dār Muḥibbī l-Ḥusayn, 1st ed., 1419 AH.
  • Al-Qummī, ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm, Tafsīr al-Qummī, research: Ṭayyib Mūsawī Jazāyirī, Qom, Dār al-Kitāb, 3rd ed., 1363 Sh.
  • Al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan, Al-Mabsūṭ fī fiqh al-Imāmiyya, research by Sayyid Muḥammad Taqī Kashfī, Tehran, Al-Maktaba al-Murtaḍawiyya li-Iḥyāʾ al-Āthār al-Jaʿfariyya, 3rd ed., 1387 AH.
  • Al-Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan, Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān, research by Aḥmad Qaṣīr ʿĀmilī, Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1st ed., n.d.
  • Al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn, Al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān, Qom, Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 5th ed., 1417 AH.
  • Al-Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. Ḥasan, Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān, research by Muḥammad Jawād Balāghī, Tehran, Nāṣir Khusraw, 3rd ed., 1372 Sh.
  • Fāḍil Kāẓimī, Jawād b. Saʿd, Masālik al-afhām ilā āyāt al-aḥkām, Murtaḍawī, n.p., n.d.
  • Jawādī Āmulī, "Tafsīr-i Sūra-yi Anfāl, Session 77", Isrāʾ Portal, Date of insertion: 25 Khordad 1379 Sh, Date of access: 25 Dey 1404 Sh.
  • Khūʾī, Sayyid Abū l-Qāsim Mūsawī, Minhāj al-ṣāliḥīn, Qom, Madīnat al-ʿIlm, 1410 AH.
  • Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir, Tafsīr-i namūna, Tehran, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1st ed., 1374 Sh.
  • Najafī, Muḥammad Ḥasan, Jawāhir al-kalām fī sharḥ sharāʾiʿ al-Islām, Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 7th ed., 1404 AH.
  • Riḍāyī Iṣfahānī, Muḥammad ʿAlī, Tafsīr-i Qurʾān-i Mihr, Qom, Pazhūhishhā-yi Tafsīr wa ʿUlūm-i Qurʾān, 1387 Sh.
  • Shūshtarī, Muḥammad Taqī, Al-Najʿa fī sharḥ al-lumʿa, Tehran, Kitābfurūshī-yi Ṣadūq, 1st ed., 1406 AH.
  • Tabrīzī, Jawād, Minhāj al-ṣāliḥīn, Qom, Majmaʿ al-Imām al-Mahdī (a), 1st ed., 1426 AH.
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