Guttural letters
Guttural letters (Arabic: حروف الحلقي) are letters articulated from the throat (makhraj al-ḥalq). Hamza (ء), hāʾ (هـ), ʿayn (ع), ḥāʾ (ح), ghayn (غ), and khāʾ (خ) are considered guttural letters. The Arabic pronunciation of the three letters ḥa, ayn, and ghayn differs from the Persian pronunciation.
Definition and Types
In the science of Tajwid, guttural letters refer to letters that are articulated from the throat (makhraj al-halq).[1] The letters hamza, ha, ayn, ha, ghayn and kha, which are articulated from the throat are considered guttural letters.[2]
The part of the throat used for the articulation of these letters are divided into three parts:
- Aqsa al-halq (The farthest part of the throat): The letters hamza and ha are pronounced with this part of the throat.
- Wasat al-halq (The middle of the throat): The letters ayn and ḥa are pronounced from this part of the throat.
- Adna al-halq (The nearest part of the throat): The letters ghayn and kha are pronounced from this part of the throat.[3]
Rulings
The ruling of guttural letters is discussed in Fiqh under the chapter of salat, due to its relevance.[4] Among the mentioned letters, the Arabic pronunciation of the letters ha, ayn and ghayn differs from the Persian pronunciation.[5] When performing salat, words must be pronounced correctly[6] as a mistake in pronunciation may result in the invalidity of the prayer.[7]
According to the fatwa of Ayatollah Khamenei, it is obligatory for the praying person to recite all obligatory dhikrs of the prayer, such as the recitation of al-Hamd and the Sura following it, correctly. If the praying person does not know the correct pronunciation of Arabic words, it is obligatory for them to learn it however if they are unable to do so they are excused.[8]
Failure to observe the articulation points of letters during the recitation of the marriage formula (sigha) for someone whose name contains guttural letters will not nullify the sigha provided that the meaning does not change and the individuals being pronounced as husband and wife are clearly known.[9]
Notes
- ↑ Ṣarrāf, al-Jadīd fī ʿilm al-tajwīd, 1428/2007-08, p. 28; Hāshimī Shāhrūdī, Farhang-i fiqh, 1426/2005-06, vol. 3, p. 292.
- ↑ Gīlānī Shaftī, Tuḥfat al-abrār, 1409/1988-89, vol. 2, p. 83; Ḥabībī & Shahīdī, Ravān-khwānī va tajwīd-i Qurʾān-i karīm, 1389Sh/2010-11, p. 92; Hāshimī Shāhrūdī, Farhang-i fiqh, 1426/2005-06, vol. 3, p. 292.
- ↑ Mīrtaqī, Tajwīd va āvā-shināsī, 1389Sh/2010-11, p. 44; ʿAbd, al-Mīzān fī aḥkām tajwīd al-Qurʾān, 2010, p. 57; Ṣarrāf, al-Jadīd fī ʿilm al-tajwīd, 1428/2007-08, p. 29; Ḥabībī & Shahīdī, Ravān-khwānī va tajwīd-i Qurʾān-i karīm, 1389Sh/2010-11, p. 92.
- ↑ Hāshimī Shāhrūdī, Farhang-i fiqh, 1426/2005-06, vol. 3, p. 292.
- ↑ Makhārij-i ḥurūf dar Qurʾān... (Articulation points of letters in the Qur'an...), Website of the Young Journalists Club.
- ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Istiftāʾāt-i jadīd, 1427/2006-07, vol. 3, p. 79.
- ↑ Gīlānī Shaftī, Tuḥfat al-abrār, 1409/1988-89, vol. 2, p. 87.
- ↑ Khāminiʾī, Ajwibat al-istiftāʾāt, 1392Sh/2013-14, p. 100.
- ↑ Tabrīzī, Istiftāʾāt-i jadīd, vol. 1, p. 332.
References
- ʿAbd, Firyāl Zakarīyyā al-. Al-Mīzān fī aḥkām tajwīd al-Qurʾān. Alexandria, Dār al-Īmān, 2010.
- Gīlānī Shaftī, Sayyid Muḥammad Bāqir. Tuḥfat al-abrār al-multaqaṭ min āthār al-aʾimmat al-aṭhār. Isfahan, Intishārāt-i Kitābkhāna-yi Masjid-i Sayyid, 1409/1988-89.
- Ḥabībī, ʿAlī, & Muḥammad Riḍā Shahīdī. Ravān-khwānī va tajwīd-i Qurʾān-i karīm. Tehran, Sāzmān-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī, 1389Sh/2010-11.
- Hāshimī Shāhrūdī, Sayyid Maḥmūd. Farhang-i fiqh muṭābiq-i madhhab-i Ahl-i Bayt (a). Qom, Muʾassisa-yi Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif-i Fiqh-i Islāmī bar Madhhab-i Ahl-i Bayt (a), 1426/2005-06.
- Khāminiʾī, Sayyid ʿAlī. Ajwibat al-istiftāʾāt. Tehran, Intishārāt-i Inqilāb-i Islāmī, Nashr-i Fiqh-i Rūz, 1392Sh/2013-14.
- Makhārij-i ḥurūf dar Qurʾān... (Articulation points of letters in the Qur'an...), Website of the Young Journalists Club, Accessed: 17 Mehr 1397Sh/9 October 2018.
- Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. Istiftāʾāt-i jadīd. Qom, Intishārāt-i Madrasa-yi Imām ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib (a), 1427/2006-07.
- Mīrtaqī, Sayyid Ḥusayn. Tajwīd va āvā-shināsī. Qom, Mashhūr, 1389Sh/2010-11.
- Ṣarrāf, Muṣṭafā al-. Al-Jadīd fī ʿilm al-tajwīd. Karbala, Maktabat al-ʿAllāma Ibn Fahd al-Ḥillī, 1428/2007-08.
- Tabrīzī, Jawād b. ʿAlī. Istiftāʾāt-i jadīd. Qom, n.p., n.d.