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Jabbar (Arabic: جَبّار) is one of the Names of God[1] which means the Redresser, the Reformer of the lives of creatures, the Possessor of Power, the One with Influential Will,[2] and the Magnificent and Majestic.[3] This term is an intensive form (sigha al-mubalagha) derived from "jabr" (redressing/compelling).[4] It is said that Wasil b. 'Ata, the Mu'tazilite scholar, was the first to use "Jabbar" for God in the sense of redressing and reformation.[5]

Quranic researchers acknowledge that the word "Jabbar" is mentioned ten times in the Holy Quran.[6] Once it appears as an attribute of God, and nine other times as an attribute for oppressive and unfit individuals.[7] In verse 23 of Sura al-Hashr, this word is used alongside other Names of God such as "al-'Aziz" (the All-Mighty) and "al-Mutakabbir" (the All-Magnificent).[8] In the subsequent verse, God is introduced with reference to al-Asma' al-Husna (the Best Names).[9]

"Jabbar" and its cognates are also used in certain supplications such as Dua Kumayl,[10] Yastashir,[11] al-Mashlul,[12] and al-Mujir.[13] In Dua Jawshan Kabir, the word "Jabbar" appears after the word "Qahhar" (the Subduer), "Jabir" after "Kasir" (the Breaker), and in the form of "Jabir al-'azm al-kasir" (the Setter of broken bones).[14]

According to lexicographers, the application of the word "Jabbar" differs regarding God and humans; it's application concerning God is positive, while concerning others, it is negative.[15] These scholars believe that the title "Jabbar" is only worthy of and exclusive to God, and no effort by humans to employ this attribute is possible.[16] It's use regarding humans results in rebellion, wretchedness, and blame.[17]

In hadiths as well, "Jabbar" is used positively for God, whereas "Jabbar" humans are always rebuked. In the Treaty of Malik al-Ashtar, Imam Ali (a) addresses Malik al-Ashtar saying: "Beware of equating yourself with God in His greatness or resembling Him in His pride and power (Jabbarut), for God humbles every tyrant (Jabbar) and oppressor, and degrades every arrogant person."[18]

Notes

  1. ↑ Durūdābādī, Sharḥ al-asmāʾ al-ḥusnā. 1426 AH, p. 71.
  2. ↑ For example, see: Ṭabarī, Jāmiʿ al-bayān, 1412 AH, vol. 14, p. 71; Ṭabāṭabāyī, al-Mīzān, 1371 Sh, vol. 19, p. 20; Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī, al-Tafsīr al-kabīr, 1420 AH, vol. 29, p. 255.
  3. ↑ Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, 1408 AH, vol. 5, p. 260; Ṭūsī, al-Tibyān, 1376 AH, vol. 9, p. 574.
  4. ↑ Sharbāṣī, Mawsūʿa la-hu al-asmāʾ al-ḥusnā. 1408 AH, vol. 1, p. 74.
  5. ↑ ʿAskarī, al-Furūq al-lughawiyya. 1412 AH, p. 205.
  6. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna. 1380 Sh, vol. 23, p. 554.
  7. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna. 1380 Sh, vol. 23, p. 554.
  8. ↑ Quran, 59:23.
  9. ↑ Quran, 59:24.
  10. ↑ Qummī, Mafātīḥ al-jinān. 1392 Sh, p. 62.
  11. ↑ Qummī, Mafātīḥ al-jinān. 1392 Sh, p. 78.
  12. ↑ Qummī, Mafātīḥ al-jinān. 1392 Sh, p. 74.
  13. ↑ Qummī, Mafātīḥ al-jinān. 1392 Sh, p. 80.
  14. ↑ Qummī, Mafātīḥ al-jinān. 1392 Sh, p. 86.
  15. ↑ For example, see: Ṭurayḥī, Majmaʿ al-baḥrayn, 1375 Sh, vol. 3, p. 239; Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Mufradāt fī gharīb al-Qurʾān, 1412 AH, under 'j-b-r'.
  16. ↑ ʿAskarī, al-Furūq al-lughawiyya. 1412 AH, p. 205.
  17. ↑ For example, see: Ṭurayḥī, Majmaʿ al-baḥrayn, 1375 Sh, vol. 3, p. 239; Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Mufradāt fī gharīb al-Qurʾān, 1412 AH, under 'j-b-r'.
  18. ↑ Ray-Shahrī, Mīzān al-ḥikma. 1380 Sh, vol. 1, p. 368.

References

  • ʿAskarī, Ḥasan b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. al-Furūq al-lughawiyya. Cairo, Qom, Nashr-i Islāmī, 1412 AH.
  • Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. al-Tafsīr al-kabīr. Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1420 AH.
  • Makārim, Nāṣir. Tafsīr-i nimūna. Tehran, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1380 Sh.
  • Qummī, ʿAbbās al-. Kulliyyāt-i Mafātīḥ al-jinān. Qom, Uswah, 1392 Sh.
  • Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad al-. Mufradāt fī gharīb al-Qurʾān. Beirut, Dār al-Shāmiyya, 1412 AH.
  • Ray-Shahrī, Muḥammadī, Muḥammad. Mīzān al-ḥikma. Qom, Dar al-Hadith, 1380 Sh.
  • Sharbāṣī, Aḥmad al-. Mawsūʿa la-hu al-asmāʾ al-ḥusnā. Beirut, Dār al-Jīl, 1408 AH.
  • Ṭabāṭabāyī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn al-. al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Qom, Ismāʿīliyān, 1371 Sh.
  • Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. Ḥasan al-. Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Beirut, Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1408 AH.
  • Ṭabarī, Muḥammad al-. Jāmiʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Beirut, Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1412 AH.
  • Ṭurayḥī, Fakhr al-Dīn al-. Majmaʿ al-baḥrayn. Tehran, Nashr-i Murtaḍawī, 1375 Sh.
  • Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan al-. al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1376 AH.
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