Jump to content

Musafaha

Add links
Without priority, Quality: c
Without references
From wikishia

Muṣāfaḥa (Arabic: مُصافَحَة) means handshaking. It is a social etiquette and a recommended act performed when people meet. Some Muslims shake hands after congregational prayer, although there is a difference of opinion regarding its specific recommendation at that time. According to hadiths, shaking hands strengthens bonds of friendship, removes rancor, attracts Divine Mercy, and causes sins to fall away. Squeezing the hand and prolonging the handshake are considered parts of its etiquette. According to Islamic jurisprudence, shaking hands with a non-mahram is haram.

Concept and Status

Musafaha means "shaking hands out of friendship and sincerity."[1] Some researchers emphasize that in musafaha, the palms of both hands must touch, and merely the contact of fingers is not called musafaha.[2]

Handshaking is one of the Islamic traditions (Sunna)[3] and recommended acts[4] emphasized in hadiths.[5] According to some traditions, shaking hands among believers is considered superior even to shaking hands with angels.[6] It is said to bring a thousand rewards,[7] and numerous individual and social effects have been mentioned for it.[8]

Time of Handshaking

In hadiths, handshaking is emphasized at the time of meeting one another, alongside giving salam (greeting).[9] Shi'a[10] and Sunni[11] Muslims commonly shake hands after congregational prayer. However, there is a difference of opinion regarding the specific recommendation of this act after prayer.

Some scholars maintain that this practice is based on the general recommendation to shake hands with fellow believers on various occasions, as well as a hadith stating that during Mi'raj, Ibrahim (a) shook hands with the Prophet Muhammad (s) after the congregational prayer.[12][13]

Muhammad Fadil Lankarani and Nasir Makarim Shirazi, two Shi'a Marja', consider it difficult to establish a specific recommendation for this practice on the basis of the Mi'raj tradition. However, if it is done with the intention of rajaʾ (hope for reward) and gaining reward, it is not regarded as an innovation and is therefore unobjectionable.[14] Some scholars regard this practice as unnecessary, and considering the emphasis of hadiths on performing ta'qibat (post-prayer supplications), it is preferable for worshippers to devote themselves to ta'qibat instead.[15]

History

According to hadiths, handshaking has its roots in the practice of angels.[16] Handshaking is not exclusive to Muslims; rather, it is a widespread custom practiced throughout the world when people meet and begin friendly conversations.[17]

The reason for this claim is the discovery of a stone relief dating back to the 9th century BC, which depicts an Assyrian king shaking hands with a Babylonian.[18]

Effects and Etiquette

Whenever you meet your brothers, shake hands with one another and show joy and cheerfulness. When you separate, whatever sins you had will have vanished.

— Imam Ali (a), [19]

According to hadiths, strengthening bonds of friendship,[20] removing rancor,[21] attracting Divine Mercy,[22] and the forgiveness of sins[23] are among the effects of musafaha.

Hadiths have mentioned certain etiquette for handshaking, the most important of which are: squeezing the hand[24]—provided it does not cause pain or annoyance[25]—opening the fingers,[26] continuity and repetition,[27] and prolonging the handshake.[28]

Rulings

Rulings regarding musafaha have been discussed in jurisprudential works,[29] including:

  • There is no difference between a Muslim and a non-Muslim regarding the prohibition of shaking hands with a non-Mahram.[31]
  • It is permissible to shake hands with a non-mahram through a barrier, such as clothing or gloves;[32] although Nasir Makarim Shirazi considers it better to avoid it except in cases of necessity.[33]
  • Even if refusing a handshake is regarded as discourteous or insulting, it does not justify abandoning a wajib or committing a haram act.[34]

Notes

  1. ↑ Dihkhudā, Lughat-nāma, under the word Musafaha.
  2. ↑ Maḥmūd ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, Muʿjam al-muṣṭalaḥāt wa l-alfāẓ al-fiqhiyya, 1419/1998-9, vol. 3, p. 296.
  3. ↑ Ḥusaynī Shīrāzī, al-Fiqh: al-silm wa l-salām, 1426/2005, p. 351.
  4. ↑ ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī, Tadhkirat al-fuqahāʾ, 1414/1993-4, vol. 9, p. 24.
  5. ↑ Kulaynī, al-Kāfī, 1407/1986-7, vol. 2, pp. 179-183.
  6. ↑ Kulaynī, al-Kāfī, 1407/1986-7, vol. 2, p. 183.
  7. ↑ Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa, 1409/1988-9, vol. 12, p. 223.
  8. ↑ Ṣadūq, al-Khiṣāl, 1362Sh/1983, vol. 1, p. 22; Kulaynī, al-Kāfī, 1407/1986-7, vol. 2, pp. 179, 183; Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa, 1409/1988-9, vol. 12, p. 224.
  9. ↑ See: Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa, 1409/1988-9, vol. 12, pp. 218-223.
  10. ↑ Fāḍil Lankarānī, Jāmiʿ al-masāʾil, 1425/2004-5, p. 97; Makārim Shīrāzī, al-Fatāwā al-jadīda, 1427/2006, vol. 1, p. 78.
  11. ↑ Ḥukm al-muṣāfaḥa bayn al-muṣallīn baʿd al-ṣalāt, Dār al-Iftāʾ al-Miṣriyya; Ḥukm al-muṣāfaḥa baʿd al-ṣalāt, Mawqiʿ al-Shaykh Ibn Bāz.
  12. ↑ Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, 1403/1983, vol. 18, p. 318.
  13. ↑ Dast dādan baʿd az namāz-i jamāʿat, Porseman Site.
  14. ↑ Fāḍil Lankarānī, Jāmiʿ al-masāʾil, 1425/2004-5, p. 97; Makārim Shīrāzī, al-Fatāwā al-jadīda, 1427/2006, vol. 1, p. 78.
  15. ↑ Baʿd az namāz-hā; taʿqībāt yā dast dādan bā dīgarān, Tebyan Site.
  16. ↑ Kulaynī, al-Kāfī, 1407/1986-7, vol. 2, p. 181.
  17. ↑ Dalīl-i tārīkhī-yi muhimmī ki dast dādan rā bi yak rasm-i jahānī tabdīl kard, Hamshahri Online.
  18. ↑ Dalīl-i tārīkhī-yi muhimmī ki dast dādan rā bi yak rasm-i jahānī tabdīl kard, Hamshahri Online.
  19. ↑ Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa, 1409/1988-9, vol. 12, p. 225.
  20. ↑ Kulaynī, al-Kāfī, 1407/1986-7, vol. 2, p. 179.
  21. ↑ Kulaynī, al-Kāfī, 1407/1986-7, vol. 2, p. 183; Ibn Abī Jumhūr, ʿAwālī al-laʾālī, 1405/1984-5, vol. 1, p. 294.
  22. ↑ Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, al-Wāfī, 1406/1985-6, vol. 5, p. 609.
  23. ↑ Ṣadūq, al-Khiṣāl, 1362Sh/1983, vol. 1, p. 22; Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa, 1409/1988-9, vol. 12, p. 224.
  24. ↑ Nūrī, Mustadrak al-wasāʾil, 1408/1987-8, vol. 9, p. 64.
  25. ↑ Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, 1403/1983, vol. 73, p. 26.
  26. ↑ Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, 1403/1983, vol. 73, p. 26.
  27. ↑ Kulaynī, al-Kāfī, 1407/1986-7, vol. 2, p. 179.
  28. ↑ Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, 1403/1983, vol. 73, pp. 28, 30.
  29. ↑ See: Makārim Shīrāzī, Istiftāʾāt-i jadīd, 1427/2006, vol. 1, pp. 349-350.
  30. ↑ See: Fāḍil Lankarānī, Jāmiʿ al-masāʾil, 1425/2004-5, p. 439; Sīstānī, Minhāj al-ṣāliḥīn, 1417/1996-7, vol. 3, p. 12; Makārim Shīrāzī, Kitāb al-nikāḥ, 1424/2003-4, vol. 1, p. 43.
  31. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Istiftāʾāt-i jadīd, 1427/2006, vol. 1, p. 349; Ḥukm-i dast dādan bā zanān-i ghayr-i musulmān chīst?, Islam Quest.
  32. ↑ See: Khomeinī, Taḥrīr al-wasīla, n.d., vol. 2, p. 243; Ṣāfī Gulpāygānī, Hidāyat al-ʿibād, 1416/1995-6, vol. 2, p. 398; Dast dādan, Official website of Ayatollah Sistani.
  33. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Istiftāʾāt-i jadīd, 1427/2006, vol. 1, p. 233.
  34. ↑ See: Fāḍil Lankarānī, Jāmiʿ al-masāʾil, 1425/2004-5, pp. 439-440; Makārim Shīrāzī, al-Fatāwā al-jadīda, 1427/2006, vol. 1, p. 216; Ḥukm-i dast dādan bā nā-maḥram agar mumāniʿat az īn kār tawhīn talaqqī shavad, Mehr News Agency.

References

  • ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī, Ḥasan b. Yūsuf al-. Tadhkirat al-fuqahāʾ. Qom, Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt, 1414/1993-4.
  • "Baʿd az namāz-hā; taʿqībāt yā dast dādan bā dīgarān". Tebyan Site. Published: May 5, 2014. Accessed: January 18, 2025.
  • "Dalīl-i tārīkhī-yi muhimmī ki dast dādan rā bi yak rasm-i jahānī tabdīl kard". Hamshahri Online. Published: August 20, 2022. Accessed: January 17, 2025.
  • "Dast dādan baʿd az namāz-i jamāʿat". Porseman Site. Published: January 6, 2004. Accessed: January 17, 2025.
  • "Dast dādan". Official website of Ayatollah Sistani. Accessed: January 18, 2025.
  • Fāḍil Lankarānī, Muḥammad. Jāmiʿ al-masāʾil. Qom, Amīr Qalam, 1425/2004-5.
  • Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, Muḥammad Muḥsin al-. Kitāb al-wāfī. Isfahan, Maktabat al-Imām Amīr al-Muʾminīn, 1406/1985-6.
  • "Ḥukm al-muṣāfaḥa bayn al-muṣallīn baʿd al-ṣalāt". Dār al-Iftāʾ al-Miṣriyya. Published: December 1, 2021. Accessed: January 23, 2025.
  • "Ḥukm al-muṣāfaḥa baʿd al-ṣalāt". Mawqiʿ al-Shaykh Ibn Bāz. Accessed: January 23, 2025.
  • "Ḥukm-i dast dādan bā nā-maḥram agar mumāniʿat az īn kār tawhīn talaqqī shavad". Mehr News Agency. Published: December 11, 2021. Accessed: January 18, 2025.
  • "Ḥukm-i dast dādan bā zanān-i ghayr-i musulmān chīst?". Islam Quest. Published: December 8, 2023. Accessed: January 18, 2025.
  • Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan al-. Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa. Qom, Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt, 1409/1988-9.
  • Ḥusaynī Shīrāzī, Sayyid Muḥammad al-. Al-Fiqh: al-silm wa l-salām. Beirut, Dār al-ʿUlūm, 1426/2005.
  • Ibn Abī Jumhūr al-Aḥsāʾī, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī. ʿAwālī al-laʾālī al-ʿazīziyya fī l-aḥādīth al-dīniyya. Qom, Dār Sayyid al-Shuhadāʾ, 1405/1984-5.
  • Khomeinī, Sayyid Rūḥallāh. Taḥrīr al-wasīla. Qom, Maṭbūʿāt Dār al-ʿIlm, n.d.
  • Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. Al-Kāfī. Qom, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1407/1986-7.
  • Maḥmūd ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, ʿAbd al-Munʿim. Muʿjam al-muṣṭalaḥāt wa l-alfāẓ al-fiqhiyya. Egypt, Dār al-Faḍīla, 1st ed., 1419/1998-9.
  • Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. Biḥār al-anwār al-jāmiʿa li-durar akhbār al-aʾimma al-aṭhār. Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 2nd ed., 1403/1982-3.
  • Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. Al-Fatāwā al-jadīda. Qom, Intishārāt-i Madrasa-yi Imam Ali b. Abi Talib, 1427/2006.
  • Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. Istiftāʾāt-i jadīd. Qom, Intishārāt-i Madrasa-yi Imam Ali b. Abi Talib, 1427/2006.
  • Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. Kitāb al-nikāḥ. Qom, Intishārāt-i Madrasa-yi Imam Ali b. Abi Talib, 1424/2003-4.
  • Nūrī, Mīrzā Ḥusayn al-. Mustadrak al-wasāʾil wa mustanbaṭ al-masāʾil. Beirut, Muʾassasat Āl al-Bayt, 1408/1987-8.
  • Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-Shaykh al-. Kitāb al-khiṣāl. Qom, Jāmiʿa-yi Mudarrisīn, 1362Sh/1983-4.
  • Ṣāfī Gulpāygānī, Luṭfallāh. Hidāyat al-ʿibād. Qom, Dār al-Qurʾān al-Karīm, 1416/1995-6.
  • Sīstānī, Sayyid ʿAlī al-. Minhāj al-ṣāliḥīn. Qom, Daftar-i Āyatullāh Sīstānī, 1417/1996-7.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikishia.net/w/index.php?title=Musafaha&oldid=208915"