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Qur'an 33:60

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Qur'an 33:60
Verse's Information
Suraal-Ahzab
Verse60
Juz'22
Content Information
Place of
Revelation		Medina
AboutThreatening the conspirators of Medina


Verse 60 of Sura al-Ahzab (Arabic:آية 60 من سورة الأحزاب) (Qur'an 33:60) threatens three groups that if they do not desist from their actions, Prophet Muhammad (s) will fight against them and banish them from Medina. These three groups include: hypocrites, those "in whose hearts is a disease" and who harass faithful women, and those who engage in spreading rumours in Medina. Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah, a Shi'a exegete, considers confronting and exiling such conspirators a necessary religious ruling based on this verse.

Introduction

Qur'an 33:60 begins with an Oath[1] and is a Wa'id (threat)[2] to certain groups in Medina that if they do not refrain from their actions,[3] the Prophet (s) will take action against them, and they will be expelled from the city after a short time.[4] Subsequently, in Qur'an 33:61 individuals are described as accursed.[5]

Nasir Makarim Shirazi, a Shi'a exegete, inferred from the tone of the verse that these three groups were engaged in sabotage in Medina, which had become a program and a movement, not necessarily having a personal or individual aspect.[6] Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah, a Shi'a exegete, believes that based on this verse, confronting and exiling conspirators and rumour-mongers who plan to execute the enemies' plots against Islam and Muslims is a necessary religious ruling.[7]

Qur'an 33:60 mentions two punishments and threats for the criminals.[8] First, it mentions the domination of the Prophet (s)[9] and battle against them.[10] Then, it refers to their exile;[11] in such a way that they can only remain in Medina for a short time and must leave thereafter.[12]

Text and Translation

Three Conspiring Groups against Muslims

Qur'an 33:60 mentions three expressions which are considered to refer to three groups.[13] It is also possible that these three descriptions refer to a single subject (one group with three traits),[14] and that God in this verse seeks to separate the attributes from each other, not the persons.[15]

The first group mentioned in the verse are the hypocrites, who are considered to be individuals seeking to cause harm in secret.[16]

The second group is considered in relation to the previous verse; in the preceding verse, God commands faithful women to observe hijab, and then, in line with the same issue, Verse 60 addresses those "in whose hearts is a disease."[17] These individuals have been regarded as those who, in their interactions with women and in harassing them, show no adherence to the religion of God.[18] The reason this statement appears in continuation of the subject of women's hijab has been explained as follows: hijab has two aspects; one pertains to women, and the other to men, whose duty is to lower their gaze.[19]

The third group were individuals who engaged in spreading rumours in Medina[20] and making claims against the Prophet (s) and his Companions.[21] When the Prophet (s) and his companions went out of Medina for war, these individuals would start rumours that Muhammad had been killed or captured, thereby distressing the Muslims.[22]

Notes

  1. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Al-Mīzān, vol. 16, p. 340.
  2. ↑ Mughniyya, Al-Tafsīr al-kāshif, vol. 6, p. 240.
  3. ↑ Ṭūsī, Al-Tibyān, vol. 8, p. 361.
  4. ↑ Qarāʾatī, Tafsīr-i nūr, vol. 7, p. 400.
  5. ↑ Rāzī, Rawḍ al-jinān, vol. 16, p. 22.
  6. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, vol. 17, p. 430.
  7. ↑ Faḍlallāh, Min waḥy al-Qurʾān, vol. 18, p. 351.
  8. ↑ Mughniyya, Al-Tafsīr al-kāshif, vol. 6, p. 240.
  9. ↑ Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, vol. 8, p. 580.
  10. ↑ Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, Tafsīr al-ṣāfī, vol. 4, p. 204.
  11. ↑ Ṭūsī, Al-Tibyān, vol. 8, p. 361.
  12. ↑ Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Al-Mīzān, vol. 16, p. 340.
  13. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Akhlāq dar Qurʾān, vol. 3, p. 433.
  14. ↑ Qurṭubī, Al-Jāmiʿ li-aḥkām al-Qurʾān, vol. 14, p. 245.
  15. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, vol. 17, p. 430.
  16. ↑ Fakhr al-Rāzī, Mafātīḥ al-ghayb, vol. 25, p. 184.
  17. ↑ Makārim Shīrāzī, Tafsīr-i nimūna, vol. 17, p. 429.
  18. ↑ Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, vol. 8, p. 580.
  19. ↑ Mudarrisī, Min hudā al-Qurʾān, vol. 10, p. 388.
  20. ↑ Ṭūsī, Al-Tibyān, vol. 8, p. 361.
  21. ↑ Mughniyya, Al-Tafsīr al-kāshif, vol. 6, p. 240.
  22. ↑ Qummī, Tafsīr al-Qummī, vol. 2, p. 197; Ibn Abī Zamanīn, Tafsīr Ibn Abī Zamanīn, p. 172.

References

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  • Fakhr al-Rāzī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar. Mafātīḥ al-ghayb. Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 3rd ed., 1420 AH.
  • Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, Mullā Muḥsin. Tafsīr al-ṣāfī. Edited by Ḥusayn Aʿlamī. Tehran, Intishārāt-i al-Ṣadr, 2nd ed., 1415 AH.
  • Ibn Abī Zamanīn, Yaḥyā b. Salām. Tafsīr Ibn Abī Zamanīn. Edited by Muḥammad Ḥasan Ismāʿīl Shāfiʿī & Aḥmad Farīd Mazīdī. Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 2003.
  • Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. Akhlāq dar Qurʾān. Qom, Madrasat al-Imām ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, 1377 Sh.
  • Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. Tafsīr-i nimūna. Tehran, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1st ed., 1374 Sh.
  • Mudarrisī, Sayyid Muḥammad Taqī. Min hudā al-Qurʾān. Tehran, Dār Muḥibbī al-Ḥusayn, 1st ed., 1419 AH.
  • Mughniyya, Muḥammad Jawād. Al-Tafsīr al-kāshif. Tehran, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1st ed., 1424 AH.
  • Qarāʾatī, Muḥsin. Tafsīr-i nūr. Tehran, Markaz-i Farhangī-yi Dars-hāyī az Qurʾān, 1388 Sh.
  • Qummī, ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm al-. Tafsīr al-Qummī. Edited by Sayyid Ṭayyib Mūsawī Jazāyirī. Qom, Dār al-Kitāb, 3rd ed., 1404 AH.
  • Qurṭubī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-. Al-Jāmiʿ li-aḥkām al-Qurʾān. Tehran, Intishārāt-i Nāṣir Khusraw, 1st ed., 1364 Sh.
  • Rāzī, Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī Abū l-Futūḥ al-. Rawḍ al-jinān wa rawḥ al-jinān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Edited by Muḥammad Jaʿfar Yāḥaqqī & Muḥammad Mahdī Nāṣiḥ. Mashhad, Bunyād-i Pazhūhish-hā-yi Islāmī-yi Āstān-i Quds-i Raḍawī, 1408 AH.
  • Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn. Al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Qom, Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 5th ed., 1417 AH.
  • Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. Jāmiʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Beirut, Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1st ed., 1412 AH.
  • Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Introduction by Muḥammad Jawād Balāghī. Tehran, Nāṣir Khusraw, 3rd ed., 1372 Sh.
  • Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān. Introduction by Āghā Buzurg Tihrānī. Edited by Aḥmad Qaṣīr ʿĀmilī. Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, n.d.
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