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A large number of early sources mentioned that the mother of [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] was the daughter of Yazdgerd III, the Sassanid king. But they have mentioned different names for her, including:
A large number of early sources mentioned that the mother of [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] was the daughter of Yazdgerd III, the Sassanid king. But they have mentioned different names for her, including:


* Shahrbanu: (meaning: the lady of city)
* '''Shahrbanu:''' (meaning: the lady of city) [[Al-Shaykh al-Saduq]],<ref>Ṣadūq, ''ʿUyūn akhbār al-Riḍā'', vol. 1, p. 41; Ṣadūq, ''Kamāl al-dīn'', vol. 1, p. 307.</ref> [[al-Tabrisi]] in ''[[Taj al-Mawalid]]'',<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Tāj al-mawālīd'', p. 88.</ref> [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] (in ''[[al-Irshad]]'' as a probable name),<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 137.</ref> [[Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Saffar|al-Saffar al-Qummi]],<ref>Ṣaffār, ''Baṣā'ir al-darajāt'', vol. 1, p. 335.</ref> [[Muhammad b. Jarir b. Rustam al-Tabari|al-Tabari]],<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-imāma'', p. 195.</ref> [['Ali b. Musa b. Ja'far b. Tawus|Ibn Tawus]],<ref>Ibn Ṭāwūs, ''al-Tashrīf bi l-minan'', p. 373.</ref> [[Ibn Abi l-Thalj al-Baghdadi]]<ref>Baghdādī, ''Tārīkh Ahl al-Bayt'', p. 325.</ref> and [[Hasan b. Dawud al-Hilli|Ibn Dawud]]<ref>Ibn Dāwūd al-Ḥillī, ''Kitāb al-rijāl'', p. 372.</ref> said that her name was initially Shahrbanu. After citing a number of names, [['Ali b. 'Isa al-Irbili|al-Irbili]] mentioned Shahrbanu as her name as well.
[[Al-Shaykh al-Saduq]], [[al-Tabrisi]] in ''[[Taj al-Mawalid]]'', [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] (in ''[[al-Irshad]]'' as a probable name), [[Muhammad b. al-Hasan al-Saffar|al-Saffar al-Qummi]], [[Muhammad b. Jarir b. Rustam al-Tabari|al-Tabari]], [['Ali b. Musa b. Ja'far b. Tawus|Ibn Tawus]], [[Ibn Abi l-Thalj al-Baghdadi]] and [[Hasan b. Dawud al-Hilli|Ibn Dawud]] said that her name was initially Shahrbanu. After citing a number of names, [['Ali b. 'Isa al-Irbili|al-Irbili]] mentioned Shahrbanu as her name as well.


* Salama:  
* '''Salama:''' [[Al-Kulayni]]<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 2, p. 512.</ref> and [[Isma'il b. Umar b. Kathir|Ibn Kathir]]<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 9, p. 104.</ref> mentioned her name as Salama.
[[Al-Kulayni]] and [[Isma'il b. Umar b. Kathir|Ibn Kathir]] mentioned her name as Salama.


* Salafa:  
* '''Salafa:''' [[Ahmad b. Yahia b. Jabir Al-Baladhuri|Al-Baladhuri]] stated that she was from [[Sijistan]] and her name was Salafa.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Jumal min ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 3, p. 102.</ref>
[[Ahmad b. Yahia b. Jabir Al-Baladhuri|Al-Baladhuri]] stated that she was from [[Sijistan]] and her name was Salafa.


* Jahanshah (meaning: the king of world):  
* '''Jahanshah''' (meaning: the king of world): [['Ali b. Husayn al-Mas'udi|Al-Mas'udi]] and [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] in ''[[Al-Muqni'a]]'' cited her name Jahanshah.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya'', p. 170.</ref>
[['Ali b. Husayn al-Mas'udi|Al-Mas'udi]] and [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] in ''[[Al-Muqni'a]]'' cited her name Jahanshah.


* Shah-i Zanan (meaning: the King of women):  
* '''Shah-i Zanan''' (meaning: the King of women): Al-Shaykh al-Mufid in ''[[Al-Irshad]]''<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 2, p. 137.</ref> and ''[[al-Muqni'a]]'',<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Muqniʿa'', p. 472.</ref> and al-Tabrisi in ''[[A'lam al-wara bi a'lam al-huda|A'lam al-wara]]''<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', p. 256.</ref> mentioned her name as Shah-i Zanan. They also mentioned Shahrbanu as her possible name. But [[al-Fattal al-Nayshaburi]] initially stated Shah-i Zanan as her name and then he mentioned a number of other names.<ref>Fattāl al-Nayshābūrī, ''Rawḍat al-wāʿiẓīn'', vol. 1, p. 201.</ref> [[Ibrahim b. Muhammad Al-Thaqafi al-Kufi|Al-Thaqafi al-Kufi]] also mentioned Shah-i Zanan as the name of the mother of Imam al-Sajjad (a).<ref>Thaqafī, ''al-Ghārāt'', vol. 2, p. 825.</ref>
Al-Shaykh al-Mufid in ''[[Al-Irshad]]'' and al-Tabrisi in ''[[A'lam al-wara bi a'lam al-huda|A'lam al-wara]]'' mentioned her name as Shah-i Zanan. They also mentioned Shahrbanu as her possible name. But [[al-Fattal al-Nayshaburi]] initially stated Shah-i Zanan as her name and then he mentioned a number of other names. [[Ibrahim b. Muhammad Al-Thaqafi al-Kufi|Al-Thaqafi al-Kufi]] also mentioned Shah-i Zanan as the name of the mother of Imam al-Sajjad (a).


* Shahrnaz:  
* '''Shahrnaz:''' The author of ''[[Majma' al-Tawarikh wa l-Qisas]]'' mentioned her name Shahrnaz.<ref>''Mujmal al-tawārīkh wa al-qaṣaṣ'', p. 456.</ref>
The author of ''[[Majma' al-Tawarikh wa l-Qisas]]'' mentioned her name Shahrnaz.


* Harrar:  
* '''Harrar:''' Al-Ya'qubi said her name was Harrar and it changed to 'Uzala.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 246.</ref> A number of sources stated that she was a concubine.
Al-Ya'qubi said her name was Harrar and it changed to 'Uzala.


A number of sources stated that she was a concubine.


==Criticism==
==Criticism==
Although a large number of historians have mentioned that Shahrbanu was the mother of [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] and the daughter of Yazdgerd III, contemporary historians cast doubt on this idea, including [[Mortaza Motahhari]], [[Ali Shari'ati]], [[Dihkhuda]], Shahidi, Yusefi Gharawi, Taqi zadih and Christensen who are among those who have different ideas.
Although a large number of historians have mentioned that Shahrbanu was the mother of [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] and the daughter of Yazdgerd III, contemporary historians cast doubt on this idea, including [[Mortaza Motahhari]],<ref>Motahhari, ''Khadamāt-i mutaqābil-i Islām wa Irān'', p. 131-133.</ref> [[Ali Shari'ati]],<ref>Sharīʿatī, ''Tashayyuʿ-i ʿAlawī wa Tashayyuʿ-i Ṣafawī'', p. 91.</ref> [[Dihkhuda]],<ref>Dihkhudā, ''Farhang-i lughat''.</ref> Shahidi,<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-i ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn (a)'', p. 12.</ref> Yusefi Gharawi, Taqi zadih and Christensen who are among those who have different ideas.<ref>Yūsufī Gharawī, ''Ḥawl al-sayyida Shahrbānū'', p. 20 and ''Mawsaūʿa al-tārīkh al-Islāmī'', p. 4, 357, 652.</ref>


[[Sayyid Ja'far Shahidi]] in his book ''[[The Life of 'Ali ibn al-Husayn (a) (book)|The Life of 'Ali ibn al-Husayn (a)]]'' has mentioned and discussed this report and finally rejected it.
[[Sayyid Ja'far Shahidi]] in his book ''[[The Life of 'Ali ibn al-Husayn (a) (book)|The Life of 'Ali ibn al-Husayn (a)]]'' has mentioned and discussed this report and finally rejected it.<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-i ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn (a)'', p. 12-27.</ref>


===Reasons of doubts===
===Reasons of doubts===
* A number of historical researches mentioned that the mother of Imam al-Sajjad (a) was a concubine from Sistan, Sind or Kabul.  
* A number of historical researches mentioned that the mother of Imam al-Sajjad (a) was a concubine from Sistan, Sind or [[Kabul]].<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 46, p. 9.</ref>


* None of the historians have mentioned Shahrbanu's name among the children of Yazdgerd the last Sassanid king. Only al-Mas'udi mentioned the names of the three daughters of Yazdgerd as Adark, Shahin and Muravand.
* None of the historians have mentioned Shahrbanu's name among the children of Yazdgerd the last Sassanid king.<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-i ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn (a)'', p. 12.</ref> Only al-Mas'udi mentioned the names of the three daughters of Yazdgerd as Adark, Shahin and Muravand.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 1, p. 314.</ref>


* The Iranian princess was unknown to [[Banu Hashim]] in the second/[[eighth century]]. [[Mansur al-Dawaniqi]] replied to a letter from Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah, also known as [[Al-Nafs al-Zakiyya]], and said: "After the demise of [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] no one was born superior to [['Ali b. al-Husayn (a)]] in our family and his mother was Umm Walad (concubine)."
* The Iranian princess was unknown to [[Banu Hashim]] in the second/[[eighth century]]. [[Mansur al-Dawaniqi]] replied to a letter from Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah, also known as [[Al-Nafs al-Zakiyya]], and said: "After the demise of [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] no one was born superior to [['Ali b. al-Husayn (a)]] in our family and his mother was Umm Walad (concubine)."<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 6, p. 198.</ref>


===Critics' Perspective===
===Critics' Perspective===
[[Sayyid Ja'far Shahidi]] stated on Shahrbanu:  
[[Sayyid Ja'far Shahidi]] stated on Shahrbanu:  


"[[al-Mansur al-Dawaniqi]] has applied "Umm Walad" on the mother of [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] (concubine) in a letter to [[Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah b. al-Hasan|Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah]] (known as Al-Nafs al-Zakiyya) in order to humiliate him. This letter was written fifty years after the demise of Imam al-Sajjad (a) when a large number of [[Banu Hashim]] were still alive. If the story of Shahrbanu was real, Al-Mansur would never use the term Umm Walad, or if it was false, Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah would reply his letter sternly to declare that the mother of Imam al-Sajjad (a) was a princess not a concubine."
"[[al-Mansur al-Dawaniqi]] has applied "Umm Walad" on the mother of [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] (concubine) in a letter to [[Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah b. al-Hasan|Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah]] (known as Al-Nafs al-Zakiyya) in order to humiliate him. This letter was written fifty years after the demise of Imam al-Sajjad (a) when a large number of [[Banu Hashim]] were still alive. If the story of Shahrbanu was real, Al-Mansur would never use the term Umm Walad, or if it was false, Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah would reply his letter sternly to declare that the mother of Imam al-Sajjad (a) was a princess not a concubine."<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-i ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn (a)'', p. 24.</ref>


According to Dihkhuda, researches have shown that Yazdgerd did not have any daughter named as Shahrbanu. Shahrbanu was a story derived from ''Rabi' al-Abrar'' by [[Zamakhshari]] and ''Qabusnameh''.
According to Dihkhuda, researches have shown that Yazdgerd did not have any daughter named as Shahrbanu. Shahrbanu was a story derived from ''Rabi' al-Abrar'' by [[Zamakhshari]] and ''Qabusnameh''.<ref>Keykāʾwūs b. Iskandar, ''Qābūs-nāma'', chapter 27, p. 144.</ref>


Yusufi Gharawi did not accept the claim of al-Ya'qubi and regarded his claim unreliable. Also al-Ya'qubi mentioned the name Harrar which was not a usual name in Persia. He also rejected the report of ''[[Usul al-kafi (book)|al-Kafi]]'' as it was narrated by "'Amr b. Shimr" who was degraded as [[Types of Hadith|Da'if hadith]] (weak hadith) narrator by [[al-Najashi]]. The report of [[al-Shaykh al-Saduq]] was narrated by Sahl b. Qasim al-Nushjani whose identity is unknown.
Yusufi Gharawi did not accept the claim of al-Ya'qubi and regarded his claim unreliable. Also al-Ya'qubi mentioned the name Harrar which was not a usual name in Persia. He also rejected the report of ''[[Usul al-kafi (book)|al-Kafi]]'' as it was narrated by "'Amr b. Shimr" who was degraded as [[Da'if hadith]] (weak hadith) narrator by [[al-Najashi]]. The report of [[al-Shaykh al-Saduq]] was narrated by Sahl b. Qasim al-Nushjani whose identity is unknown.


==Demise==
==Demise==
Based on the reports of the majority of historians, Imam al-Sajjad's mother has passed away in the time of birth of Imam (a).  
Based on the reports of the majority of historians, Imam al-Sajjad's mother has passed away in the time of birth of [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)|Imam (a)]].<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya'', p. 145; Ibn Dāwūd Ḥillī, ''Kitāb al-rijāl'', p. p. 372.</ref>


However [[Muhammad b. Sa'd|Ibn Sa'd]] believed that she lived after the [[martyrdom]] of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] and married Zuyayd and they had a child named 'Abd Allah. Therefore 'Abd Allah is regarded as maternal brother of Imam al-Sajjad (a).
However [[Muhammad b. Sa'd|Ibn Sa'd]] believed that she lived after the [[martyrdom]] of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]] and married Zuyayd and they had a child named 'Abd Allah. Therefore 'Abd Allah is regarded as maternal brother of Imam al-Sajjad (a).
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