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Ibrahim b. Malik al-Ashtar: Difference between revisions
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Abu al- | {{Infobox person | ||
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| Full Name = Abu l-Nuʿmān Ibrāhīm b. Mālik al-Ashtar al-Nakhaʿī | |||
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| Religious Affiliation = [[Shi'a]] | |||
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| Birth = c. 15/636 | |||
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| Places of Residence = [[Kufa]], [[Mosul]] | |||
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| Death/Martyrdom = 71/690 or 72/691 | |||
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| Burial Place = Near [[Samarra]] | |||
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| Notable roles = Commander of [[al-Mukhtar]]'s Troops | |||
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}} | |||
'''Abu l-Nuʿmān Ibrāhīm b. Mālik al-Ashtar al-Nakhaʿī''' (Arabic: {{ia|اَبوالنُّعمان ابراهیم بن مالِک الاَشتَر النَخَعي}}) (b. ? - d. [[72]]/691) was son of [[Malik al-Ashtar]] who participated in the [[uprising of al-Mukhtar]] against [[Umayyad]]s seeking revenge for the blood of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]]. | |||
There is no information about the life of Ibrahim before joining [[al-Mukhtar]], except that it is said that in the [[ | There is no information about the life of Ibrahim before joining [[al-Mukhtar]], except that it is said that in the [[B | ||
attle of Siffin]], he fought together with his father in the army of [[Imam Ali (a)]] against [[Mu'awiya]]. | |||
After al-Mukhtar was killed, he joined [[Mus'ab b. al-Zubayr]] and was killed in the battles with the forces of [['Abd al-Malik b. Marwan]] in 72/691. | After al-Mukhtar was killed, he joined [[Mus'ab b. al-Zubayr]] and was killed in the battles with the forces of [['Abd al-Malik b. Marwan]] in 72/691. | ||
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== Presence in the Battle of Siffin == | == Presence in the Battle of Siffin == | ||
There is no information about the life of Ibrahim before joining al-Mukhtar, except that he said that in the Battle of Siffin, he fought together with his father in the army of Imam Ali (a) against Mu'awiya. | There is no information about the life of Ibrahim before joining al-Mukhtar, except that he said that in the [[Battle of Siffin]], he fought together with his father in the army of Imam Ali (a) against Mu'awiya. | ||
== Joining the Uprising of al-Mukhtar == | == Joining the Uprising of al-Mukhtar == | ||
In 66/685, [[al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi]] who considered himself the representative of [[Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya]], prepared the grounds for an uprising against Umayyads to take revenge for the [[ | In 66/685, [[al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi]] who considered himself the representative of [[Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya]], prepared the grounds for an uprising against Umayyads to take revenge for the [[Martyrs of Karbala]]. At that time, some of the [[Shia]] of [[Kufa]] who supported al-Mukhtar, called Ibrahim to the uprising, because of his powerful personality and the memories they had from his father's loyalty toward Imam Ali (a). Ibrahim accepted their request providing that they choose him as a commander, but Shia nobles reminded him that al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi was chosen as a commander by Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya. Shortly afterwards, al-Mukhtar himself went to Ibrahim and gave him a letter he claimed that Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya had written to Ibrahim. In that letter, Ibrahim was asked to help al-Mukhtar in his uprising against Umayyads. | ||
At the beginning, Ibrahim doubted about the attribution of the letter to Ibn al-Hanafiyya because of a point in writing the letter, but since people such as Yazid b. Anas al-Asadi, Ahmar b. Shumayt al-Bajali, and [['Abd Allah b. Kamil al-Shakiri]] testified that they themselves saw that Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya wrote that letter to Ibrahim, he accepted the call to the uprising and gave allegiance to al-Mukhtar. | At the beginning, Ibrahim doubted about the attribution of the letter to Ibn al-Hanafiyya because of a point in writing the letter, but since people such as [[Yazid b. Anas al-Asadi]], [[Ahmar b. Shumayt al-Bajali]], and [['Abd Allah b. Kamil al-Shakiri]] testified that they themselves saw that Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya wrote that letter to Ibrahim, he accepted the call to the uprising and gave allegiance to al-Mukhtar. | ||
Al-Sha'bi, who was involved in joining of Ibrahim to al-Mukhtar and most historians have narrated the mentioned event from him, himself has doubted about the letter of Muhammad b. Hanafiyya to Ibrahim. After a lot of researches, he heard from [[Kaysan]], one of the witnesses of the authenticity of the attribution of the letter, that since they regarded al-Mukhtar trustworthy, trusted his speech about writing of the letter by Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya. | Al-Sha'bi, who was involved in joining of Ibrahim to al-Mukhtar and most historians have narrated the mentioned event from him, himself has doubted about the letter of Muhammad b. Hanafiyya to Ibrahim. After a lot of researches, he heard from [[Kaysan]], one of the witnesses of the authenticity of the attribution of the letter, that since they regarded al-Mukhtar trustworthy, trusted his speech about writing of the letter by Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya. | ||
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Ibrahim and al-Mukhtar agreed to initiate the uprising in [[Kufa]] in the first half of Rabi' I, [[66]]/685, but they later postponed the beginning of uprising to the first Thursday after the first half of the same month. | Ibrahim and al-Mukhtar agreed to initiate the uprising in [[Kufa]] in the first half of Rabi' I, [[66]]/685, but they later postponed the beginning of uprising to the first Thursday after the first half of the same month. | ||
Meanwhile, frequent going and coming of Ibrahim to al-Mukhtar made 'Abd Allah b. Muti' who was appointed governor of Kufa by [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]] suspicious and when he became aware of the plan of uprising, asked Ayas b. Mudarib, the chief of Kufa police to control the situation and he himself appointed some people on guard certain | Meanwhile, frequent going and coming of Ibrahim to al-Mukhtar made [['Abd Allah b. Muti']] who was appointed governor of Kufa by [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]] suspicious and when he became aware of the plan of uprising, asked Ayas b. Mudarib, the chief of Kufa police to control the situation and he himself appointed some people on guard certain strategic places of the city. On Wednesday, one day before the rendezvous, Ibrahim was going to the house of al-Mukhtar with a great number of his companions when they encountered Ayas b. Mudarib and his forces. A fight took place between the two groups and Ibrahim killed Ayas and soon the uprising began. | ||
In the battles which took place between the forces of al-Mukhtar and Ibrahim against the forces of Ibn Muti', he retreated to his palace and was besieged by Ibrahim. After some days, he escaped and his soldiers joined al-Mukhtar. | In the battles which took place between the forces of al-Mukhtar and Ibrahim against the forces of Ibn Muti', he retreated to his palace and was besieged by Ibrahim. After some days, he escaped and his soldiers joined al-Mukhtar. | ||
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Most of the supporters of Ibrahim and al-Mukhtar were freed slaves who fought with wooden clubs, thus were humorously called Khashabiyya. Some called them mistakenly "Husayniyya" and considered them only supporters of Ibrahim, because at the time of the uprising, they shouted "Ya la-Tharat al-Husayn (a)" [O Avengers of al-Husayn (a)]; but, Ibn Rasta and Ibn Qutayba regarded Khashabiyya among the soldiers of Ibrahim who later fought with [['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]] with wooden sticks. | Most of the supporters of Ibrahim and al-Mukhtar were freed slaves who fought with wooden clubs, thus were humorously called Khashabiyya. Some called them mistakenly "Husayniyya" and considered them only supporters of Ibrahim, because at the time of the uprising, they shouted "Ya la-Tharat al-Husayn (a)" [O Avengers of al-Husayn (a)]; but, Ibn Rasta and Ibn Qutayba regarded Khashabiyya among the soldiers of Ibrahim who later fought with [['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]] with wooden sticks. | ||
After this battle, al-Mukhtar settled in Kufa and tried to take control of other cities of Iraq and fight with Umayyads and the murderers Imam al-Husayn (a). However, when he appointed Ibrahim to rule in Mosul and sent him to fight with 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad who was sent to Iraq by [['Abd al-Malik b. Marwan]] (Dhu | After this battle, al-Mukhtar settled in Kufa and tried to take control of other cities of [[Iraq]] and fight with Umayyads and the murderers Imam al-Husayn (a). However, when he appointed Ibrahim to rule in Mosul and sent him to fight with 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad who was sent to Iraq by [['Abd al-Malik b. Marwan]] (Dhu l-Hijja 66/July 686), some of Kufa nobles who accused al-Mukhtar of being a liar, revolted against him. He immediately sent someone to call Ibrahim. Ibrahim quickly returned from Mada'in and together with al-Mukhtar suppressed the revolt during a series of battles. | ||
== Battle with 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad == | == Battle with 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad == | ||
{{main|Battle of al-Khazir}} | {{main|Battle of al-Khazir}} | ||
After suppressing the revolt, Ibrahim | After suppressing the revolt, Ibrahim left Kufa to fight with [[Ibn Ziyad]] on 6th, 8th or 21st of Dhu l-Hijja, 66/July 686 with eight to twenty thousand men most of whom were Iranian freed slaves known as al-Hamra'. On [[Muharram 10]]th, 61/August 6th, 686, a battle took place between the two armies at the bank of al-Khazir river near Zab, five Farsakhs away from Mosul. According to [[al-Baladhuri]], the left wing of Ibrahim's army was defeated at the beginning of the battle and maybe due to that, the news of Ibrahim's death was spread so that al-Mukhtar would leave Kufa, but the soldiers of Ibrahim pushed back the army of 'Ubayd Allah and heavily defeated them. In that battle, Ibrahim killed 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad, [[Husayn b. Numayr]] and Shurahbil b. Dhi l-Kila' who were among the murderers of Imam al-Husayn (a), by his own hands, and it is said that he burned their bodies. | ||
== Allegiance with 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr == | == Allegiance with 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr == | ||
After his victory in the battle of Khazir, Ibrahim went to Mosul and sent some of his companions including his step-brother 'Abd al-Rahman to capture and rule the cities of Nasibayn, Harran, al-Raha, Sumaysat, and Sanjar. Ibrahim was still in Mosul when [[Mus'ab b. al-Zubayr]] attacked Kufa following the provocation of the rebels who had survived the attacks of Ibrahim b. Malik and al-Mukhtar and had joined him, and killed al-Mukhtar in a battle (Ramadan [[67]]/April 687). He then asked Ibrahim to obey 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr. According to Ibn Athir, also 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwan had called Ibrahim to obey him, but Ibrahim was afraid of joining 'Abd al-Malik since he had killed 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad and some other chiefs of Syria in the battle with | After his victory in the battle of Khazir, Ibrahim went to Mosul and sent some of his companions including his step-brother 'Abd al-Rahman to capture and rule the cities of Nasibayn, Harran, al-Raha, Sumaysat, and Sanjar. Ibrahim was still in Mosul when [[Mus'ab b. al-Zubayr]] attacked Kufa following the provocation of the rebels who had survived the attacks of Ibrahim b. Malik and al-Mukhtar and had joined him, and killed al-Mukhtar in a battle (Ramadan [[67]]/April 687). He then asked Ibrahim to obey [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]]. According to [[Ibn Athir]], also [['Abd al-Malik b. Marwan]] had called Ibrahim to obey him, but Ibrahim was afraid of joining 'Abd al-Malik since he had killed 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad and some other chiefs of [[Syria]] in the battle with [[Umayyad]]s and thus accepted the request of Mus'ab. | ||
== Government of Mosul == | == Government of Mosul == | ||
Mus'ab took back the government of Mosul, Jazira, Azerbaijan, and Armenia from Ibrahim and sent him to the battle with Khawarij and appointed al-Muhallab b. Abi Sufra in his place; but, later dismissed him and sent him to the battle with Khawarij and reappointed Ibrahim to ruling of those regions. Apparently, Ibrahim remained in his position until 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwan attacked Iraq. Mus'ab b. al-Zubayr wanted to stand against him, so, he appointed Ibrahim as the commander of his army and went to Jumayri near Awana. | Mus'ab took back the government of [[Mosul]], [[Jazira]], [[Azerbaijan]], and [[Armenia]] from Ibrahim and sent him to the battle with [[Khawarij]] and appointed al-Muhallab b. Abi Sufra in his place; but, later dismissed him and sent him to the battle with Khawarij and reappointed Ibrahim to ruling of those regions. Apparently, Ibrahim remained in his position until 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwan attacked Iraq. Mus'ab b. al-Zubayr wanted to stand against him, so, he appointed Ibrahim as the commander of his army and went to Jumayri near Awana. | ||
'Abd al-Malik b. Marwan who wanted to persuade the commanders of Kufa and Basra, wrote a letter to Ibrahim, and promised to give Ibrahim the government of Iraq, and as one report says, all the lands around the [[Euphrates]]. But Ibrahim, not only took that letter to Mus'ab and rejected 'Abd al-Malik's request, but since he guessed that 'Abd al-Malik had deceived other rulers of Iraq with similar promises, he also tried to make Mus'ab arrest or exile them to Mecca, but Mus'ab did not accept that and moved toward 'Abd al-Malik and camped in Dayr al-Jathliq in Maskin. | 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwan who wanted to persuade the commanders of Kufa and [[Basra]], wrote a letter to Ibrahim, and promised to give Ibrahim the government of Iraq, and as one report says, all the lands around the [[Euphrates]]. But Ibrahim, not only took that letter to Mus'ab and rejected 'Abd al-Malik's request, but since he guessed that 'Abd al-Malik had deceived other rulers of Iraq with similar promises, he also tried to make Mus'ab arrest or exile them to Mecca, but Mus'ab did not accept that and moved toward 'Abd al-Malik and camped in Dayr al-Jathliq in Maskin. | ||
== Death == | == Death == | ||
In a battle which took place between Ibrahim b. Malik and Muhammad b. Marwan, one day before the major battle between 'Abd al-Malik and Mus'ab, despite his great courage, was defeated because of betrayal of 'Attab b. Warqa' al-Tamimi who apparently had retreated due to a previous plot made by 'Abd al-Malik, and Ibrahim was killed. Then, 'Ubayd b. Maysara, a freed slave of | In a battle which took place between Ibrahim b. Malik and Muhammad b. Marwan, one day before the major battle between 'Abd al-Malik and Mus'ab, despite his great courage, was defeated because of betrayal of 'Attab b. Warqa' al-Tamimi who apparently had retreated due to a previous plot made by 'Abd al-Malik, and Ibrahim was killed. Then, 'Ubayd b. Maysara, a freed slave of Banu 'Udhra, who had killed Ibrahim, took his head. The slaves of Husayn b. Numayr, who was killed by Ibrahim in the Battle of Khazir, burned his body. | ||
Historians have different opinions about the time of the murder of Ibrahim. Although Ibn Athir and al-Tabari have mentioned it in 71/690; most historians have considered 72/691 and most likely Jumada II/November as the correct date of the mentioned event. | Historians have different opinions about the time of the murder of Ibrahim. Although Ibn Athir and [[al-Tabari]] have mentioned it in 71/690; most historians have considered 72/691 and most likely Jumada II/November as the correct date of the mentioned event. | ||
After Ibrahim was killed, some poets composed elegies for him. Abu l-Faraj Isfahani has attributed some verses to Ibrahim himself. Also, Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani quoted from Ibn Hibban who considered Ibrahim among | After Ibrahim was killed, some poets composed elegies for him. [[Abu l-Faraj al-Isfahani]] has attributed some verses to Ibrahim himself. Also, [[Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani]] quoted from Ibn Hibban who considered Ibrahim among reliable transmitters of [[hadith]]s who transmitted hadiths from his father and [['Umar]]; and people such as his son, Malik, and also Mujahid narrated hadiths from him. | ||
== Grave == | == Grave == | ||
The grave of Ibrahim b. Malik is located in the south of Dujayl, | The grave of Ibrahim b. Malik is located in the south of Dujayl, eight farsakhs from [[Samarra]], near the old route of [[Baghdad]] to Samara and has been a place visited by Shi'a. This grave was demolished in explosion by terrorist groups in 2005. | ||
Another grave in 'Askar island of Bahrain is attributed to Ibrahim b. Malik, which might be the grave of one of his descendants. | Another grave in 'Askar island of [[Bahrain]] is attributed to Ibrahim b. Malik, which might be the grave of one of his descendants. | ||
==References== | |||
{{references}} | |||
* The material for this article is mainly taken from [http://fa.wikishia.net/view/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1 ابراهیم بن مالک اشتر] in Farsi WikiShia. | |||
{{end}} | |||
[[Category:Companions of Imam Ali (a)]] | [[Category:Companions of Imam Ali (a)]] | ||
[[Category:Tabiʿun]] | [[Category:Tabiʿun]] | ||
[[Category:Uprising of al-Mukhtar]] | [[Category:Uprising of al-Mukhtar]] | ||