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Pledge of al-Ridwan: Difference between revisions
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{{Early Islam}} | {{Early Islam}} | ||
'''Pledge of al-Riḍwān''' (Arabic:{{ia| بيعة الرضوان}}, literally: pledge of satisfaction) or '''Pledge of the Tree''' (Arabic:{{ia|بيعة الشجرة}}) was a renewed [[pledge]] of some [[Sahaba]] of the [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] which occurred in [[6]]/628 near [[Mecca]] before the [[Hudaybiyya Peace Treaty]]. The [[Quran 48]]:18, refers to this event. The titles, "Pledge of the Tree" and "Pledge of Satisfaction" (Ridwan) come from this Quranic verse. | '''Pledge of al-Riḍwān''' (Arabic:{{ia| بيعة الرضوان}}, literally: pledge of satisfaction) or '''Pledge of the Tree''' (Arabic:{{ia|بيعة الشجرة}}) was a renewed [[pledge]] of some [[Sahaba]] of the [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] which occurred in [[6]]/628 near [[Mecca]] before the [[Hudaybiyya Peace Treaty]]. The [[Quran 48]]:18, refers to this event. The titles, "Pledge of the Tree" and "Pledge of Satisfaction" (al-Ridwan) come from this Quranic verse. | ||
According to [[Sunni]] Muslims, the divine satisfaction with these pledgers is unconditional, unqualified, and eternal, and thus, all of the Sahaba who were present in this pledge are especially venerated. However, [[Shi'a]]s hold that the satisfaction expressed in this Quranic verse is because of those people's sacrifices and their pledge on that day, but in order for it to be sustained, they had to fully comply with the Prophet (s). | According to [[Sunni]] Muslims, the divine satisfaction with these pledgers is unconditional, unqualified, and eternal, and thus, all of the Sahaba who were present in this pledge are especially venerated. However, [[Shi'a]]s hold that the satisfaction expressed in this Quranic verse is because of those people's sacrifices and their pledge on that day, but in order for it to be sustained, they had to fully comply with the Prophet (s). | ||
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==In the Quran== | ==In the Quran== | ||
The event is mentioned in the [[Quran 48]]:18. The titles, "Pledge of Satisfaction" and "Pledge of the Tree" come from this verse. | The event is mentioned in the [[Quran 48]]:18. The titles, "Pledge of Satisfaction" and "Pledge of the Tree" come from this verse. | ||
{{ | {{pull quote | ||
| | |{{arabic|لَّقَدْ رَضىَِ اللَّهُ عَنِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ إِذْ يُبَايِعُونَكَ تحَْتَ الشَّجَرَةِ فَعَلِمَ مَا فىِ قُلُوبهِِمْ فَأَنزَلَ السَّكِينَةَ عَلَيهم وَ أَثَابَهُمْ فَتْحًا قَرِيبًا}} | ||
|لَّقَدْ رَضىَِ اللَّهُ عَنِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ إِذْ يُبَايِعُونَكَ تحَْتَ الشَّجَرَةِ فَعَلِمَ مَا فىِ قُلُوبهِِمْ فَأَنزَلَ السَّكِينَةَ عَلَيهم وَ أَثَابَهُمْ فَتْحًا قَرِيبًا | |||
== | Allah was certainly pleased with the faithful when they swore allegiance to you under the tree. He knew what was in their hearts, so He sent down composure on them, and requited them with a victory near at hand | ||
|source=Quran 48:18}} | |||
==Story== | |||
{{main|Hudaybiyya Peace Treaty}} | {{main|Hudaybiyya Peace Treaty}} | ||
In [[6]]/628, [[the Prophet (s)]] and a group of [[Sahaba]] who only had a sword in a sheath and whose number is said to be from 1400 to 1600 left [[Medina]] to visit the [[Ka'ba]] and perform the rituals of [['umra]]. When they arrived in [[Hudaybiyya]], a village which was one station away from [[Mecca]] and 9 stations away from Medina, the [[polytheism|polytheists]] blocked their way and prevented them from going to Mecca. | In [[6]]/628, [[the Prophet (s)]] and a group of [[Sahaba]] who only had a sword in a sheath and whose number is said to be from 1400 to 1600 left [[Medina]] to visit the [[Ka'ba]] and perform the rituals of [['umra]]. When they arrived in [[Hudaybiyya]], a village which was one station away from [[Mecca]] and 9 stations away from Medina, the [[polytheism|polytheists]] blocked their way and prevented them from going to Mecca. | ||
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The Prophet (s) had someone, called Kharash, sit on his camel and sent him to Mecca in order to tell the heads of the city that the [[Muslim]]s were not there for fight; they were there only to visit the Ka'ba and then return home. However, people of Mecca killed the Prophet's (s) camel and some of them wanted to kill Kharash, but others did not let them do it, and they let him return to the Prophet (s). | The Prophet (s) had someone, called Kharash, sit on his camel and sent him to Mecca in order to tell the heads of the city that the [[Muslim]]s were not there for fight; they were there only to visit the Ka'ba and then return home. However, people of Mecca killed the Prophet's (s) camel and some of them wanted to kill Kharash, but others did not let them do it, and they let him return to the Prophet (s). | ||
The Prophet (s) sent [['Uthman b. 'Affan]] to them and since it took a long time for him to return, there was a rumor that people of Mecca had killed 'Uthman. When this rumor was spread, the Prophet (s) gathered his [[sahaba| | The Prophet (s) sent [['Uthman b. 'Affan]] to them and since it took a long time for him to return, there was a rumor that people of Mecca had killed 'Uthman. When this rumor was spread, the Prophet (s) gathered his [[sahaba|Companions]] and they pledged their allegiance to him on their lives. The pledge was made under a tree (a samura tree). Thus, the pledge came to be known as the pledge of the Tree. | ||
Of people who were present in this event, Jadd b. Qays was the only person who hid behind his camel and did not pledge his allegiance to the Prophet (s). [[Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-Ansari]] is quoted as saying that the first person who pledged his allegiance was [['Ali (a)]], and then [[Abu | Of people who were present in this event, Jadd b. Qays was the only person who hid behind his camel and did not pledge his allegiance to the Prophet (s). [[Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-Ansari]] is quoted as saying that the first person who pledged his allegiance was [['Ali (a)]], and then [[Abu Sinan 'Abd Allah b. Wahab al-Asadi]], and then [[Salman al-Farsi]]. Some people have mentioned [['Abd Allah b. 'Umar]] or Abu Asnan (or Sinan) b. Wahab al-Asadi. It is said that [['Umar]] was the last person who pledged his allegiance to the Prophet (s). | ||
It was later known that [['Uthman b. 'Affan|'Uthman]] was not killed, and the envoys from Mecca made a [[Hudaybiyya Peace Treaty|peace treaty]] with the Prophet (s) in Hudaybiyya. It was agreed that the Muslims return home that year, though they could visit Mecca next year. | It was later known that [['Uthman b. 'Affan|'Uthman]] was not killed, and the envoys from Mecca made a [[Hudaybiyya Peace Treaty|peace treaty]] with the Prophet (s) in Hudaybiyya. It was agreed that the Muslims return home that year, though they could visit Mecca next year. | ||
==Contents and Consequences of the Pledge== | ==Contents and Consequences of the Pledge== | ||
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According to the [[Quran 48]]:10, to pledge one's allegiance to the Prophet (s) is to pledge one's allegiance to God. However, this verse mentions the great loss for people who break their pledges, and takes the biggest rewards to belong to people who remain allegiant to the Prophet (s). | According to the [[Quran 48]]:10, to pledge one's allegiance to the Prophet (s) is to pledge one's allegiance to God. However, this verse mentions the great loss for people who break their pledges, and takes the biggest rewards to belong to people who remain allegiant to the Prophet (s). | ||
{{ | |||
|اِنَّ الَّذینَ یبایعُونَکَ اِنَّما یبایعونَ اللّهَ یدُ اللّهِ فَوقَ اَیدیهِم فَمَن نَکَثَ فَاِنَّما ینکُثُ عَلی نَفسِهِ ومَن اَوفی بِما عهَدَ عَلَیهُ اللّهَ فَسَیؤتیهِ اَجرًا | {{pull quote | ||
|{{arabic|اِنَّ الَّذینَ یبایعُونَکَ اِنَّما یبایعونَ اللّهَ یدُ اللّهِ فَوقَ اَیدیهِم فَمَن نَکَثَ فَاِنَّما ینکُثُ عَلی نَفسِهِ ومَن اَوفی بِما عهَدَ عَلَیهُ اللّهَ فَسَیؤتیهِ اَجرًا عَظیما}} | |||
}} | |||
Indeed those who swear allegiance to you, swear allegiance only to Allah: the hand of Allah is above their hands. So whosoever breaks his oath, breaks it only to his own detriment, and whoever fulfills the covenant he has made with Allah, He will give him a great reward. | |||
|source=Quran 48:10}} | |||
Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani (a prominent Sunni scholar) quotes 'Ala' b. Musayyib quoting his father as saying that he met [[Bara' b. 'Azib]] and told him: "Good for you! You were with the Prophet (s) and pledged your allegiance to him under the tree." But he said: "O the son of my brother! You do not know what [wrong] we did after that." | Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani (a prominent Sunni scholar) quotes 'Ala' b. Musayyib quoting his father as saying that he met [[Bara' b. 'Azib]] and told him: "Good for you! You were with the Prophet (s) and pledged your allegiance to him under the tree." But he said: "O the son of my brother! You do not know what [wrong] we did after that." | ||
== | ==Construction of a Mosque== | ||
[[File:Musque of al-Ridwan.jpg|250px|thumbnail|The possible place of the mosque in [[Hudaybiyya]]]] | [[File:Musque of al-Ridwan.jpg|250px|thumbnail|The possible place of the mosque in [[Hudaybiyya]]]] | ||
The pledgers were later known as "People of the Tree" (Ashab al-Shajara). A mosque was constructed in the place where the pledge was made. | The pledgers were later known as "People of the Tree" (Ashab al-Shajara). A mosque was constructed in the place where the pledge was made. | ||
==Related Topics== | ==Related Topics== | ||
{{cb|3}} | |||
* [[Bay'a|Pledge]] | * [[Bay'a|Pledge]] | ||
* [[Hudaybiyya Peace Treaty]] | |||
* [[Hudaybiyya]] | * [[Hudaybiyya]] | ||
{{end}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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[[id:Baiat Ridwan]] | [[id:Baiat Ridwan]] | ||
[[Category:Allegiances]] | [[Category:Allegiances]] | ||
[[Category:History of Islam (from the migration to the demise of the Prophet)]] | [[Category:History of Islam (from the migration to the demise of the Prophet)]] | ||