Anonymous user
Uprising of al-Mukhtar: Difference between revisions
adding references.
imported>Shakeri mNo edit summary |
imported>Mortezanazarzadeh (adding references.) |
||
| Line 8: | Line 8: | ||
| navbox =done | | navbox =done | ||
| redirects=done | | redirects=done | ||
| references = | | references =done | ||
| good article = | | good article = | ||
| featured article = | | featured article = | ||
| Line 21: | Line 21: | ||
==Accompanying 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr== | ==Accompanying 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr== | ||
[['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]] released al-Mukhtar from the prison provided that he would not stay in [[Kufa]] for more than 3 days. Thus, al-Mukhtar headed towards [[Mecca]] which was then under the rule of [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]]. In his meeting with 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubyar, he said in response to the suggestion of people to pledge his allegiance to 'Abd Allah that his goal and 'Abd Allah's goal diverge, and thus, it would not be advisable for him to pledge his allegiance to Ibn al-Zubayr. However, after the insistence of people, he pledged his allegiance to 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr on two conditions: | [['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]] released al-Mukhtar from the prison provided that he would not stay in [[Kufa]] for more than 3 days. Thus, al-Mukhtar headed towards [[Mecca]] which was then under the rule of [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]]. In his meeting with 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubyar, he said in response to the suggestion of people to pledge his allegiance to 'Abd Allah that his goal and 'Abd Allah's goal diverge,<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 6, p. 378.</ref> and thus, it would not be advisable for him to pledge his allegiance to Ibn al-Zubayr. However, after the insistence of people, he pledged his allegiance to 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr on two conditions: | ||
# 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr had to consult him with respect to all affairs and never does anything on his own and never opposes him, | # 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr had to consult him with respect to all affairs and never does anything on his own<ref>Muqaddasī, ''Āfarīnish wa tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 907.</ref> and never opposes him,<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''Tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 37.</ref> | ||
# 'Abd Allah should give al-Mukhtar the highest ranking position in his government. | # 'Abd Allah should give al-Mukhtar the highest ranking position in his government.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 5, p. 575.</ref> | ||
When [[Yazid b. Mu'awiya]]'s army attacked Mecca and 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr was besieged, al-Mukhtar fought the army of Yazid alongside Ibn al-Zubayr. According to some sources, when al-Mukhtar found that 'Abd Allah deceitfully treated him and claimed [[caliphate]], he stepped aside from Ibn al-Zubayr's government and went to Kufa to prepare for his uprising. | When [[Yazid b. Mu'awiya]]'s army attacked Mecca and 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr was besieged, al-Mukhtar fought the army of Yazid alongside Ibn al-Zubayr. According to some sources, when al-Mukhtar found that 'Abd Allah deceitfully treated him and claimed [[caliphate]],<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 5, p. 317.</ref> he stepped aside from Ibn al-Zubayr's government and went to Kufa to prepare for his uprising.<ref>Muqaddasī, ''Āfarīnish wa tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 910.</ref> | ||
==Meeting with Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya== | ==Meeting with Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya== | ||
Before moving towards Kufa, al-Mukhtar met [[Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya]] in [[Medina]] and told him about his intention to launch an uprising, asking him for a permission. Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya gave him a permission in terms of a general remark and asked him to observe [[taqwa|abstinence]]. According to [[al-Baladhuri]]'s report, Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya explicitly gave al-Mukhtar the permission for an uprising. | Before moving towards Kufa, al-Mukhtar met [[Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya]] in [[Medina]] and told him about his intention to launch an uprising, asking him for a permission. Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya gave him a permission in terms of a general remark and asked him to observe [[taqwa|abstinence]].<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 6, p. 380.</ref> According to [[al-Baladhuri]]'s report, Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya explicitly gave al-Mukhtar the permission for an uprising.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 6, p. 380.</ref> | ||
==Entering Kufa== | ==Entering Kufa== | ||
Al-Mukhtar went from Mecca to Kufa. On his way, he cried for [[Imam al-Husayn]]'s (a) tragedy and mourned for him. Other [[Shi'as]] saw him and joined him there. On Friday, al-Mukhtar arrived in al-Hira river and performed a [[ghusl]] there, wearing a perfume and a turban. He then put a sword on his waist and went to al-Sakun Mosque of al-Kinda. On his way there, he promised people of his victory. | Al-Mukhtar went from Mecca to Kufa. On his way, he cried for [[Imam al-Husayn]]'s (a) tragedy and mourned for him. Other [[Shi'as]] saw him and joined him there.<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 4, p. 174.</ref> On Friday, al-Mukhtar arrived in al-Hira river and performed a [[ghusl]] there, wearing a perfume and a turban. He then put a sword on his waist and went to al-Sakun Mosque of al-Kinda. On his way there, he promised people of his victory.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 5, p. 578.</ref> | ||
Al-Mukhtar arrived in Kufa 6 months after [[Yazid]]'s death on [[Ramadan 15]]. At the time [['Abd Allah b. Muti']] was the governor of 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayrto in Kufa. | Al-Mukhtar arrived in Kufa 6 months after [[Yazid]]'s death on [[Ramadan 15]].<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''Tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 43.</ref> At the time [['Abd Allah b. Muti']] was the governor of 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayrto in Kufa.<ref>Muqaddasī, ''Āfarīnish wa tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 911; Ibn Khaldūn, ''Tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 44.</ref> | ||
==Uprising of Tawwabun== | ==Uprising of Tawwabun== | ||
{{main|Tawwabun Uprising}} | {{main|Tawwabun Uprising}} | ||
After entering Kufa, al-Mukhtar received an invitation from [[Sulayman b. Surad]] and members of the Tawwabun Uprising. He refused to cooperate with them. He told people of Kufa that Sulayman was not experienced enough to launch a war and is ignorant of the secrets of a war. [['Umar b. Sa'd]] went to the ruler of Kufa and told him that Tawwabun were no threat to him; the real threat for Kufa, as he said, was al-Mukhtar. Thus, al-Mukhtar was imprisoned by agents of 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr when Tawwabun launched their battle. | After entering Kufa, al-Mukhtar received an invitation from [[Sulayman b. Surad]] and members of the Tawwabun Uprising. He refused to cooperate with them. He told people of Kufa that Sulayman was not experienced enough to launch a war and is ignorant of the secrets of a war. [['Umar b. Sa'd]] went to the ruler of Kufa and told him that Tawwabun were no threat to him; the real threat for Kufa, as he said, was al-Mukhtar.<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil fī al-tārīkh'', vol. 4, p. 172.</ref> Thus, al-Mukhtar was imprisoned by agents of 'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr when Tawwabun launched their battle.<ref>Maqrizī, ''Imṭāʿ al-asmāʾ'', vol. 12, p. 251.</ref> | ||
When Tawwabun were defeated, al-Mukhtar wrote letters to their survivors and asked them to join him. They agreed with al-Mukhtar's request and expressed their readiness to attack the prison and release al-Mukhtar. Al-Mukhtar asked them to hold on, since he would be released a few days later. He wrote a letter to [['Abd Allah b. 'Umar]] who was the husband of his sister, [[Safiyya bt. Abi 'Ubayd]] and asked him to intercede for his release. Thus, al-Mukhtar was released with the help of 'Abd Allah b. 'Umar. | When Tawwabun were defeated, al-Mukhtar wrote letters to their survivors and asked them to join him. They agreed with al-Mukhtar's request and expressed their readiness to attack the prison and release al-Mukhtar. Al-Mukhtar asked them to hold on, since he would be released a few days later. He wrote a letter to [['Abd Allah b. 'Umar]] who was the husband of his sister, [[Safiyya bt. Abi 'Ubayd]] and asked him to intercede for his release. Thus, al-Mukhtar was released with the help of 'Abd Allah b. 'Umar. | ||
| Line 44: | Line 44: | ||
The ruler of Kufa, released al-Mukhtar on the condition that he would take no actions against the government and swear that if he did so, he would slaughter 1000 camels and emancipate all his slaves, both males and females. Al-Mukhtar swore and was released from the prison. | The ruler of Kufa, released al-Mukhtar on the condition that he would take no actions against the government and swear that if he did so, he would slaughter 1000 camels and emancipate all his slaves, both males and females. Al-Mukhtar swore and was released from the prison. | ||
When he was released, he told his companions: "to slaughter 1000 camels is nothing in comparison to my goal. I prefer to achieve my goal and have no slaves." | When he was released, he told his companions: "to slaughter 1000 camels is nothing in comparison to my goal. I prefer to achieve my goal and have no slaves."<ref>Ibn Miskawayh, ''Tajārib al-umam'', vol. 2, p. 137.</ref> | ||
==Preparations== | ==Preparations== | ||
| Line 61: | Line 61: | ||
==A Representative of Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya== | ==A Representative of Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya== | ||
In [[Kufa]], al-Mukhtar claimed that he was a representative of Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya, and called himself his trustee, minister, and ruler. He claimed that he launched his uprising at the command of Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya for the vengeance of [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]]. | In [[Kufa]], al-Mukhtar claimed that he was a representative of Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya, and called himself his trustee, minister, and ruler. He claimed that he launched his uprising at the command of Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya for the vengeance of [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]].<ref>Maqrizī, ''Imṭāʿ al-asmāʾ'', vol. 12, p. 250.</ref> | ||
Some Shi'as gathered in Sa'r b. Abi Sa'r al-Hanafi's house. 'Abd al-Rahman b. Shurayh said that al-Mukhtar claimed to be Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya's representative. He suggested that they go to [[Medina]] by themselves and see if al-Mukhtar was honest. | Some Shi'as gathered in Sa'r b. Abi Sa'r al-Hanafi's house. 'Abd al-Rahman b. Shurayh said that al-Mukhtar claimed to be Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya's representative. He suggested that they go to [[Medina]] by themselves and see if al-Mukhtar was honest.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 6, p. 384.</ref> | ||
'Abd al-Rahman b. Shurayh and others went to Medina and met Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya and inquired about the Uprising of al-Mukhtar and his claim to be Ibn al-Hanafiyya's representative. Ibn al-Hanafiyya replied: "I swear to God that I like God to avenge for us with the hands of any of His servants." | 'Abd al-Rahman b. Shurayh and others went to Medina and met Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya and inquired about the Uprising of al-Mukhtar and his claim to be Ibn al-Hanafiyya's representative. Ibn al-Hanafiyya replied: "I swear to God that I like God to avenge for us with the hands of any of His servants."<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 6, p. 13-14.</ref> | ||
[[Al-'Allama al-Majlisi]] quoted Ibn Nama as saying that Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya took them to [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] in order to ask him about their obligations. The Imam (a) said: "Dear Uncle! If a person from Zanzibar rises to support us, others are obliged to help him. I appoint you as my representative with respect to this, so do whatever you find appropriate." | [[Al-'Allama al-Majlisi]] quoted Ibn Nama as saying that Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya took them to [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] in order to ask him about their obligations. The Imam (a) said: "Dear Uncle! If a person from Zanzibar rises to support us, others are obliged to help him. I appoint you as my representative with respect to this, so do whatever you find appropriate."<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 45, p. 365.</ref> | ||
They left Medina to Kufa, and said: "Imam al-Sajjad (a) and Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya gave us the permission." When they arrived in Kufa, they confirmed al-Mukhtar's claim. | They left Medina to Kufa, and said: "Imam al-Sajjad (a) and Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya gave us the permission."<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 45, p. 365.</ref> When they arrived in Kufa, they confirmed al-Mukhtar's claim.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 6, p. 384; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 6, p. 14.</ref> | ||
It might be on the basis of this [[hadith]] that some prominent Shiite scholars, such as [[al- | It might be on the basis of this [[hadith]] that some prominent Shiite scholars, such as [[al-Khoei]]<ref>Khoei, ''Muʿjam al-rijāl'', vol. 18, p. 100.</ref> and [[al-Mamaqani]]<ref>Māmaqānī, ''Tanqīḥ al-maqāl'', vol. 3, p. 101.</ref> believe that the Uprising of al-Mukhtar was done with the particular permission of Imam al-Sajjad (a). | ||
==Role of Ibrahim b. Malik al-Ashtar== | ==Role of Ibrahim b. Malik al-Ashtar== | ||
In order to realize the goals of his uprising, al-Mukhtar accepted the proposal of the Shiite heads to invite [[Ibrahim b. Malik al-Ashtar]] to help him in the uprising. Ibrahim was first hesitant, but he pledged his allegiance to al-Mukhtar after seeing Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya's letter endorsing al-Mukhtar and hearing the testimonies of Shiite figures about the authenticity of the letter. He played a role as the second ranking person in the uprising. | In order to realize the goals of his uprising, al-Mukhtar accepted the proposal of the Shiite heads to invite [[Ibrahim b. Malik al-Ashtar]] to help him in the uprising.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 6, p. 15.</ref> Ibrahim was first hesitant, but he pledged his allegiance to al-Mukhtar after seeing Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya's letter endorsing al-Mukhtar and hearing the testimonies of Shiite figures about the authenticity of the letter<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 6, p. 17.</ref>. He played a role as the second ranking person in the uprising. | ||
==Commencement== | ==Commencement== | ||
According to the plans, the uprising was supposed to start on Thursday, Rabi' I 14, [[66]] (November 18, 685), but with the early conflict between Ibrahim and Ayas b. Mudarib, the commander of military forces in Kufa and the latter's murder, the uprising started two days earlier on Tuesday [[Rabi' I 12]], [[66 AH]] (November 16, 685). | According to the plans, the uprising was supposed to start on Thursday, Rabi' I 14, [[66]] (November 18, 685),<ref>Ibn Miskawayh, ''Tajārib al-umam'', vol. 2, p. 147.</ref> but with the early conflict between Ibrahim and Ayas b. Mudarib, the commander of military forces in Kufa and the latter's murder, the uprising started two days earlier on Tuesday [[Rabi' I 12]], [[66 AH]] (November 16, 685). | ||
Al-Mukhtar ordered 'Abd Allah b. Shaddad to commence the uprising with the slogan, "[[Ya Mansur, Amit]]" (O Victorious! Bring Death!). It was a slogan of [[the Prophet (s)]] in battles of [[Battle of Badr|Badr]] and [[Battle of Banu l-Mustaliq|Banu l-Mustaliq]]. This slogan was a sign of later Shiite uprisings. It was also used later in the uprisings of [[Uprising of Zayd b. 'Ali| Zayd b. 'Ali]], [[Uprising of al-Nafs al-Zakiyya|Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya]], and [[Uprising of Ibrahim b. 'Abd Allah|Ibrahim b. 'Abd Allah]]. Al-Mukhtar also ordered [[Sufyan b. Layla]] and [[Qudama b. Malik]] to use the slogan, [[Ya la-Tharat al-Husayn]] (O the avengers of al-Husayn). | Al-Mukhtar ordered 'Abd Allah b. Shaddad to commence the uprising with the slogan, "[[Ya Mansur, Amit]]" (O Victorious! Bring Death!).<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 6, p. 309.</ref> It was a slogan of [[the Prophet (s)]] in battles of [[Battle of Badr|Badr]]<ref>Maqrizī, ''Imṭāʿ al-asmāʾ'', vol. 1, p. 106.</ref> and [[Battle of Banu l-Mustaliq|Banu l-Mustaliq]].<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''al-Istīʿāb'', vol. 2, p. 656.</ref> This slogan was a sign of later Shiite uprisings. It was also used later in the uprisings of [[Uprising of Zayd b. 'Ali| Zayd b. 'Ali]],<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 7, p. 183.</ref> [[Uprising of al-Nafs al-Zakiyya|Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya]], and [[Uprising of Ibrahim b. 'Abd Allah|Ibrahim b. 'Abd Allah]]. Al-Mukhtar also ordered [[Sufyan b. Layla]] and [[Qudama b. Malik]] to use the slogan, [[Ya la-Tharat al-Husayn]] (O the avengers of al-Husayn).<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 6, p. 390.</ref> | ||
The uprising was then publicized, and after a few days, al-Mukhtar's army ousted 'Abd Allah b. Muti', the ruler of Kufa, from the city. 'Abd Allah b. Muti' had been appointed by [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]] as the ruler of Kufa in order to quench the Tawwabun. | The uprising was then publicized, and after a few days, al-Mukhtar's army ousted 'Abd Allah b. Muti', the ruler of Kufa, from the city.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 6, p. 392; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 6, p. 27.</ref> 'Abd Allah b. Muti' had been appointed by [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]] as the ruler of Kufa in order to quench the Tawwabun.<ref>Muqaddasī, ''Āfarīnish wa tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 911; Ibn Khaldūn, ''Tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 44.</ref> | ||
==Entering the Palace of Kufa== | ==Entering the Palace of Kufa== | ||
| Line 160: | Line 160: | ||
===Realization of Imam al-Sajjad's (s) Curse=== | ===Realization of Imam al-Sajjad's (s) Curse=== | ||
[[Minhal b. 'Amr]] said that he met [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] in [[Medina]]. The Imam (a) asked about [[Harmala]]. He told the Imam (a): "he was alive when I was in Kufa", the Imam (a) said: "… O God, make him feel the heat of iron, O God, make him feel the heat of iron, O God, make him feel the heat of fire …". Minhal said that when he returned to Kufa, he saw that Harmala was captured by al-Mukhtar and the Imam's (a) curse was realized. | [[Minhal b. 'Amr]] said that he met [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] in [[Medina]]. The Imam (a) asked about [[Harmala]]. He told the Imam (a): "he was alive when I was in Kufa", the Imam (a) said: "… O God, make him feel the heat of iron, O God, make him feel the heat of iron, O God, make him feel the heat of fire …".<ref>Irbilī, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', vol. 2, p. 112.</ref> Minhal said that when he returned to Kufa, he saw that Harmala was captured by al-Mukhtar and the Imam's (a) curse was realized. | ||
==='Umar b. Sa'd's Safety Conduct=== | ==='Umar b. Sa'd's Safety Conduct=== | ||
[['Umar b. Sa'd]] sent 'Abd Allah b. Ja'da, a close companion of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]], to al-Mukhtar to ask him for a safety conduct for 'Umar. For some exigencies, al-Mukhtar gave him a safety conduct on the condition that he does not leave his house and does not make any mistakes. | [['Umar b. Sa'd]] sent 'Abd Allah b. Ja'da, a close companion of [[Imam 'Ali (a)]], to al-Mukhtar to ask him for a safety conduct for 'Umar. For some exigencies, al-Mukhtar gave him a safety conduct on the condition that he does not leave his house and does not make any mistakes. | ||
Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya expressed his concerns about the release of 'Umar b. Sa'd. When al-Mukhtar heard about Ibn al-Hanafiyya's concerns, he said, in a meeting where some close friends of 'Umar b. Sa'd were present, that the main perpetrators of the story of [[Karbala]] will be killed in the coming days. One day, 'Umar b. Sa'd went out of his house to another place and then went back home. When al-Mukhtar heard about this, he seized the opportunity and sent [[Abu 'Amra]] to 'Umar b. Sa'd's house to kill him. Abu 'Amra killed him and took his head to al-Mukhtar. | Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya expressed his concerns about the release of 'Umar b. Sa'd. When al-Mukhtar heard about Ibn al-Hanafiyya's concerns, he said, in a meeting where some close friends of 'Umar b. Sa'd were present, that the main perpetrators of the story of [[Karbala]] will be killed in the coming days.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 6, p. 61.</ref> One day, 'Umar b. Sa'd went out of his house to another place and then went back home. When al-Mukhtar heard about this, he seized the opportunity and sent [[Abu 'Amra]] to 'Umar b. Sa'd's house to kill him. Abu 'Amra killed him and took his head to al-Mukhtar.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 6, p. 62.</ref> | ||
==Battle with Syria's Government== | ==Battle with Syria's Government== | ||
{{main|Battle of Khazir}} | {{main|Battle of Khazir}} | ||
Most murderers of the [[Martyrs of Karbala]] who resided in Kufa were killed, but a few of them could escape and survive. After this, al-Mukhtar planned to combat the central government in [[Syria]], the [[Umayyad dynasty]], in order to punish the main contributors of Imam al-Husayn's (a) martyrdom. On some accounts, after killing Imam al-Husayn's (a) murderers, al-Mukhtar's biggest concern was to send Ibrahim's army to Syria. | Most murderers of the [[Martyrs of Karbala]] who resided in Kufa were killed, but a few of them could escape and survive. After this, al-Mukhtar planned to combat the central government in [[Syria]], the [[Umayyad dynasty]], in order to punish the main contributors of Imam al-Husayn's (a) martyrdom. On some accounts, after killing Imam al-Husayn's (a) murderers, al-Mukhtar's biggest concern was to send Ibrahim's army to Syria.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 6, p. 423.</ref> | ||
Two days after the eradication of the murderers of Imam al-Husayn (a), al-Mukhtar sent Ibrahim b. Malik to Syria. On the other hand, [['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]] moved towards Ibrahim with a large army. The two armies met near Mosul. | Two days after the eradication of the murderers of Imam al-Husayn (a), al-Mukhtar sent Ibrahim b. Malik to Syria.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 6, p. 423; Ṭūsī, ''al-Amālī'', p. 240.</ref> On the other hand, [['Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad]] moved towards Ibrahim with a large army. The two armies met near Mosul. | ||
Ibrahim's army consisted of 12000 people, 8000 of which were Iranians and 4000 were Arabs. On some accounts, Ibrahim's army consisted of 20,000 to 30,000 people. | Ibrahim's army consisted of 12000 people, 8000 of which were Iranians and 4000 were Arabs.<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 45, p. 334.</ref> On some accounts, Ibrahim's army consisted of 20,000 to 30,000 people.<ref>Dīnawarī, ''Akhbār al-ṭiwāl'', p. 293.</ref> | ||
Ibrahim's army met with Ibn Ziyad's army consisting of 80,000 people around Mosul. The [[Battle of Khazir|battle]] ended with the victory of Ibrahim, and people such as 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad, [[al-Husayn b. Numayr]], and [[Shurahbil b. Dhi l-Kila']] were killed. 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad was killed on the [[Ashura]] of [[67]]/686. | Ibrahim's army met with Ibn Ziyad's army consisting of 80,000 people around Mosul.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 6, p. 363.</ref> The [[Battle of Khazir|battle]] ended with the victory of Ibrahim, and people such as 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad, [[al-Husayn b. Numayr]], and [[Shurahbil b. Dhi l-Kila']] were killed.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 6, p. 426.</ref> 'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad was killed on the [[Ashura]] of [[67]]/686.<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 45, p. 383.</ref> | ||
'Ubayad Allah b. Ziyad's corpse was burned, and his head was taken to al-Mukhtar in Kufa. He sent the head to [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] and [[Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya]] in [[Medina]]. | 'Ubayad Allah b. Ziyad's corpse was burned,<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 6, p. 426.</ref> and his head was taken to al-Mukhtar in Kufa. He sent the head to [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] and [[Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya]] in [[Medina]].<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 45, p. 386.</ref> | ||
When Ibn Ziyad's head was taken to Imam al-Sajjad (a), he was having a meal. The Imam (a) said: "when we were taken to Ibn Ziyad, he was having a meal and my father's head was in front of him. I said to myself: O God, I hope to be alive and see his head in front of me." | When Ibn Ziyad's head was taken to Imam al-Sajjad (a), he was having a meal. The Imam (a) said: "when we were taken to Ibn Ziyad, he was having a meal and my father's head was in front of him. I said to myself: O God, I hope to be alive and see his head in front of me."<ref>Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 45, p. 336.</ref> | ||
==Al-Khashabiyya Army== | ==Al-Khashabiyya Army== | ||
[['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]] imprisoned Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya, [['Abd Allah b. al-'Abbas]], and 17 people from [[Banu Hashim]], including [[al-Hasan al-Muthanna]] in a cave called "Shi'b al-'Arim" and threatened that he will throw them into fire if they do not pledge their allegiance to him. In order to justify his brother's threatening, [['Urwa b. al-Zubayr]] said that "he did this in order to unify Muslims and make them (Banu Hashim) obey him and prevent divisions in the Islamic community, as [['Umar b. al-Khattab]] did this to Banu Hashim when they delayed their allegiance to [[Abu Bakr b. Abi Quhafa]]." | [['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]] imprisoned Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya, [['Abd Allah b. al-'Abbas]], and 17 people from [[Banu Hashim]], including [[al-Hasan al-Muthanna]] in a cave called "Shi'b al-'Arim" and threatened that he will throw them into fire if they do not pledge their allegiance to him. In order to justify his brother's threatening, [['Urwa b. al-Zubayr]] said that "he did this in order to unify Muslims and make them (Banu Hashim) obey him and prevent divisions in the Islamic community, as [['Umar b. al-Khattab]] did this to Banu Hashim when they delayed their allegiance to [[Abu Bakr b. Abi Quhafa]]."<ref>Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 20, p. 147.</ref> | ||
Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya sent a message to al-Mukhtar and asked him for help. Al-Mukhtar sent an army to [[Mecca]] whose only weapons were wooden sticks, and so they released the Banu Hashim. This army came to be known as "al-Khashabiyya", that is, holders of woods. Their wooden weapons were with the intention to respect Mecca and not enter this holy city with swords. | Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya sent a message to al-Mukhtar and asked him for help. Al-Mukhtar sent an army to [[Mecca]] whose only weapons were wooden sticks, and so they released the Banu Hashim. This army came to be known as "al-Khashabiyya", that is, holders of woods. Their wooden weapons were with the intention to respect Mecca and not enter this holy city with swords. | ||
| Line 199: | Line 199: | ||
==Al-Mukhtar's Murder== | ==Al-Mukhtar's Murder== | ||
Al-Mukhtar and 19 other people went out of the palace. After an unjust war, al-Mukhtar was killed on [[Ramadan 14]], [[67]] ([[April 3]], 687). | Al-Mukhtar and 19 other people went out of the palace. After an unjust war, al-Mukhtar was killed on [[Ramadan 14]], [[67]] ([[April 3]], 687).<ref>Qummī, ''Tārīkh-i Qom'', p. 290.</ref> | ||
Companions of al-Mukhtar who were killed with him included 'Abd Allah and 'Abd al-Rahman, the sons of [[Hujr b. 'Adi]], and [[Sa'ib b. Malik al-Ash'ari]], the ancestor of [[Ash'ariyyun]] in [[Qom]]. | Companions of al-Mukhtar who were killed with him included 'Abd Allah and 'Abd al-Rahman, the sons of [[Hujr b. 'Adi]],<ref>Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, ''al-Iṣāba'', vol. 2, p. 34.</ref> and [[Sa'ib b. Malik al-Ash'ari]], the ancestor of [[Ash'ariyyun]] in [[Qom]].<ref>Qummī, ''Tārīkh-i Qom'', p. 290.</ref> | ||
==Fate of the Surrounded People== | ==Fate of the Surrounded People== | ||
People who did not comply with al-Mukhtar's order to be honorably killed in a confrontation with Mus'ab's army were all arrested after al-Mukhtar's murder and were decapitated. | People who did not comply with al-Mukhtar's order to be honorably killed in a confrontation with Mus'ab's army were all arrested after al-Mukhtar's murder and were decapitated.<ref>Ibn al-Jawzī, ''al-Muntaẓam'', vol. 6, p. 66.</ref> | ||
One day, Mus'ab met [['Abd Allah b. 'Umar]]. 'Abd Allah told him: "you are the one who killed 6000 Muslims in one day", Mus'ab replied: "they were not Muslims", 'Abd Allah said: "even if you had killed 6000 of your father's sheep, it would be a squander and would be forbidden, let alone 6000 Muslims." | One day, Mus'ab met [['Abd Allah b. 'Umar]]. 'Abd Allah told him: "you are the one who killed 6000 Muslims in one day", Mus'ab replied: "they were not Muslims", 'Abd Allah said: "even if you had killed 6000 of your father's sheep, it would be a squander and would be forbidden, let alone 6000 Muslims."<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 6, p. 445; Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 8, p. 289.</ref> | ||
==Murder of al-Mukhtar's Wife== | ==Murder of al-Mukhtar's Wife== | ||
After killing all the captives, Mus'ab captured al-Mukhtar's two wives, [[Umm Thabit bt. Samura b. Jundab]] and [['Umra bt. Nu'man b. Bashir]], and asked them to curse al-Mukhtar. Umm Thabit did so and was released, but 'Umra said: "may God bless him! He was a righteous servant of God". So Mus'ab ordered her murder. According to al-Ya'qubi, Mus'ab asked 'Umra's view about al-Mukhtar, she said: "he was pious, pure and always [[fast|fasted]]". She was the first woman in Islam who was decapitated. | After killing all the captives, Mus'ab captured al-Mukhtar's two wives, [[Umm Thabit bt. Samura b. Jundab]] and [['Umra bt. Nu'man b. Bashir]], and asked them to curse al-Mukhtar.<ref>Dīnawarī, ''Akhbār al-ṭiwāl'', p. 309.</ref> Umm Thabit did so and was released, but 'Umra said: "may God bless him! He was a righteous servant of God". So Mus'ab ordered her murder. According to al-Ya'qubi, Mus'ab asked 'Umra's view about al-Mukhtar, she said: "he was pious, pure and always [[fast|fasted]]". She was the first woman in Islam who was decapitated.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārikh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 264.</ref> | ||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
| Line 218: | Line 218: | ||
* [[Dawma bt. 'Amr]] | * [[Dawma bt. 'Amr]] | ||
{{end}} | {{end}} | ||
==Notes== | |||
{{Notes}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{references}} | {{references}} | ||
* | * | ||
{{end}} | {{end}} | ||