Anonymous user
Al-Mansur al-'Abbasi: Difference between revisions
no edit summary
imported>Kadeh (→References: Completed.) |
imported>Kadeh No edit summary |
||
| Line 30: | Line 30: | ||
[[The uprising of al-Nafs al-Zakiyya]] and the [[Uprising of Ibrahim b. 'Abd Allah|uprising of Qatil Bakhamra]] took place in the time of al-Mansur's [[caliphate]]. Al-Mansur ordered to build the city [[Baghdad]] which is regarded among his significant actions. | [[The uprising of al-Nafs al-Zakiyya]] and the [[Uprising of Ibrahim b. 'Abd Allah|uprising of Qatil Bakhamra]] took place in the time of al-Mansur's [[caliphate]]. Al-Mansur ordered to build the city [[Baghdad]] which is regarded among his significant actions. | ||
==Birth and Lineage== | ==Biography== | ||
'Abd Allah b. Muhammad b. 'Ali b. Abd Allah b. al-'Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib was born in [[95]]/713-4 in Humayma. His mother was a Berber female slave called Salama. The [[teknonym]] of 'Abd Allah was Abu Ja'far and his epithet was al-Mansur. | ===Birth and Lineage=== | ||
'Abd Allah b. Muhammad b. 'Ali b. Abd Allah b. al-'Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib was born in [[95 AH|95]]/713-4 in Humayma.<ref>Suyūṭī, ''Tārīkh-i khulafā'', p. 277.</ref> His mother was a Berber female slave called Salama. The [[teknonym]] of 'Abd Allah was Abu Ja'far and his epithet was al-Mansur.<ref>Suyūṭī, ''Tārīkh-i khulafā'', p. 277; Ziriklī, ''al-Aʿlām'', vol. 4, p. 117.</ref> | |||
==Crown Prince== | ===Crown Prince=== | ||
When Abbasid tried to usurp [[caliphate]], [[Ibrahim b. Muhammad al-'Abbasi|Ibrahim]] (Organizer's of Abbasid and al-Mansur's brother) appointed [[al-Saffah al-'Abbasi|al-Saffah]], the younger brother of al-Mansur, as the crown prince; because al-Mansur was a child of a female slave, he was treated secondary to al-Saffah. Later, al-Mansur was appointed as the crown prince. When al-Saffah became the [[caliph]] (ruler) of Muslims, he appointed his brother, al-Mansur, as the governor of al-Jazira (northern region of [[Iraq]]), [[Armenia]] and [[Azerbaijan]]. | When Abbasid tried to usurp [[caliphate]], [[Ibrahim b. Muhammad al-'Abbasi|Ibrahim]] (Organizer's of Abbasid and al-Mansur's brother) appointed [[al-Saffah al-'Abbasi|al-Saffah]], the younger brother of al-Mansur, as the crown prince; because al-Mansur was a child of a female slave,<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 5, p. 382.</ref> he was treated secondary to al-Saffah. Later, al-Mansur was appointed as the crown prince. When al-Saffah became the [[caliph]] (ruler) of Muslims, he appointed his brother, al-Mansur, as the governor of al-Jazira (northern region of [[Iraq]]), [[Armenia]] and [[Azerbaijan]].<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 358.</ref> | ||
==Caliphate== | ===Caliphate=== | ||
Al-Mansur was performing [[Hajj]] rituals in the time of al-Saffah's death. When he was informed of the news, he hurried back to [[Iraq]] and took control of power. Then he asked people to pledge [[allegiance]] to him. | Al-Mansur was performing [[Hajj]] rituals in the time of al-Saffah's death. When he was informed of the news, he hurried back to [[Iraq]] and took control of power. Then he asked people to pledge [[allegiance]] to him.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 358.</ref> | ||
{{'Abbasi Dynasty}} | {{'Abbasi Dynasty}} | ||
==Characteristics== | ===Characteristics=== | ||
Ambitiousness: Al-Mansur considered himself as a king. It is quoted from him: "There are four caliphs: [[Abu Bakr]], [['Umar b. al-Khattab]], [['Uthman b. Affan]] and [['Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]]; and there are four Kings: [[Mu'awiya]], [['Abd al-Malik b. Marwan]], [[Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik]] and me." He also stated that [[God]] has chosen him responsible for income and food of people. | *'''Ambitiousness:''' Al-Mansur considered himself as a king. It is quoted from him: "There are four caliphs: [[Abu Bakr]], [['Umar b. al-Khattab]], [['Uthman b. Affan]] and [['Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]]; and there are four Kings: [[Mu'awiya]], [['Abd al-Malik b. Marwan]], [[Hisham b. 'Abd al-Malik]] and me."<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 10, p. 122.</ref> He also stated that [[God]] has chosen him responsible for income and food of people.<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 10, p. 122.</ref> | ||
Stinginess: Al-Mansur was a stingy and narrow-minded man who questioned his agents and representatives for small amounts of money. As a result, he was known as '''al-Dawaniqi''' (Daniq means a very small of money) {{enote|Dawaniq is the plural form of "Daniq" (Arabic: {{ia|دانِق}}). Daniq equals a sixth of dirham, thus it would be a very small amount of money.}}. It is said when [['Abd al-Malik b. Marwan]] built [[al-Aqsa mosque]], he covered the doors with gold and silver, however, when al-Mansur al-Dawaniqi intended to repair the mosque, he ordered to take out the gold and silver from doors and mint coins with them. | *'''Stinginess:''' Al-Mansur was a stingy and narrow-minded man who questioned his agents and representatives for small amounts of money. As a result, he was known as '''al-Dawaniqi'''<ref>Dīyārbakrī, ''Tārīkh al-khamīs'', vol. 2, p. 324.</ref> (Daniq means a very small of money) {{enote|Dawaniq is the plural form of "Daniq" (Arabic: {{ia|دانِق}}). Daniq equals a sixth of dirham, thus it would be a very small amount of money.}}. It is said when [['Abd al-Malik b. Marwan]] built [[al-Aqsa mosque]], he covered the doors with gold and silver, however, when al-Mansur al-Dawaniqi intended to repair the mosque, he ordered to take out the gold and silver from doors and mint coins with them.<ref>Ḥamīdī, ''Tārīkh-i Urshalīm'', p. 183.</ref> | ||
==Political and Social Situations== | ==Political and Social Situations== | ||
The political and social situation in the time of al-Mansur al-Dawaniqi was massively influenced by cultural interactions and contacts between Arabs and conquered territories including [[Iran]] and [[Rome]]. Iranian culture was the dominant culture and their political structures were changed similar to Iranians' structure. Al-Mansur managed to suppress numerous uprisings and then he focused on stabilization of power. Similar to [[Sassanid]] kings, al-Mansur had complete power over all governors, ministers, judges and emirs. | The political and social situation in the time of al-Mansur al-Dawaniqi was massively influenced by cultural interactions and contacts between Arabs and conquered territories including [[Iran]] and [[Rome]]. Iranian culture was the dominant culture and their political structures were changed similar to Iranians' structure. Al-Mansur managed to suppress numerous uprisings and then he focused on stabilization of power. Similar to [[Sassanid]] kings, al-Mansur had complete power over all governors, ministers, judges and emirs.<ref>Ḍayf Shuqī, ''Tārīkh al-adab al-ʿarabī'', p. 21.</ref> | ||
In the time of al-Mansur, social situation changed. As Arabs humiliated [[Mawla|Mawali]]s (freed servants) and consequently the movement of [[Shu'ubiyya]] (rejecting the Arabs' superiority over other nations) started. National and social traditions revived in Abbasid era among government officials and people. [[Nowruz]], [[Mehregan]] and other national ceremonies of Iranians along with poems and music brought the taste of Sassanid era back. Bureaucratic system of Sassanid era was transmitted to Abbasid era. Diwan al-rasail (letters) was revived in the framework of Arabic literature conveying Pahlavi literature mixed with Islamic notions. Even Abbasid caliphs were interested in listening to Pahlavi texts and aphorisms as well as Islamic teachings; especially al-Mansur. | In the time of al-Mansur, social situation changed. As Arabs humiliated [[Mawla|Mawali]]s (freed servants) and consequently the movement of [[Shu'ubiyya]] (rejecting the Arabs' superiority over other nations) started. National and social traditions revived in Abbasid era among government officials and people. [[Nowruz]], [[Mehregan]] and other national ceremonies of Iranians along with poems and music brought the taste of Sassanid era back. Bureaucratic system of Sassanid era was transmitted to Abbasid era. Diwan al-rasail (letters) was revived in the framework of Arabic literature conveying Pahlavi literature mixed with Islamic notions. Even Abbasid caliphs were interested in listening to Pahlavi texts and aphorisms as well as Islamic teachings; especially al-Mansur.<ref>Amānī Chāklī, ''Muqāyisa-yi janbahā-yi mukhtalif-i andarznāma-yi Ardshīr Sāsānī wa wasīyyatnāma-yi Maūṣur Abbāsī'', p. 120.</ref> | ||
==Activities== | ==Activities== | ||
| Line 116: | Line 117: | ||
* Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn. ''Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn''. Edited by Sayyid Aḥmad al-Ṣaqar. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Aʿlamī li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 1408 AH. | * Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn. ''Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn''. Edited by Sayyid Aḥmad al-Ṣaqar. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Aʿlamī li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 1408 AH. | ||
* Allāh Akbarī, Muḥammad. ''Rābiṭa-yi ʿAlawiyān wa ʿAbbāsiyān''. Qom: Muʾassisa-yi Āmūzishī Pazhūhishī Imām Khomeiniī. No 1. 1381 Sh. | * Allāh Akbarī, Muḥammad. ''Rābiṭa-yi ʿAlawiyān wa ʿAbbāsiyān''. Qom: Muʾassisa-yi Āmūzishī Pazhūhishī Imām Khomeiniī. No 1. 1381 Sh. | ||
* Amānī Chāklī and others. ''Muqāyisa-yi janbahā-yi mukhtalif-i andarznāma-yi Ardshīr Sāsānī wa wasīyyatnāma-yi Maūṣur Abbāsī''. No 21. 1394 Sh. | |||
* Asad Ḥaydar. ''Al-Imām al-Ṣādiq wa al-madhāhib al-arbaʿa''. 2nd edition. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1392 AH. | * Asad Ḥaydar. ''Al-Imām al-Ṣādiq wa al-madhāhib al-arbaʿa''. 2nd edition. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1392 AH. | ||
* Dīyārbakrī, Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad. ''Tārīkh al-khamīs fī aḥwāl ʾanfas al-nafīs''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, [n.d]. | * Dīyārbakrī, Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad. ''Tārīkh al-khamīs fī aḥwāl ʾanfas al-nafīs''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, [n.d]. | ||