Anonymous user
Abu Hanifa: Difference between revisions
wiki check
imported>Shakeri |
imported>E.amini (wiki check) |
||
| Line 22: | Line 22: | ||
| Full Name = al-Nu'man b. Thabit | | Full Name = al-Nu'man b. Thabit | ||
| Kunya = Abu Hanifa | | Kunya = Abu Hanifa | ||
| Epithet = | | Epithet = al-Imam al-A'zam •Siraj al-A'imma | ||
| Well Known As = | | Well Known As = | ||
| Religious Affiliation = Sunni | | Religious Affiliation = Sunni | ||
| Line 30: | Line 30: | ||
| Place of Birth = [[Kufa]] | | Place of Birth = [[Kufa]] | ||
| Places of Residence = <!--if there is more than one place of residence--> | | Places of Residence = <!--if there is more than one place of residence--> | ||
| Place of Residence = Kufa | | Place of Residence = Kufa • [[Baghdad]] • [[Medina]] • [[Mecca]] | ||
| Death/Martyrdom = [[150]]/767-8 | | Death/Martyrdom = [[150]]/767-8 | ||
| Cause of Death/Martyrdom = Died in the prison of [[al-Mansur al-'Abbasi]] | | Cause of Death/Martyrdom = Died in the prison of [[al-Mansur al-'Abbasi]] | ||
| Burial Place = [[Baghdad]] | | Burial Place = [[Baghdad]] | ||
| Era = [[Al-Mansur al-Abbasi]] | | Era = [[Al-Mansur al-'Abbasi]] | ||
| Known for = | | Known for = | ||
| Professors = [[Hammad b. Abi Sulayman]] | | Professors = [[Hammad b. Abi Sulayman]] • [['Asim b. Abi l-Nujud al-Kufi]] • [[Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (a)]] and etc. | ||
| Students = | | Students = | ||
| Notable roles = | | Notable roles = | ||
| Works = ''Al-'Alim wa l-Muti'allim'' | | Works = ''Al-'Alim wa l-Muti'allim'' • ''al-Fiqh al-akbar'', ... | ||
| Activities = | | Activities = | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Abū Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān b. Thābit''' (Arabic:{{ia|أبو حنيفة النعمان بن ثابت}}), (b. [[80]]/699 - d. [[150]]/767) was a scholar of [[fiqh]] and [[ | '''Abū Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān b. Thābit''' (Arabic:{{ia|أبو حنيفة النعمان بن ثابت}}), (b. [[80]]/699 - d. [[150]]/767) was a scholar of [[fiqh]] and [[theology]] in [[Kufa]] and the founder of [[Hanafiyya]], one of the four sects of [[Sunni]] Islam. Hanafis refer to him as "al-Imam al-A'zam" (the greatest leader) and "Siraj al-A'imma" (the light of the leaders). | ||
==Lineage== | ==Lineage== | ||
| Line 53: | Line 53: | ||
==Education and Teachers== | ==Education and Teachers== | ||
Abu Hanifa studied with many scholars and [[ | Abu Hanifa studied with many scholars and [[faqih]]s, but [[Hammad b. Abi Sulayman]] was the particular teacher whose lectures he attended for 18 years. He accompanied him until death. | ||
His teachers in [[Kufa]], as mentioned in his biographies, include: | His teachers in [[Kufa]], as mentioned in his biographies, include: | ||
{{cb|3}} | {{cb|3}} | ||
* [['Amir al-Sha'bi]], | * [['Amir al-Sha'bi]], | ||
* Abu Ishaq Subay'i, | * Abu Ishaq al-Subay'i, | ||
* [['Asim b. Abi l-Nujud]], | * [['Asim b. Abi l-Nujud]], | ||
* [[Qays b. Muslim]], | * [[Qays b. Muslim]], | ||
* [[Sammak b. Harb]], | * [[Sammak b. Harb]], | ||
* [['Alqama b. Marthad]], | * [['Alqama b. Marthad]], | ||
* 'Atiyya b. Sa'd al-Awfi, | * 'Atiyya b. Sa'd al-'Awfi, | ||
* Hakam b. 'Atiyya. | * Hakam b. 'Atiyya. | ||
{{end}} | {{end}} | ||
According to biographies, he also studied with people from [[Basra]], such as [[Qatada b. Di'ama]] and [[Malik b. Dinar]]. | According to biographies, he also studied with people from [[Basra]], such as [[Qatada b. Di'ama]] and [[Malik b. Dinar]]. | ||
During his studies (before | During his studies (before 114/732), he travelled to [[Hijaz]] and studied with teachers there. In [[Medina]], he attended the lectures of [[Rabi'a b. Abi 'Abd al-Rahman]], a scholar of [[fiqh]], and in [[Mecca]], he attended the lectures of [['Ata' b. Abi Ribah]] (d. 114/732-3 or 115/733-4). | ||
In Medina, he also studied with [[Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (a)]], [['Abd al-Rahman b. Hurmuz al-A'raj]], Nafi' mawla Ibn 'Umar, Muhammad b. Munkadir, and Ibn Shahab al-Zuhri, and in | In Medina, he also studied with [[Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (a)]], [['Abd al-Rahman b. Hurmuz al-A'raj]], Nafi' mawla Ibn 'Umar, Muhammad b. Munkadir, and Ibn Shahab al-Zuhri, and in Mecca, he also studied with people such as [['Amr b. Dinar]] and Abu l-Zubayr al-Makki. | ||
===Relationship with Imam al-Baqir (a) and Imam al-Sadiq (a)=== | ===Relationship with Imam al-Baqir (a) and Imam al-Sadiq (a)=== | ||
Some [[Sunni]] sources have pointed to the relationship between Abu Hanifa and two Shi'a [[Imams (a)]] with respect to the transmission of hadiths. Al-Dhahabi and al-Qaramani have referred to his transmission of hadiths from [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]] and [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]]. Abu l-Hajjaj al- | Some [[Sunni]] sources have pointed to the relationship between Abu Hanifa and two Shi'a [[Imams (a)]] with respect to the transmission of hadiths. Al-Dhahabi and al-Qaramani have referred to his transmission of hadiths from [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]] and [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]]. Abu l-Hajjaj al-Mizzi mentioned Imam al-Baqir (a) as one of his masters. Other Sunni scholars, such as Ibn Hajar al-Haythami, Ibn Sabbagh al-Maliki, and Sulayman al-Qunduzi said that he transmitted hadiths from Imam al-Sadiq (a). | ||
[[Ibn Abi l-Hadid al-Mu'tazili]] explicitly said that Abu Hanifa was Imam al-Sadiq's (a) student. There is a well-known statement attributed to Abu Hanifa: "if there were not those two years, Nu'man [Abu Hanifa] would be nothing" ({{ia|لولا السنتان، لهک نعمان}}). It is said that the statement was first cited in the 14th/20th century in the short book, ''Tuhfa al-ithna 'asharaiyya''. Some people have interpreted this statement as referring to Abu Hanifa's studies with Imam al-Sadiq (a) for two years. | [[Ibn Abi l-Hadid al-Mu'tazili]] explicitly said that Abu Hanifa was Imam al-Sadiq's (a) student. There is a well-known statement attributed to Abu Hanifa: "if there were not those two years, Nu'man [Abu Hanifa] would be nothing" ({{ia|لولا السنتان، لهک نعمان}}). It is said that the statement was first cited in the 14th/20th century in the short book, ''Tuhfa al-ithna 'asharaiyya''. Some people have interpreted this statement as referring to Abu Hanifa's studies with Imam al-Sadiq (a) for two years. | ||
| Line 87: | Line 87: | ||
Abu Hanifa secretly helped and sponsored [[Zayd b. 'Ali]] in his [[Uprising of Zayd b. 'Ali|uprising]] and provided him with warfare. | Abu Hanifa secretly helped and sponsored [[Zayd b. 'Ali]] in his [[Uprising of Zayd b. 'Ali|uprising]] and provided him with warfare. | ||
In | In 126/744, Abu Hanifa played the role of a moderator between people of [[Khorasan]] and Ajlah, an official close to the [[caliph]], in order to receive a safety conduct for [[Harith b. Surayj]] (a revolutionary head of Khorasan). | ||
In [[127]]/745 and [[128]]/746 when [[Sufri Khawarij]] occupied Kufa under the leadership of [[Dahhak b. Qays al-Shaybani]], Abu Hanifa had debates with them. | In [[127]]/745 and [[128]]/746 when [[Sufri Khawarij]] occupied Kufa under the leadership of [[Dahhak b. Qays al-Shaybani]], Abu Hanifa had debates with them. | ||
| Line 100: | Line 100: | ||
==Death in the Prison of Baghdad== | ==Death in the Prison of Baghdad== | ||
In the last days of Abu Hanifa's life, [[al-Mansur al-'Abbasi]] summoned him to [[Baghdad]] and imprisoned him for reasons unknown to us. After few days, Abu Hanifa died in the prison. In his ''[[ | In the last days of Abu Hanifa's life, [[al-Mansur al-'Abbasi]] summoned him to [[Baghdad]] and imprisoned him for reasons unknown to us. After few days, Abu Hanifa died in the prison. In his ''[[the Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam]]'' , [[Syed Husain Mohammad Jafri|Jafari]] holds that Abu Hanifa was imprisoned because of his support for the [[Uprising of al-Nafs al-Zakiyya]] against al-Mansur. | ||
Abu Hanifa's body was buried in the al-Khayzaran cemetery of [[Baghdad]] after Hasan b . 'Umara al-Bajali, the Kufi [[muhaddith]] (narrator of Hadith), said [[Funeral Prayer]] on his body. A dome and school were constructed over his burial place in | Abu Hanifa's body was buried in the al-Khayzaran cemetery of [[Baghdad]] after Hasan b . 'Umara al-Bajali, the Kufi [[muhaddith]] (narrator of Hadith), said [[Funeral Prayer]] on his body. A dome and school were constructed over his burial place in 459/1066-7. Today the place in which his burial place is located is called "Hayy al-A'zamiyya" (al-A'zamiyya reign). | ||
==Abu Hanifa's School of Thought== | ==Abu Hanifa's School of Thought== | ||
| Line 111: | Line 111: | ||
Many authors from [[People of Hadith]], [[Imamis]], [[Mu'tazilis]], and [[Ash'aris]], take Abu Hanifa to lean towards [[Murji'a]]. It has been taken as a widely accepted fact. | Many authors from [[People of Hadith]], [[Imamis]], [[Mu'tazilis]], and [[Ash'aris]], take Abu Hanifa to lean towards [[Murji'a]]. It has been taken as a widely accepted fact. | ||
The problem of whether a person who commits a [[major sin]] counts as having [[ | The problem of whether a person who commits a [[major sin]] counts as having [[Iman]] (faith) or not was a matter of severe debate in the second half of the [[2nd/8th century]]. It led to three different positions and sects: [[Khawarij]] who believed that such a person will no longer count as having iman, and is, therefore, an unbeliever; [[Murji'a]] who believed that such a person still has iman, since for them, iman is not a matter of increase or decrease; and People of Hadith who avoided to count such a person as being an unbeliever, but took iman to be a matter of degrees and subject to increases and decreases. | ||
Since Abu Hanifa believed that iman is subject to increases and decreases, he was considered by his opponents as leaning towards Murji'a. | Since Abu Hanifa believed that iman is subject to increases and decreases, he was considered by his opponents as leaning towards Murji'a. | ||
| Line 120: | Line 120: | ||
===Imamate=== | ===Imamate=== | ||
One of the most crucial problems regarding [[imamate]] in the history of Islamic denominations is that of the early successors of [[ | One of the most crucial problems regarding [[imamate]] in the history of Islamic denominations is that of the early successors of the [[Prophet (s)]] and the four [[Rashidun Caliphs]]. | ||
In the first half of the | In the first half of the 2nd/8th century, it was common among denominations of Islam other than [[Shi'a]] and Khawarij to take [[Abu Bakr b. Abi Quhafa]] and [['Umar b. Khattab]] as superior to other caliphs, but with respect to [['Ali (a)]] and [['Uthman b. 'Affan]], not only was there a disagreement with respect to their superiority, but the early Murji'a, as Ibn Sa'd says, had even suspended judgment about whether they were believers (holders of iman or faith) in the first place. A well-known figure of the early Murji'a was [[Muharib b. Dithar]], a teacher of Abu Hanifa. | ||
Abu Hanifa's position about this problem was expressed in his ''Mujmal al-fiqh al-akbar'' where he said: "we leave the judgment about 'Uthman and 'Ali to God". It was quoted by [[Ibn Shahrashub]] as follows: “judgment about what happened between 'Ali and 'Uthman is left to God". | Abu Hanifa's position about this problem was expressed in his ''Mujmal al-fiqh al-akbar'' where he said: "we leave the judgment about 'Uthman and 'Ali to God". It was quoted by [[Ibn Shahrashub]] as follows: “judgment about what happened between 'Ali and 'Uthman is left to God". | ||
==='Ali's (a) being Right=== | ==='Ali's (a) being Right=== | ||
Abu Hanifa takes [[ | Abu Hanifa takes [[Ali (a)]] to be on the right side in all of his battles, taking his enemies to be "baghi" (transgressors). | ||
He takes [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] to be the right caliph and [[imam]] after 'Ali (a). | He takes [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] to be the right caliph and [[imam]] after 'Ali (a). | ||
==Abu Hanifa and | ==Abu Hanifa and Shi'a== | ||
There are many [[hadiths]] involving debates between Abu Hanifa and [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] or [[Imam al-Kazim (a)]], as well as some Imami scholars of Kufa, such as [[Mu'min al-Taq|Muhammad b. 'Ali Sahib al-Taq]], [[Faddal b. Hasan]], and [[Haytham b. Habib al-Sayrafi]]. The chains of transmitters of each of these hadiths have to be assessed with respect to their reliability. In these debates, various issues are discussed, such as imamate, [[Iman|faith]], and [[predestination]]. In some hadiths, Imam al-Sadiq (a) is cited as reproaching Abu Hanifa and sometimes taking him to be a person who does not love and respect 'Ali (a) so much. | There are many [[hadiths]] involving debates between Abu Hanifa and [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] or [[Imam al-Kazim (a)]], as well as some Imami scholars of Kufa, such as [[Mu'min al-Taq|Muhammad b. 'Ali Sahib al-Taq]], [[Faddal b. Hasan]], and [[Haytham b. Habib al-Sayrafi]]. The chains of transmitters of each of these hadiths have to be assessed with respect to their reliability. In these debates, various issues are discussed, such as imamate, [[Iman|faith]], and [[predestination]]. In some hadiths, Imam al-Sadiq (a) is cited as reproaching Abu Hanifa and sometimes taking him to be a person who does not love and respect 'Ali (a) so much. | ||
| Line 141: | Line 141: | ||
In addition to the formulated Hanafi fiqh which is extant today, the only thing known about sources of his fiqh from old reports are some hadiths which are not very reliable. The most important and comprehensive such hadith is the one transmitted by [[Yahya b. Durays]] in which Abu Hanifa took the sources of his fiqh to be the following: | In addition to the formulated Hanafi fiqh which is extant today, the only thing known about sources of his fiqh from old reports are some hadiths which are not very reliable. The most important and comprehensive such hadith is the one transmitted by [[Yahya b. Durays]] in which Abu Hanifa took the sources of his fiqh to be the following: | ||
* The [[ | * The [[Qur'an]] | ||
* [[ | * The [[Prophet]]'s (s) tradition and reliable hadiths transmitted from him by [[thiqa|reliable]] transmitters. | ||
* Sayings of the [[Sahaba]] | * Sayings of the [[Sahaba]] | ||
| Line 156: | Line 156: | ||
During his lifetime, Abu Hanifa was criticized in debates with [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] and [[Imam al-Kazim (a)]] as well as with Imami scholars such as [[Muhammad b. 'Ali Sahib al-Taq]], [[Hurayz b. 'Abd Allah al-Sajistani]], and [[Hisham b. Hakam]] for his appeals to personal opinion, qiyas, and some of his views regarding certain rulings of fiqh. | During his lifetime, Abu Hanifa was criticized in debates with [[Imam al-Sadiq (a)]] and [[Imam al-Kazim (a)]] as well as with Imami scholars such as [[Muhammad b. 'Ali Sahib al-Taq]], [[Hurayz b. 'Abd Allah al-Sajistani]], and [[Hisham b. Hakam]] for his appeals to personal opinion, qiyas, and some of his views regarding certain rulings of fiqh. | ||
In [[ | In 4th/[[10th century]], [[Ibn Junayd al-Iskafi]] represented an approach in the [[Imami]] fiqh, which was very similar in its methods to Abu Hanifa's fiqh. Despite the dominant approach in the Imami fiqh, Ibn Junayd appealed to qiyas in fiqh. | ||
[[Al-Sharif al-Radi]] (d. [[406]]/1015), a scholar of [[Baghdad]], also had views in [[usul al-fiqh]] which were close to those of Ibn Junayd. He had learned some texts of the Hanafi fiqh from teachers. | [[Al-Sharif al-Radi]] (d. [[406]]/1015), a scholar of [[Baghdad]], also had views in [[usul al-fiqh]] which were close to those of Ibn Junayd. He had learned some texts of the Hanafi fiqh from teachers. | ||
| Line 166: | Line 166: | ||
==Abu Hanifa and Transmitted Sciences== | ==Abu Hanifa and Transmitted Sciences== | ||
===Recital of the Quran=== | ===Recital of the Quran=== | ||
Abu Hanifa learned the [['Ilm Qira'at|recital]] of the [[ | Abu Hanifa learned the [['Ilm Qira'at|recital]] of the [[Qur'an]] from prominent teachers such as [['Asim b. Abi l-Najud|'Asim]] (one of the [[Seven Reciters]]), [[Sulayman b. Mihran al-A'mash|al-A'mash]] (one of the Fourteen Reciters), and [[Ibn Abi Layla|'Abd al-Rahman b. Abi Layla]]. [[Hasan b. Ziyad al-Lu'lu'i]] transmitted his recital of the Quran. | ||
He had a recital of his own recorded by [[Abu l-Fadl Muhammad b. Ja'far al-Khuza'i]] (d. [[408]]/1017-8). It is cited by Hudhali in ''al-Kamil'' and al-Makki in ''Manaqib''. | He had a recital of his own recorded by [[Abu l-Fadl Muhammad b. Ja'far al-Khuza'i]] (d. [[408]]/1017-8). It is cited by Hudhali in ''al-Kamil'' and al-Makki in ''Manaqib''. | ||
===Hadiths=== | ===Hadiths=== | ||
Throughout the works by Abu Hanifa's students, such as ''al-Athar'' by Abu Yusuf and ''al-Athar'' by Muhammad b. Hasan al-Shaybani, there are hadiths transmitted by Abu Hanifa. This shows the significance of the transmission of [[ | Throughout the works by Abu Hanifa's students, such as ''al-Athar'' by Abu Yusuf and ''al-Athar'' by Muhammad b. Hasan al-Shaybani, there are hadiths transmitted by Abu Hanifa. This shows the significance of the transmission of [[hadith]]s for him. | ||
Abu Hanifa never collected his hadiths in a volume. This led some authors throughout centuries to collect several works under ''Musnad Abi Hanifa'' in which hadiths transmitted by Abu Hanifa here and there are collected in a volume. | Abu Hanifa never collected his hadiths in a volume. This led some authors throughout centuries to collect several works under ''Musnad Abi Hanifa'' in which hadiths transmitted by Abu Hanifa here and there are collected in a volume. | ||
| Line 180: | Line 180: | ||
{{cb|3}} | {{cb|3}} | ||
* Hammad b. Abi Hanifa | * Hammad b. Abi Hanifa | ||
* | * Zufar b. Hudhail | ||
* 'Ibad b. Awam | * 'Ibad b. 'Awam | ||
* 'Abd Allah b. Mubarak | * 'Abd Allah b. Mubarak | ||
* Hashim b. Bashir | * Hashim b. Bashir | ||
| Line 197: | Line 197: | ||
Scholars of [[rijal]] (biography of the transmitters of hadiths) reproached him in different ways because he was their intellectual adversary. They, nevertheless, admitted that he was a truthful person. | Scholars of [[rijal]] (biography of the transmitters of hadiths) reproached him in different ways because he was their intellectual adversary. They, nevertheless, admitted that he was a truthful person. | ||
The only hadith cited in [[al-Sihah al-Sitta]] from Abu Hanifa is one concerning [[hudud]] (punishments) in [[al-Nasa'i]]'s ''[[al-Sunan al-Kubra]]''. [[ | The only hadith cited in [[al-Sihah al-Sitta]] from Abu Hanifa is one concerning [[hudud]] (punishments) in [[al-Nasa'i]]'s ''[[al-Sunan al-Kubra]]''. [[al-Tirmidhi]] has cited a biographical remark by Abu Hanifa about [[Jabir b. Yazid al-Ju'fi]] and [['Ata' b. Abi Ribah]] in his [[Sunan al-Tirmidhi|al-Sunan]], and in several parts of the book, he referred to Abu Hanifa's views in fiqh. | ||
A number of hadiths transmitted by Abu Hanifa are cited in 3 of the [[Four Books]] of [[Imamiyya]]. There are some of his hadiths in other Shiite collections of hadiths as well. | A number of hadiths transmitted by Abu Hanifa are cited in 3 of the [[Four Books]] of [[Imamiyya]]. There are some of his hadiths in other Shiite collections of hadiths as well. | ||
== | ==Works== | ||
{{cb|2}} | {{cb|2}} | ||
* ''Al-'Alim wa l-Muti'allim'' | * ''Al-'Alim wa l-Muti'allim'' | ||