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{{Infobox person | |||
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| Full Name = | |||
| Kunya = Abu l-Walid | |||
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| Lineage = Banu Umayya | |||
| Wellknown Relatives = [[Marwan b. al-Hakam]] (father) | |||
| Birth = [[26]]/646 | |||
| Place of Birth = [[Medina]] | |||
| Places of Residence = Medina, [[Damascus]] | |||
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| Death/Martyrdom = [[86]]/705 | |||
| Cause of Death/Martyrdom = | |||
| Burial Place = Damascus | |||
| Era = Umayyad dynasty | |||
| Known for = The fifth Umayyad caliph | |||
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'''ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān''' (Arabic:{{ia|عبدالملک بن مروان}}) (b. [[26]]/646 - [[86]]/705) was the fifth [[Umayyad]] [[caliph]] who came to power in 65/685, after the death of his father, [[Marwan b. al-Hakam]]; he ruled for 21 years. In that time Muslims were suffering from a lot of internal issues, also Rome was a constant threat to Muslims. As 'Abd al-Malik was a capable ruler, he managed to overcome the issues and he suppressed the oppositions by force, tricks and violence. [[Ka'ba]] was partly destroyed in that time due to local conflicts. He appointed [[Hajjaj b. Yusuf al-Thaqafi]] as the governor of [[Kufa]] who put [[Shi'as]] under severe pressure. [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] was living in the time of 'Abd al-Malik's [[caliphate]]. Imam (a) suggested him to mint coins which became the first currency for Muslims. 'Abd al-Malik passed away at the age of 60 or 61, he is buried in [[Damascus]]. | |||
==Birth and Lineage== | ==Birth and Lineage== | ||
Abu | Abu l-Walid 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwan b. Hakam b. Abi al-Waqqas b. Umayya b. 'Abd al-Shams, the fifth Umayyad caliph was born in [[26]]/646 in [[Medina]], [[Hijaz]]. [[Marwan b. al-Hakam]], his father, was an Umayyad caliph and 'Aisha, his mother, was the daughter of [[Mu'awiya b. Mughira b. Abi l-'As]]. 'Abd al-Malik had 17 sons; four of them, Walid, Sulayman, Yazid and Hisham, later became caliph as well. | ||
==Characteristics== | ==Characteristics== | ||
'Abd al-Malik memorized the [[Holy Quran]] and he was interested in religious teachings before he become the caliph. He had discussions and a close relationship with [[hadith]] scholars and [[faqihs]] in [[Medina]]. He was regarded as a vitreous and religious man among people. 'Abd al-Malik was also called " | 'Abd al-Malik memorized the [[Holy Quran]] and he was interested in religious teachings before he become the caliph. He had discussions and a close relationship with [[hadith]] scholars and [[faqihs]] in [[Medina]]. He was regarded as a vitreous and religious man among people. 'Abd al-Malik was also called "Hamama al-Masjid" (the pigeon of mosque). However, when he came to power, he refused to obey Islamic and ethical values. It is said, he was reciting the Quran when he was told that he became the caliph. Then he left immediately and said: "Now you (Quran) and I are departed and it will be the last time I see you." | ||
'Abd al-Malik was a stingy and violent man, he was not afraid to kill his oppositions. His close supporters and representatives were treating just like him including: [[Hajjaj b. Yusuf al-Thaqafi]] (his agent in [[Iraq]]), Al-Muhallab b. Abi Sufra (his agent in [[Khorasan]]), Hisham b. Isma'il (his agent in [[Medina]]), his son 'Abd Allah b. 'Abd al-Malik in [[Egypt]], Muhammad b. Yusuf al-Thaqafi (Hajjaj's brother in [[Yemen]]) and Muhammad b. Marwan in Al-Jazira. | 'Abd al-Malik was a stingy and violent man, he was not afraid to kill his oppositions. His close supporters and representatives were treating just like him including: [[Hajjaj b. Yusuf al-Thaqafi]] (his agent in [[Iraq]]), Al-Muhallab b. Abi Sufra (his agent in [[Khorasan]]), Hisham b. Isma'il (his agent in [[Medina]]), his son 'Abd Allah b. 'Abd al-Malik in [[Egypt]], Muhammad b. Yusuf al-Thaqafi (Hajjaj's brother in [[Yemen]]) and Muhammad b. Marwan in Al-Jazira. | ||
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==Rule== | ==Rule== | ||
When [[Marwan b. al-Hakam]] set out for [[Egypt]] in 65 | When [[Marwan b. al-Hakam]] set out for [[Egypt]] in 65/685 to suppress the riots, he appointed 'Abd al-Malik to be a caliph. Marwan passed away in [[Ramadan]] it that year, and people of [[Damascus]] took oath of allegiance to 'Abd al-Malik. When he came to power, Muslims' territory was in chaos and Umayyad dynasty was in decline. | ||
==Dealing with Internal and External Threats== | ==Dealing with Internal and External Threats== | ||
In 65 | In 65/685 'Abd al-Malik faced different internal and external threats: | ||
=== | ===Syria=== | ||
'Abd al-Malik faced two groups of oppositions in [[ | 'Abd al-Malik faced two groups of oppositions in [[Syria]] (Levant): | ||
# A number of governors in Syria were supporting [[Ibn Zubayr]] such as Zufar b. al-Harith al-Kilabi in Al-Qarqisiya and Natil b. Qays al-Judami in [[Palestine]]; both were suppressed by 'Abd al-Malik. | |||
# A group of [[Banu Umayyad]] who disagreed with [[caliphate]] of 'Abd al-Malik and considered themselves worthy of caliphate. 'Amr b. Sa'id b. al-'As known as [['Amr b. Sa'id b. al-Ashdaq]] was the most important one, who was promised to be appointed as the Crown Prince by 'Abd all-Malik and then he was killed after a while. | |||
'Abd al-Malik also managed to suppress the movement of Mardaites with similar strategy. | 'Abd al-Malik also managed to suppress the movement of Mardaites with similar strategy. | ||
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'Abd al-Malik was forced to pay tax to Romans so that he would not fear any attacks from them. | 'Abd al-Malik was forced to pay tax to Romans so that he would not fear any attacks from them. | ||
===Shi' | ===Shi'a Uprisings in Iraq=== | ||
After the martyrdom of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]], the [[ | After the martyrdom of [[Imam al-Husayn (a)]], the [[Tawwabun Uprising|Uprising of Tawwābūn]] and the [[Uprising of al-Mukhtar|Uprising of Mukhtar al-Thaqafi]] took place in [[Iraq]]. The rise of Tawwābūn was defeated by [['Ubay Allah b. Ziyad]] in the time of [[Marwan b. al-Hakam]], but [[Mukhtar al-Thaqafi]] was suppressed in the time of 'Abd al-Malik. However, 'Abd al-Malik himself did not act directly but he let [[Banu Zubayr]] do the job. Banu Zubayr were fighting against both Mukhtar al-Thaqafi and Umayyads. | ||
===Banu Zubayr=== | ===Banu Zubayr=== | ||
Banu Zubayr became influential in different Islamic territories. [[Iraq]] was ruled by [[Mus'ab b. Zubayr]] and [[Hijaz]] was ruled by [['Abd Allah b. Zubayr]]. Before 'Abd al-Malik take any military action against Banu Zubayr he applied other strategies: | Banu Zubayr became influential in different Islamic territories. [[Iraq]] was ruled by [[Mus'ab b. Zubayr]] and [[Hijaz]] was ruled by [['Abd Allah b. Zubayr]]. Before 'Abd al-Malik take any military action against Banu Zubayr he applied other strategies: | ||
'Abd al-Malik sent letters to commanders of Mus'ab b. Zubayr's army in Iraq and encouraged them to join him. As a result in the battle near the Tigris River in 72/691 'Abd al-Malik managed to defeat Mus'ab easier. Mus'ab was killed and his army was scattered over the place. Consequently Banu Zubayr were not able to stand against 'Abd al-Malik any more in [[Iraq]]. | * 'Abd al-Malik sent letters to commanders of Mus'ab b. Zubayr's army in Iraq and encouraged them to join him. As a result in the battle near the Tigris River in 72/691 'Abd al-Malik managed to defeat Mus'ab easier. Mus'ab was killed and his army was scattered over the place. Consequently Banu Zubayr were not able to stand against 'Abd al-Malik any more in [[Iraq]]. | ||
* 'Abd al-Malik also did not allow people of Syria to travel to [[Mecca]] to perform [[hajj]] rituals, as they were influenced by propaganda spread by Banu Zubayr. According to [[Al-Ya'qubi]]: "People complained about prohibition of performing hajj rituals, and 'Abd al-Malik replied, as Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri narrated from [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]], you should go on a pilgrimage on three mosques, [[Masjid al-Haram]], [[Masjid al-Nabawi]] and [[Masjid al-Aqsa]]. Today Masjid al-Aqsa is equally important as Masjid al-Haram. [[Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri]] also narrated: "The rock were Jews sacrificed on, is rock were Prophet Muhammad (s) ascended to [[heaven]] in the night of [[Mi'raj]]." 'Abd al-Malik also ordered to build a dome on that rock and they provided curtains on it and assigned servants for the place. They told people to perform hajj rituals there, which continued in Umayyad era. | |||
'Abd al-Malik also did not allow people of | |||
In addition, 'Abd al-Malik sent [[Hajjaj b. Yusuf al-Thaqafi]] to suppress [[Banu Zubayr]] and take control of [[Hijaz]]. Then Hajjaj set out for [[Ta'if]] with twelve thousand men to negotiate with [['Abd Allah b. Zubayr]], which led to failure as he disagreed with Hajjaj. Later, Hajjaj surrounded [[Mecca]] and he even damaged [[Ka'ba]] by throwing heavy rock by catapults. | In addition, 'Abd al-Malik sent [[Hajjaj b. Yusuf al-Thaqafi]] to suppress [[Banu Zubayr]] and take control of [[Hijaz]]. Then Hajjaj set out for [[Ta'if]] with twelve thousand men to negotiate with [['Abd Allah b. Zubayr]], which led to failure as he disagreed with Hajjaj. Later, Hajjaj surrounded [[Mecca]] and he even damaged [[Ka'ba]] by throwing heavy rock by catapults. | ||
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===Kharijites=== | ===Kharijites=== | ||
[[Kharijites]] were divided into different groups based on their perspectives on political action and faith. Azariqa, Sufriyya and Ibadiyya were the most notable ones. | [[Kharijites]] were divided into different groups based on their perspectives on political action and faith. [[Azariqa]], [[Sufriyya]] and [[Ibadiyya]] were the most notable ones. | ||
Azariqa, led by Nafi' b. Azraq used the weak condition of Umayyads and took control of [[Basra]] but people refused to take oath of allegiance to him. Then he moved to [[Ahvaz]] with his supporters and attacked a number of cities. Eventually he was killed in his attack to Basra in 65 | Azariqa, led by [[Nafi' b. Azraq]] used the weak condition of Umayyads and took control of [[Basra]] but people refused to take oath of allegiance to him. Then he moved to [[Ahvaz]] with his supporters and attacked a number of cities. Eventually he was killed in his attack to Basra in 65/685. | ||
Sufriyya Kharijites, led by Salih b. | Sufriyya Kharijites, led by [[Salih b. Masrah]] attacked [[Kufa]] from north of [[Mosul]]. After years of conflicts and battles they were defeated and suppressed by Hajjaj b. Yusuf al-Thaqafi. | ||
Najd b. 'Amir al-Hanafi also led a group of Kharijites, they moved to [[Bahrain]] and its neighboring regions in 65 | Najd b. 'Amir al-Hanafi also led a group of Kharijites, they moved to [[Bahrain]] and its neighboring regions in 65/685 where they started to attack [['Abd Allah b. Zubayr]] and 'Abd al-Malik. They were eventually surrounded and suppressed by 'Abd al-Malik. | ||
===Borderlines=== | ===Borderlines=== | ||
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==Conquering North of Africa== | ==Conquering North of Africa== | ||
In the early days of 'Abd al-Malik's caliphate, the king of Roma broke the peace treaty with Muslims and attacked Muslims' territory. 'Abd al-Malik realized the danger of Romans and decided to pay tax to them; he promised to pay a thousand Dinar every week. However, when 'Abd al-Malik managed to suppress internal disputes and uprisings, he launched an attack to Roman Empire and conquered large parts of their territories, as a result the peace treaty was violated. | In the early days of 'Abd al-Malik's [[caliphate]], the king of Roma broke the peace treaty with Muslims and attacked Muslims' territory. 'Abd al-Malik realized the danger of Romans and decided to pay tax to them; he promised to pay a thousand Dinar every week. However, when 'Abd al-Malik managed to suppress internal disputes and uprisings, he launched an attack to Roman Empire and conquered large parts of their territories, as a result the peace treaty was violated. | ||
Expanding Muslims territory in Africa became a political strategy in the time of 'Abd al-Malik's rule. In 65 | Expanding Muslims territory in Africa became a political strategy in the time of 'Abd al-Malik's rule. In 65/685 'Abd al-Malik sent an army led by Zuhayr b. Qays al-Balawi to Africa. Zuhayr managed to break the alliance between Berbers and Roman Emperor but he was killed in the battle against Romans. | ||
In 74 | In 74/693 'Abd al-Malik appointed Hasan b. al-Nu'man al-Ghassani as the governor of Muslims' territory in Africa. He conquered northern regions of Africa and defeated the Romans who took control of those regions. Ibn Nu'man recaptured Qartaj, today known as Carthage in [[Tunisia]] from Romans and Berber and expanded his territory up to Atlas Mountains. | ||
But Romans brought new enforcements and conquered Carthage again when Ibn Nu'man was not there. But [[Hasan b. Nu'man]] returned and defeated Brisance (Tiberius III) which accordingly all Romans left Africa except for Ceuta. | But Romans brought new enforcements and conquered Carthage again when Ibn Nu'man was not there. But [[Hasan b. Nu'man]] returned and defeated Brisance (Tiberius III) which accordingly all Romans left Africa except for Ceuta. | ||
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===Arabization of Courts=== | ===Arabization of Courts=== | ||
Administrations were managed by Mawalis and 'Ajams (non-Arabs), as a result the official language of administrations and organizations were non-Arabic; they were different based on their local region. In some places Iranians were using Persian language and in some regions Roman and Egyptian were using their own languages. | Administrations were managed by [[Mawalis]] and 'Ajams (non-Arabs), as a result the official language of administrations and organizations were non-Arabic; they were different based on their local region. In some places Iranians were using Persian language and in some regions Roman and Egyptian were using their own languages. | ||
As all Umayyad caliphs emphasized on Arabization and humiliation of other languages and races, 'Abd al-Malik made huge efforts to appoint Arab administrators so that non-Arabs were dismissed from administrations. In the first step, 'Abd al-Malik changed administrations system and then he Arabized them. Then he changed the currency of Muslim territory; these actions were called the movement of Arabization. | As all Umayyad caliphs emphasized on Arabization and humiliation of other languages and races, 'Abd al-Malik made huge efforts to appoint Arab administrators so that non-Arabs were dismissed from administrations. In the first step, 'Abd al-Malik changed administrations system and then he Arabized them. Then he changed the currency of Muslim territory; these actions were called the movement of Arabization. | ||
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===Mintage of Coin=== | ===Mintage of Coin=== | ||
'Abd al-Malik realized lack of independent currency in Islamic territory which was subsequent monetary system of other systems including Roman's; he considered it as a disadvantage. In addition, having different currencies plus Iranian and Roman currencies brought disorder in commercial trades. Therefore, he ordered to mint coins in 74 | 'Abd al-Malik realized lack of independent currency in Islamic territory which was subsequent monetary system of other systems including Roman's; he considered it as a disadvantage. In addition, having different currencies plus Iranian and Roman currencies brought disorder in commercial trades. Therefore, he ordered to mint coins in 74/693-4. Also Islamic Dirham and Dinar were minted since 84/703 which was the first independent currency in Islamic world. | ||
Before the caliphate of 'Abd al-Malik, Muslims used Romans and Sassanid coins for their commercial trades; commonly Roman's. It is said, 'Abd al-Malik was the first one who ordered to mint Islamic coins. As it is narrated, when 'Abd al-Malik wrote letters to Roman kings, he started the letters with the names of Allah and Prophet Muhammad (s) which was criticized by the Roman king, he wrote back to 'Abd Allah and warned him if he continues staring his letters with those names, he would order to mint coins with curse words on Prophet (s) on them. Imam al-Sajjad (a) suggested 'Abd al-Malik to mint Islamic coins, then he ordered to build mints in 84 | Before the caliphate of 'Abd al-Malik, Muslims used Romans and Sassanid coins for their commercial trades; commonly Roman's. It is said, 'Abd al-Malik was the first one who ordered to mint Islamic coins. As it is narrated, when 'Abd al-Malik wrote letters to Roman kings, he started the letters with the names of [[Allah]] and [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] which was criticized by the Roman king, he wrote back to 'Abd Allah and warned him if he continues staring his letters with those names, he would order to mint coins with curse words on Prophet (s) on them. [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] suggested 'Abd al-Malik to mint Islamic coins, then he ordered to build mints in 84/703 to coin Islamic Dirham and Dinar. According to ''[[A'yan al-Shi'a]]'' [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]] suggested 'Abd al-Malik to mint coins. | ||
==Treatment of Shi' | ==Treatment of Shi'as== | ||
In the time of revolution of Medina, people banished all the Banu Umayyad members, but [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] provided shelter for the wife of [[Marwan b. al-Hakam]], the daughter of [['Uthman b. 'Affan]], in his house and welcomed her as well. It made Marwan to have an optimistic attitude toward Imam al-Sajjad (a). He also consulted with Imam (a); mintage of coin was one of the suggestions introduced by Imam (a). However, later 'Abd al-Malik treated Imam al-Sajjad (a) differently. He ordered to imprison Imam (a) and bring him to the capital of his caliphate. | In the time of revolution of Medina, people banished all the Banu Umayyad members, but [[Imam al-Sajjad (a)]] provided shelter for the wife of [[Marwan b. al-Hakam]], the daughter of [['Uthman b. 'Affan]], in his house and welcomed her as well. It made Marwan to have an optimistic attitude toward Imam al-Sajjad (a). He also consulted with Imam (a); mintage of coin was one of the suggestions introduced by Imam (a). However, later 'Abd al-Malik treated Imam al-Sajjad (a) differently. He ordered to imprison Imam (a) and bring him to the capital of his caliphate. | ||
===Appointing Hajjaj al-Yusuf al-Thaqafi as the Governor of Iraq=== | ===Appointing Hajjaj al-Yusuf al-Thaqafi as the Governor of Iraq=== | ||
Appointing Hajjaj al-Yusuf as the governor of [[Iraq]] is regarded among the most important political and military actions 'Abd al-Malik taken; he was a fierce enemy of [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]]. Defeating Banu Zubayr and conquering [[Medina]] made Hajjaj a key person to 'Abd al-Malik. Consequently he was ruling over [[Hijaz]] and later took control over [[Iraq]] and [[Khorasan]] as well. He treated his oppositions and people severely and violently in Iraq which made him notoriously known in historical proverbs and stories. | Appointing [[Hajjaj al-Yusuf]] as the governor of [[Iraq]] is regarded among the most important political and military actions 'Abd al-Malik taken; he was a fierce enemy of [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]]. Defeating [[Banu Zubayr]] and conquering [[Medina]] made Hajjaj a key person to 'Abd al-Malik. Consequently he was ruling over [[Hijaz]] and later took control over [[Iraq]] and [[Khorasan]] as well. He treated his oppositions and people severely and violently in Iraq which made him notoriously known in historical proverbs and stories. | ||
Hajjaj b. Yusuf ruled over [[Kufa]], the capital of Shi' | Hajjaj b. Yusuf ruled over [[Kufa]], the capital of Shi'a revolutions, for almost twenty years and killed or imprisoned ten thousands of Shi'as. According to historical reports, When Hajjaj wanted to deliver a speech in mosque, he sat for a while and suddenly stood and said: "People of Iraq, By God I see heads like ripe fruits which are ready to be cut, and I will cut them; I see blood flouting from turbans and beards." He treated people of Iraq and Iran so harshly that the whole area went to silence and all the uprisings were severely punished and suppressed. | ||
===Crown Princeship=== | ===Crown Princeship=== | ||
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==Death== | ==Death== | ||
'Abd al-Malik b. Marwan eventually died in [[Damascus]] in [[Shawwal]] 86 | 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwan eventually died in [[Damascus]] in [[Shawwal]] 86/705 at the age of 60 or 65. He ruled for 21 years. | ||
==References== | |||
* The material for this article is mainly taken from [http://fa.wikishia.net/view/عبدالملک_بن_مروان عبدالملک بن مروان] in Farsi WikiShia. | |||