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Mu'tazila: Difference between revisions
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In the [[Buyid]] period, the relation between Shi'as and the Mu'tazila reached its peak. In this period, the rationalist approach of Shi'a scholars in Baghdad was very close to that of the Mu'tazila. Both Shi'a and Mu'tazili scholars were close to, and were supported by, the Buyid government. On the one hand, the Buyid rulers were Shi'a, and on the other hand, they were tolerant with respect to different religious approaches. When the Buyid dynasty took over the rule, the Mu'tazila, who used to be under strong pressure by the [[People of Hadith]] and [[Hanbalis]], found some liberty. Thus, they held big lectures and were given high-ranking positions in the government, e.g. as judges. In this period, many Shi'a and Mu'tazili scholars had attended each other's lectures. For example, [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] and [[al-Sayyid al-Murtada]] had Mu'tazili teachers as well. | In the [[Buyid]] period, the relation between Shi'as and the Mu'tazila reached its peak. In this period, the rationalist approach of Shi'a scholars in Baghdad was very close to that of the Mu'tazila. Both Shi'a and Mu'tazili scholars were close to, and were supported by, the Buyid government. On the one hand, the Buyid rulers were Shi'a, and on the other hand, they were tolerant with respect to different religious approaches. When the Buyid dynasty took over the rule, the Mu'tazila, who used to be under strong pressure by the [[People of Hadith]] and [[Hanbalis]], found some liberty. Thus, they held big lectures and were given high-ranking positions in the government, e.g. as judges. In this period, many Shi'a and Mu'tazili scholars had attended each other's lectures. For example, [[al-Shaykh al-Mufid]] and [[al-Sayyid al-Murtada]] had Mu'tazili teachers as well. | ||
According to historical evidence, some Mu'tazili scholars in this period had such strong Shi'a tendencies that they came to be known in historical sources as "Mu'tazili Shi'as". These people include scholars such as [[Abu l-Qasim al-Tanukhi]] (447/1055), Husayn b. Hasan al-Bandar al-Anmati, and Muhammad b. Washshah al-Zaynabi. One of the best-known such figures is [[Sahib b. 'Abbad]] (326/937-385/995) who is characterized as a symbol of unity between I'tizal and Shiism. On some accounts, he is considered to be a Shi'a or a Zaydi. There are poems attributed to him in the praise of Shi'a Imams (a). However, there is evidence to show that he was not an [[Imami]], such as al-Shaykh al-Mufid's book in which he rejected Sahib b. 'Abbad's beliefs concerning [[imamate]]. However, there is a tremendous disagreement over his being a Shi'a or a Mu'tazili in historical sources, which might show that his beliefs were close to both groups. Another well-known instance of scholars whose beliefs were close to both Shiism and I'tizal is the family of [[Nawbakhti]] and beliefs attributed to them. The Nawbakhtis were Shi'a scholars some of whose beliefs were so close to the Mu'tazila that they came to be criticized by al-Shaykh al-Mufid because of those beliefs. However, according to some recent scholarship, parts of Nawbakhti's beliefs which were close to those of the Mu'tazila had precedents in Shi'a beliefs too. Moreover, some of al-Shaykh al-Mufid's own beliefs are known to be close to those of the Mu'tazila. There are scholarships about al-Shaykh al-Mufid's being influenced by them, despite disagreements between them. | According to historical evidence, some Mu'tazili scholars in this period had such strong Shi'a tendencies that they came to be known in historical sources as "Mu'tazili Shi'as". These people include scholars such as [[Abu l-Qasim al-Tanukhi]] (447/1055-6), Husayn b. Hasan al-Bandar al-Anmati, and Muhammad b. Washshah al-Zaynabi. One of the best-known such figures is [[Sahib b. 'Abbad]] (326/937-385/995) who is characterized as a symbol of unity between I'tizal and Shiism. On some accounts, he is considered to be a Shi'a or a Zaydi. There are poems attributed to him in the praise of Shi'a Imams (a). However, there is evidence to show that he was not an [[Imami]], such as al-Shaykh al-Mufid's book in which he rejected Sahib b. 'Abbad's beliefs concerning [[imamate]]. However, there is a tremendous disagreement over his being a Shi'a or a Mu'tazili in historical sources, which might show that his beliefs were close to both groups. Another well-known instance of scholars whose beliefs were close to both Shiism and I'tizal is the family of [[Nawbakhti]] and beliefs attributed to them. The Nawbakhtis were Shi'a scholars some of whose beliefs were so close to the Mu'tazila that they came to be criticized by al-Shaykh al-Mufid because of those beliefs. However, according to some recent scholarship, parts of Nawbakhti's beliefs which were close to those of the Mu'tazila had precedents in Shi'a beliefs too. Moreover, some of al-Shaykh al-Mufid's own beliefs are known to be close to those of the Mu'tazila. There are scholarships about al-Shaykh al-Mufid's being influenced by them, despite disagreements between them. | ||
===Commonalities and Disagreements between Shi'as and the Mu'tazila in the Principles of the Beliefs=== | ===Commonalities and Disagreements between Shi'as and the Mu'tazila in the Principles of the Beliefs=== | ||