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Qatam bt. Shajna: Difference between revisions
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==Lineage== | ==Lineage== | ||
Qatam bt. Shajna b. 'Adi b. 'Amir b. 'Awf b. Tha'laba b. Sa'd b. Dhuhl b. Taym al-Rubab was a woman from [[Kufa]]. There is a disagreement about the name of her father. [[Al-Baladhuri]] referred to her father as 'Alqama in one case, and as Shajna in another. Other sources have referred to her father as Akhdar. Thus, Shajna was Qatam's grandfather, and not her father. | Qatam bt. Shajna b. 'Adi b. 'Amir b. 'Awf b. Tha'laba b. Sa'd b. Dhuhl b. Taym al-Rubab was a woman from [[Kufa]].<ref>Ibn al-Athīr, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 3, p. 616.</ref> There is a disagreement about the name of her father. [[Al-Baladhuri]] referred to her father as 'Alqama<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 2, p. 487; Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ''al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa'', vol. 1, p. 180.</ref> in one case, and as Shajna<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 11, p. 278.</ref> in another. Other sources have referred to her father as Akhdar<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', vol. 1, p. 18.</ref>.<ref>Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, ''Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn'', p. 46.</ref>. Thus, Shajna was Qatam's grandfather, and not her father. | ||
==Characteristics== | ==Characteristics== | ||
Qatam was famously a very beautiful woman such that when [[Ibn Muljam]] saw her, he forgot the reason why he had gone to Kufa. According to [[al-Bal'ami]], she was the most beautiful woman in Kufa at the time. [[Al-Mas'udi]] and [[Abu l-Faraj al-Isfahani]] have referred to her as the most beautiful woman of her time. According to some sources, Ibn Muljam was head over heels when he saw her. | Qatam was famously a very beautiful woman<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''al-Istīʿāb'', vol. 3, p. 1124.</ref> such that when [[Ibn Muljam]] saw her, he forgot the reason why he had gone to Kufa.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 5, p. 144; Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 7, p. 326.</ref> According to [[al-Bal'ami]], she was the most beautiful woman in Kufa at the time.<ref>Balʿamī, ''Tārīkhnāma-yi Ṭabarī'', vol. 4, p. 673.</ref> [[Al-Mas'udi]] and [[Abu l-Faraj al-Isfahani]] have referred to her as the most beautiful woman of her time.<ref>Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, ''Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn'', p. 46; Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 2, p. 411.</ref> According to some sources, Ibn Muljam was head over heels when he saw her.<ref>Ibn al-Athīr, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 3, p. 616.</ref> | ||
==Hostility to Imam 'Ali (a)== | ==Hostility to Imam 'Ali (a)== | ||
Qatam's hostility to [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] was because she was one of [[Khawarij]] who held that Imam 'Ali (a) was an unbeliever. Moreover, her father, Shajna b. 'Adi and her brother, Akhdar b. Shajna, were among the Khawarij who were killed in the [[Battle of Nahrawan]]. | Qatam's hostility to [[Imam 'Ali (a)]] was because she was one of [[Khawarij]]<ref>Ibn Khaldūn, ''Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn'', vol. 2, p. 381; Ibn Ḥazm al-Andulīsī, ''Jamharat ansāb al-ʿarab'', p. 200.</ref> who held that Imam 'Ali (a) was an unbeliever. Moreover, her father, Shajna b. 'Adi and her brother, Akhdar b. Shajna, were among the Khawarij who were killed in the [[Battle of Nahrawan]].<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 2, p. 491.</ref> | ||
==Meeting Ibn Muljam== | ==Meeting Ibn Muljam== | ||
[[Ibn Muljam]], who had entered Kufa to kill Imam 'Ali (a), met Qatam and proposed for marriage. Qatam said that she would marry him only if he killed Imam 'Ali (a). On another account, Ibn Muljam married her and spent three nights with her. According to other accounts, Ibn Muljam proposed to Qatam's daughter, Rubab, not Qatam herself. | [[Ibn Muljam]], who had entered Kufa to kill Imam 'Ali (a), met Qatam and proposed for marriage. Qatam said that she would marry him only if he killed Imam 'Ali (a). On another account, Ibn Muljam married her and spent three nights with her.<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 7, p. 326.</ref> According to other accounts, Ibn Muljam proposed to Qatam's daughter, Rubab, not Qatam herself.<ref>Ibn Aʿtham , ''Kitāb al-Futūḥ''. Translated by Mustawfī, p. 1041.</ref> | ||
[[Sayyid Ja'far Shahidi]] believes that the story of Qatam's contribution to the [[martyrdom]] of Imam 'Ali (a) was fictional because it involves many contradictions. He wrote: "it seems that the story of Qatam was fabricated and associated to the three people in order to make it more attractive". | [[Sayyid Ja'far Shahidi]] believes that the story of Qatam's contribution to the [[martyrdom]] of Imam 'Ali (a) was fictional because it involves many contradictions. He wrote: "it seems that the story of Qatam was fabricated and associated to the three people in order to make it more attractive".<ref>Shahīdī, ''Zindigānī-yi Amīr al-Muʾminīn ʿAlī (a)'', p. 164, 158-159.</ref>26 | ||
==The Role of Qatam in the Martyrdom of Imam 'Ali (a)== | ==The Role of Qatam in the Martyrdom of Imam 'Ali (a)== | ||
* Encouraging and motivating Ibn Muljam: she allegedly accused Ibn Muljam of being a coward to encourage him even more. | * Encouraging and motivating Ibn Muljam:<ref>Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, ''Farzandān-i Abū Ṭālib'', vol. 1, p. 36.</ref> she allegedly accused Ibn Muljam of being a coward to encourage him even more.<ref>Shūshtarī, ''Iḥqāq al-ḥaqq'', vol. 32, p. 631.</ref> | ||
* Conditioning her marriage with Ibn Muljam upon the murder of Imam 'Ali (a). | * Conditioning her marriage with Ibn Muljam upon the murder of Imam 'Ali (a).<ref>Ibn al-Athīr, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 3, p. 616.</ref> | ||
* Sending a person, called Wardan, to help Ibn Muljam with the plan to murder Imam 'Ali (a). Wardan b. Mujalid al-Taymi was Qatam's cousin. Wardan had repeatedly told Qatam that he would kill 'Ali (a) if someone helped him. Thus, Qatam introduced Ibn Muljam and Wardan to each other. | * Sending a person, called Wardan, to help Ibn Muljam with the plan to murder Imam 'Ali (a). Wardan b. Mujalid al-Taymi was Qatam's cousin. Wardan had repeatedly told Qatam that he would kill 'Ali (a) if someone helped him. Thus, Qatam introduced Ibn Muljam and Wardan to each other. | ||
==Murder== | ==Murder== | ||
According to [[Jurji Zaydan]], after the martyrdom of Imam 'Ali (a), Qatam fled to [[Egypt]], but she was imprisoned because she had not informed [['Amr b. 'As]] of the plan for his murder. She then escaped from the prison and departed to [[Damascus]], but she was killed and decapitated on her way. Part of her head was taken to Egypt. 'Amr b. 'As gave 1000 dinars to her murderer. | According to [[Jurji Zaydan]], after the martyrdom of Imam 'Ali (a), Qatam fled to [[Egypt]], but she was imprisoned because she had not informed [['Amr b. 'As]] of the plan for his murder.<ref>Jurjī Zaydān, ''Quṭām wa naqsh-i ū dar shahādat risāndan-i Ḥaḍrat-i ʿAlī (a)'', p. 289.</ref> She then escaped from the prison and departed to [[Damascus]], but she was killed and decapitated on her way.<ref>Jurjī Zaydān, ''Quṭām wa naqsh-i ū dar shahādat risāndan-i Ḥaḍrat-i ʿAlī (a)'', p. 302.</ref> Part of her head was taken to Egypt. 'Amr b. 'As gave 1000 dinars to her murderer.<ref>Jurjī Zaydān, ''Quṭām wa naqsh-i ū dar shahādat risāndan-i Ḥaḍrat-i ʿAlī (a)'', p. 310.</ref> | ||
==Qatam in Literary and Dramatic Works== | ==Qatam in Literary and Dramatic Works== | ||
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* Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn. ''Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn''. Edited by Sayyid Aḥmad al-Ṣaqar. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d]. | * Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn. ''Maqātil al-ṭālibīyyīn''. Edited by Sayyid Aḥmad al-Ṣaqar. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d]. | ||
* Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn. ''Farzandān-i Abū Ṭālib''. Translated to Farsi by Jawād Faḍil. Tehran: Kitābfurūshī-yi ʿAlī Akbar Aʿlamī, 1339 Sh. | * Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn. ''Farzandān-i Abū Ṭālib''. Translated to Farsi by Jawād Faḍil. Tehran: Kitābfurūshī-yi ʿAlī Akbar Aʿlamī, 1339 Sh. | ||
* Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. '' | * Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. ''Ansāb al-ashrāf''. Edited by Suhayl Zakār & Riyāḍ al-Ziriklī. 1st edition. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1417 AH. | ||
* Balʿamī, Abū ʿAlī. ''Tārīkhnāma-yi Ṭabarī''. [n.p]. [n.d]. | |||
* Dīnawarī, Aḥmad b. Dāwūd al-. ''Al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl''. Translated to Farsi by Aḥmad Mahdawī Dāmaghānī. 4th edition. Tehran: Nashr-i Ney, 1371 Sh. | * Dīnawarī, Aḥmad b. Dāwūd al-. ''Al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl''. Translated to Farsi by Aḥmad Mahdawī Dāmaghānī. 4th edition. Tehran: Nashr-i Ney, 1371 Sh. | ||
* Dīnawarī, Aḥmad b. Dāwūd al-. ''Al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Munʿim ʿĀmir and Jamāl al-Dīn Shiyāl. Qom: Manshūrāt al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, 1368 Sh. | * Dīnawarī, Aḥmad b. Dāwūd al-. ''Al-Akhbār al-ṭiwāl''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Munʿim ʿĀmir and Jamāl al-Dīn Shiyāl. Qom: Manshūrāt al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, 1368 Sh. | ||
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* Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, Aḥmad b. Aʿtham. ''Kitāb al-Futūḥ''. Translated to Farsi by Muḥammad b. Aḥmad Mustawfī. Edited by Ghulām Riḍā Ṭabāṭabāʾī Majd. Tehran: Intishārāt wa Āmūzish-i Inqilāb-i Islāmī, 1372 Sh. | * Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, Aḥmad b. Aʿtham. ''Kitāb al-Futūḥ''. Translated to Farsi by Muḥammad b. Aḥmad Mustawfī. Edited by Ghulām Riḍā Ṭabāṭabāʾī Majd. Tehran: Intishārāt wa Āmūzish-i Inqilāb-i Islāmī, 1372 Sh. | ||
* Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb''. Edited by ʿAlī Muḥammad al-Bajāwī. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1412 AH. | * Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb''. Edited by ʿAlī Muḥammad al-Bajāwī. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1412 AH. | ||
* Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd l-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad. ''Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn''. [n.p]. [n.d]. | |||
* Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1407 AH-1986. | * Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1407 AH-1986. | ||
* Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim . ''Al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa al-mʿrūf bi-tārīkh al-khulafāʾ''. 1st edition. Edited by ʿAlī Shīrī. Beirut: Dār al-Awḍāʾ. 1410 AH-1990. | * Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim . ''Al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa al-mʿrūf bi-tārīkh al-khulafāʾ''. 1st edition. Edited by ʿAlī Shīrī. Beirut: Dār al-Awḍāʾ. 1410 AH-1990. | ||
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