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Abu 'Ubayda al-Jarrah: Difference between revisions
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==Life== | ==Life== | ||
Abu 'Ubayda 'Amir b. 'Abd Allah b. al-Jarrah b. Hilal al-Qurashi al-Fahri" was from the Banu l-Harith clan of the [[Quraysh]] tribe (a poor family of Quraysh). He was | Abu 'Ubayda 'Amir b. 'Abd Allah b. al-Jarrah b. Hilal al-Qurashi al-Fahri" was from the Banu l-Harith clan of the [[Quraysh]] tribe (a poor family of Quraysh). He was known as Abu 'Ubayda al-Jarrah. He was born about 38 years before [[Hijra]] (584). In the [[Battle of Fijar]], his father, 'Abd Allah, was a warlord of the Quraysh and died before the [[Bi'that]]. Abu 'Ubayda's mother was also from the Quraysh who later converted to Islam. It is reported that Abu 'Ubayda, [[Arqam b. Abi Arqam]] and [['Uthman b. Maz'un]] went to [[the Prophet (s)]] and converted to Islam, but according to another account, he converted to Islam in its early years in the presence of [[Abu Bakr]]. He was one of the Muslims who [[Migration to Abyssinia|migrated]] to [[Abyssinia]]. | ||
==Migration to Medina== | ==Migration to Medina== | ||
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==Presence in the Battles== | ==Presence in the Battles== | ||
Abu 'Ubayda was present in the [[ghazwas]] (or battles) of the Prophet (s). According to a report, in the [[Battle of Badr]], he killed his father, [['Abd Allah b. Jarrah]] who was in the army of polytheists, and thus, a verse of the [[Qur'an]] was revealed about him. But given al-Waqidi's report that Abu 'Ubayda's father was not alive after the emergence of Islam, the story seems to be | Abu 'Ubayda was present in the [[ghazwas]] (or battles) of the Prophet (s). According to a report, in the [[Battle of Badr]], he killed his father, [['Abd Allah b. Jarrah]] who was in the army of polytheists, and thus, a verse of the [[Qur'an]] was revealed about him. But given al-Waqidi's report that Abu 'Ubayda's father was not alive after the emergence of Islam, the story seems to be fabricated. | ||
There is a report according to which, in the [[Battle of Uhud]], Abu 'Ubayda was one of the few people who did not leave the Prophet (s) when he was in difficulty. (Other sources, such as [[al-Dhahabi]]'s ''Tarikh al-Islam'' and Ibn Hisham's ''Sira'' did not mention him among those people, and other historical sources such as ''Tarikh al-Tabari'' and ''Tarikh al-Ya'qubi'' did not mention the name of those who stand with the Prophet (s).) Moreover, after the battle, two rings of the Prophet's (s) helmet pierced into his face; Abu 'Ubayda removed them with his teeth and as a result, two of his teeth fell out. | There is a report according to which, in the [[Battle of Uhud]], Abu 'Ubayda was one of the few people who did not leave the Prophet (s) when he was in difficulty. (Other sources, such as [[al-Dhahabi]]'s ''Tarikh al-Islam'' and Ibn Hisham's ''Sira'' did not mention him among those people, and other historical sources such as ''Tarikh al-Tabari'' and ''Tarikh al-Ya'qubi'' did not mention the name of those who stand with the Prophet (s).) Moreover, after the battle, two rings of the Prophet's (s) helmet pierced into his face; Abu 'Ubayda removed them with his teeth and as a result, two of his teeth fell out. | ||
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==In the Army of Usama== | ==In the Army of Usama== | ||
{{main|Jaysh Usama}} | {{main|Jaysh Usama}} | ||
Toward the end of his life, the Prophet (s) sent an army to the borders of [[Syria]] under the commandership of [[Usama b. Zayd]]. People such as [[Abu Bakr]], [['Umar b. al-Khattab]], and Abu 'Ubayda were present in this army. But because of the disobedience of some people, Usama camped near [[Medina]] until the Prophet's (s) demise. When he heard the news about the demise of the Prophet (s), he and his army returned to the city. The Prophet (s) cursed people who disobeyed Usama. | |||
== | ==His Role in the Caliphate of Abu Bakr== | ||
{{main|Incident of Saqifa}} | {{main|Incident of Saqifa}} | ||
After the demise of the Prophet (s), some heads of [[Ansar]] gathered in [[Saqifa Bani Sa'ida]] in order to select a [[caliph]] from among themselves. Their candidate was [[Sa'd b. 'Ubada]]. When [['Umar b. al-Khattab]] heard the news, he took [[Abu Bakr b. Abi Quhafa]] and Abu 'Ubayda to the Saqifa. After quarrels between [[Muhajirun]] and Ansar, Abu Bakr was finally selected as the caliph and people pledged their allegiance to him. | After the demise of the Prophet (s), some heads of [[Ansar]] gathered in [[Saqifa Bani Sa'ida]] in order to select a [[caliph]] from among themselves. Their candidate was [[Sa'd b. 'Ubada]]. When [['Umar b. al-Khattab]] heard the news, he took [[Abu Bakr b. Abi Quhafa]] and Abu 'Ubayda to the Saqifa. After quarrels between [[Muhajirun]] and Ansar, Abu Bakr was finally selected as the caliph and people pledged their allegiance to him. | ||
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'''Conquest of Syria''': reports about Abu 'Ubayda's participation and activities in conquests of Syria are very confused. This is because of contradictions in the reports of the conquest of [[Iran]] and Syria. According to al-Tabari's report from Ibn Ishaq, Abu 'Ubayda was appointed by Abu Bakr as the commander of one of the several armies. All of them invaded Syria. Although there are reports about the assignment of the commandership of the whole army to Abu 'Ubayda, it seems that at the beginning of the conquest of Syria, it was not feasible for Muslims to have a single commander in chief. | '''Conquest of Syria''': reports about Abu 'Ubayda's participation and activities in conquests of Syria are very confused. This is because of contradictions in the reports of the conquest of [[Iran]] and Syria. According to al-Tabari's report from Ibn Ishaq, Abu 'Ubayda was appointed by Abu Bakr as the commander of one of the several armies. All of them invaded Syria. Although there are reports about the assignment of the commandership of the whole army to Abu 'Ubayda, it seems that at the beginning of the conquest of Syria, it was not feasible for Muslims to have a single commander in chief. | ||
When [[Damascus]] was | When [[Damascus]] was brought under siege by Muslims, Abu Bakr died, and 'Umar, who did not have a favorable view about [[Khalid b. Walid]], immediately appointed Abu 'Ubayda as the commander of the Islamic army. | ||
According to al-Tabari's report from [[Sayf b. 'Umar]], Khalid hid the news of his removal from the army in order to prevent divisions and tensions. It is said that Abu 'Ubayda did not reveal the news of his appointment as the commander for a while. | According to al-Tabari's report from [[Sayf b. 'Umar]], Khalid hid the news of his removal from the army in order to prevent divisions and tensions. It is said that Abu 'Ubayda did not reveal the news of his appointment as the commander for a while. | ||
'''Conquest of Baalbek and Homs''': after a compromise with Damascus, Abu 'Ubayda went to Homs. He first made a compromise with people of Baalbek and then with people of Homs. But Lattakia was conquered after a hard battle. According to [[al-Baladhuri]], after the hard battle of Yarmouk, in [[Rajab]], 15 | '''Conquest of Baalbek and Homs''': after a compromise with Damascus, Abu 'Ubayda went to Homs. He first made a compromise with people of Baalbek and then with people of Homs. But Lattakia was conquered after a hard battle. According to [[al-Baladhuri]], after the hard battle of Yarmouk, in [[Rajab]], 15/August 636, Abu 'Ubayda conquered Qinnasrin and Antioch. He also supervised the conquests of other lands, such as [[Jordan]] and [[Palestine]], which were commanded by [['Amr b. 'As]]. | ||
It is said that Abu 'Ubayda was conquering [[Jerusalem]] (in 17/638), | It is said that while Abu 'Ubayda was busy conquering [[Jerusalem]] (in 17/638), people of the city decided to compromise and pay [[jizya]], provided that the caliph himself goes to Syria for the peace treaty. Abu 'Ubayda wrote a letter to 'Umar. 'Umar went to al-Jabiyah in Damascus and from there to Jerusalem to sign the peace treaty. | ||
==Death== | ==Death== | ||