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Al-Mughira b. Shu'ba: Difference between revisions
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==Lineage, Birth and Death== | ==Lineage, Birth and Death== | ||
Al-Mughira b. Shu'ba b. Abi 'Amir b. Mas'ud was a member of [[Thaqif tribe]]. Abu | Al-Mughira b. Shu'ba b. Abi 'Amir b. Mas'ud was a member of [[Thaqif tribe]]. Abu Isa or Abu Abd Allah was the [[teknonym]] of al-Mughira.<ref>Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, ''al-Iṣāba'', vol. 6, p. 156; Maqrizī, ''Imtāʿ al-asmāʿ'', vol. 6, p. 162.</ref> He was born in the 2nd or the 3rd year after [[Bi'that]]/612 or 613<ref>Diyār al-Bakrī, ''Tārīkh al-khamīs'', vol. 1, p. 293.</ref> and he passed away in [[Kufa]] in [[50]]/670.<ref>Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, ''al-Iṣāba'', vol. 6, p. 157; Maqrizī, ''Imtāʿ al-asmāʿ'', vol. 6, p. 162.</ref> Al-Mughira was described as a clever man.<ref>Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, ''al-Iṣāba'', vol. 6, p. 156.</ref> | ||
==In the Time of Prophet Muhammad (s)== | ==In the Time of Prophet Muhammad (s)== | ||
Al-Mughira converted to Islam in 5/626-7 and he was present in [[Hudaybiyya Peace Treaty]] and [[Pledge of al-Ridwan]]. In 9/630-31 when Thaqif tribe converted to Islam, Prophet Muhammad (s) ordered al-Mughira and [[Abu Sufyan]] to go to [[Ta'if]] and break al-Lat idol. | Al-Mughira converted to Islam in 5/626-7 and he was present in [[Hudaybiyya Peace Treaty]] and [[Pledge of al-Ridwan]].<ref>Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, ''al-Iṣāba'', vol. 6, p. 156; Maqrizī, ''Imtāʿ al-asmāʿ'', vol. 6, p. 162.</ref> In 9/630-31 when Thaqif tribe converted to Islam, Prophet Muhammad (s) ordered al-Mughira and [[Abu Sufyan]] to go to [[Ta'if]] and break al-Lat idol.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 3, p. 99.</ref> | ||
==After the Demise of Prophet Muhammad (s)== | ==After the Demise of Prophet Muhammad (s)== | ||
According to [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]], al-Mughira b. Shu'ba played a role in the attack to [[Lady Fatima]]'s (a) house in order to force [['Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] and his close [[ | According to [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid]], al-Mughira b. Shu'ba played a role in the attack to [[Lady Fatima]]'s (a) house in order to force [['Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] and his close [[Companions of Imam Ali (a)|companions]] to take oath of allegiance to the first caliph, [[Abu Bakr]].<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Jamal'', p. 117; Ṭabrisī, ''al-Iḥtijāj'', vol. 1, p. 83-84.</ref> Based on ''[[al-Ihtijaj]]'', [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] condemned al-Mughira and said: "You hit Lady Fatima (a) so harsh that she was injured and it led to miscarry ([[Muhsin b. Ali]])."<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''al-Iḥtijāj'', vol. 1, p. 278.</ref> | ||
==In the Time of Caliphs== | ==In the Time of Caliphs== | ||
Al-Mughira attended the battles in the time of the first and the second caliphs, [[Abu Bakr]] and [[ | Al-Mughira attended the battles in the time of the first and the second caliphs, [[Abu Bakr]] and [[Umar b. al-Khattab]], including the [[Battle of Yamama]] against the followers of [[Musaylama al-Kadhdhab]] and the [[Battle of Yarmuk]] against the Romans. He also fought in the battles of the conquest of [[Syria]] and [[Iraq]].<ref>Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, ''al-Iṣāba'', vol. 6, p. 156.</ref> | ||
Umar b. al-Khattab appointed him as the governor of [[Bahrain]], but people refused to accept him and complained to 'Umar. Then he was dismissed and appointed as the governor of [[Basra]]. When some people attested that al-Mughira had committed adultery, Umar removed him and appointed him as the governor of [[Kufa]].<ref>Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, ''al-Iṣāba'', vol. 6, p. 157; Maqrizī, ''Imtāʿ al-asmāʿ'', vol. 6, p. 162; Dhahabī, ''Tārīkh al-Islām'', vol. 4, p. 121.</ref> He is regarded amongst the first ones who called 'Umar b. al-Khattab, "Amir al-Mu'minin".<ref>Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, ''al-Iṣāba'', vol. 6, p. 157.</ref> According to sources, [[Abu Lu' Lu']] who killed 'Umar b. al-Khattab was the slave of al-Mughira.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 266.</ref> | |||
When [[ | When [[Uthman b. Affan]] came to power, he removed al-Mughira from Kufa after a year<ref>Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, ''al-Iṣāba'', vol. 6, p. 157; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 4, p. 244.</ref> and sent him to Armenia and [[Azerbaijan]] as the ruler of the region.<ref>Ibn Aʿtham, ''al-Futūḥ'', vol. 2, p. 346.</ref> | ||
In the time of [[ | In the time of [[Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]], Mughira did not take oath of allegiance to Imam (a) and he did not attend the battles as well.<ref>Dhahabī, ''Tārīkh al-Islām'', vol. 4, p. 121.</ref> After the [[Arbitration]] he took oath of allegiance to [[Mu'awiya]] and again he was appointed as the governor of Kufa where he lived for the rest of his life, until 50/670.<ref>Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, ''al-Iṣāba'', vol. 6, p. 157.</ref> In the time of the [[Peace Treaty of Imam al-Hasan (a)]] and Mu'awiya, he brought Mu'awiya's letter to [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]].<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 215.</ref> | ||
Based on historical sources, al-Mughira was amongst the first ones who proposed the succession of [[Yazid b. Mu'awiya]] which took place in 56/676 however as Mughira passed away in 50/670, it cannot be right. | Based on historical sources, al-Mughira was amongst the first ones who proposed the succession of [[Yazid b. Mu'awiya]]<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 5, p. 301-302.</ref> which took place in 56/676 however as Mughira passed away in 50/670, it cannot be right. | ||
==Opposition against | ==Opposition against Ali b. Abi Talib (a)== | ||
Al-Mughira is mentioned as an opponent of [[ | Al-Mughira is mentioned as an opponent of [[Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]];<ref>Thaqafī, ''al-Ghārāt'', vol. 2, p. 516.</ref> he also cursed Imam (a) When he was appointed as the governor of Kufa by Mu'awiya, he gave speeches in the [[Masjid al-Kufa]] in which he cursed Imam Ali (a) and [[Shi'a]] Muslims.<ref>Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, ''al-Aghānī'', vol. 17, p. 90; Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 8, p. 50.</ref> | ||
Once al-Mughira addressed [[Sa'sa'a b. Sawhan]], a companion of Imam Ali (a) and an orator, saying : "Avoid fault-finding with [['Uthman b. 'Affan|'Uthman]]. Avoid mentioning Ali's virtues. I know his virtues more than you. But the power is in the hands of this ruler [Mu'awiya] who will punish anyone who criticizes | Once al-Mughira addressed [[Sa'sa'a b. Sawhan]], a companion of Imam Ali (a) and an orator, saying : "Avoid fault-finding with [['Uthman b. 'Affan|'Uthman]]. Avoid mentioning Ali's virtues. I know his virtues more than you. But the power is in the hands of this ruler [Mu'awiya] who will punish anyone who criticizes Uthman."<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''al-Kāmil'', vol. 3, p. 429.</ref> | ||
==Notes== | |||
{{Notes}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{references}} | {{references}} | ||
* | *Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn. ''Al-Aghānī''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1415 AH. | ||
*Dhahabī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-. ''Tārīkh al-Islām''. Second edition. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1409 AH. | |||
*Diyār al-Bakrī, Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad. ''Tārīkh al-khamīs fī aḥwāl anfus al-nafīs''. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, [n.d]. | |||
*Ibn Aʿtham al-Kūfī, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī. ''Al-Futūḥ''. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, 1411 AH. | |||
*Ibn Athīr, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad. ''Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh''. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, 1385 AH. | |||
*Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Al-Iṣāba fī tamyīz al-ṣaḥāba''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1415 AH. | |||
*Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, [n.d]. | |||
*Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad b. Manīʿ al-Baṣrī. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā''. Second edition. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1418 AH. | |||
*Maqrizī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī al-. ''Imtāʿ al-asmāʿ bi-mā li-l-nabīyy min al-aḥwāl wa l-amwāl wa l-ḥafdat wa l-matāʿ''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1420 AH. | |||
*Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad. ''Al-Jamal''. Qom: Kungira-yi Shaykh al-Mufīd, 1413 AH. | |||
*Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk''. Second edition. Beirut: Dār al-Turāth, 1378 AH. | |||
*Ṭabrisī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī al-. ''Al-Iḥtijāj ʿalā ahl al-lijāj''. Mashhad: Nashr-i Murtaḍā, 1403 AH. | |||
*Thaqafī, Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad al-. ''Al-Ghārāt''. Qom: Dār al-Kitāb, 1410 AH. | |||
*Yaʿqūbī, Muḥammad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī''. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, [n.d]. | |||
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