Change of the Qibla: Difference between revisions

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 * When the Prophet (s) migrated to Medina, the Jews took his direction toward Bayt al-Maqdis to be evidence of a defect in [[Islam]] and the truth of their own religion ([[Q 2]]:146; [[Q 6]]:20)<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān'', vol. 1, p. 420; Zamakhsharī, ''Al-Kashshāf'', vol. 1, p. 203.</ref>. According to some hadiths, Jews in Medina claimed that Muslims had no qiblas of their own, and they had instructed the Muslims to turn toward Bayt al-Maqdis.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Jāmiʿ al-bayān'', vol. 1, p. 400.</ref>
-* The redirection of the qiblas was a test for true Muslims, because the true followers of divine commands accepted the redirection without any questionings or reluctance, but those who were not true pure believers, started to ask questions, just like the Jews, and found it extremely difficult to comply with this order.
+* The redirection of the qiblas was a test for true Muslims,<ref>Zamakhsharī, ''Al-Kashshāf'', vol. 1, p. 200.</ref> because the true followers of divine commands accepted the redirection without any questionings or reluctance, but those who were not true pure believers, started to ask questions, just like the Jews, and found it extremely difficult to comply with this order.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Jāmiʿ al-bayān'', vol. 2, p. 8.</ref>
 ==Reactions and Consequences==
 The redirection of the qibla was followed by some reactions and consequences.
-A number of Muslims were worried about the loss of divine rewards for their past prayers or the prayers of their deceased predecessors. The Prophet (s) recited verse 143 of Sura al-Baqara (chapter 2) in response to them: "and Allah was not going to make your faith to be fruitless; most surely Allah is Affectionate, Merciful to the people".{{enote|{{ia|وَمَا جَعَلْنَا الْقِبْلَةَ الَّتِي كُنتَ عَلَيْهَا إِلَّا لِنَعْلَمَ مَن يَتَّبِعُ الرَّسُولَ مِمَّن يَنقَلِبُ عَلَىٰ عَقِبَيْهِ ۚ وَإِن كَانَتْ لَكَبِيرَةً إِلَّا عَلَى الَّذِينَ هَدَى اللَّـهُ ۗ وَمَا كَانَ اللَّـهُ لِيُضِيعَ إِيمَانَكُمْ ۚ إِنَّ اللَّـهَ بِالنَّاسِ لَرَءُوفٌ رَّحِيمٌ ([[Q 2]]:143)}}}}
+* A number of Muslims were worried about the loss of divine rewards for their past prayers or the prayers of their deceased predecessors.<ref>Maqātil b. Sulaymān,''Tafsīr Maqātil ibn Sulaymān'' vol. 1, p. 146. </ref> The Prophet (s) recited verse 143 of Sura al-Baqara (chapter 2) in response to them: "and Allah was not going to make your faith to be fruitless; most surely Allah is Affectionate, Merciful to the people".{{enote|{{ia|وَمَا جَعَلْنَا الْقِبْلَةَ الَّتِي كُنتَ عَلَيْهَا إِلَّا لِنَعْلَمَ مَن يَتَّبِعُ الرَّسُولَ مِمَّن يَنقَلِبُ عَلَىٰ عَقِبَيْهِ ۚ وَإِن كَانَتْ لَكَبِيرَةً إِلَّا عَلَى الَّذِينَ هَدَى اللَّـهُ ۗ وَمَا كَانَ اللَّـهُ لِيُضِيعَ إِيمَانَكُمْ ۚ إِنَّ اللَّـهَ بِالنَّاسِ لَرَءُوفٌ رَّحِيمٌ ([[Q 2]]:143)}}}}<ref>Bayhaqī, ''Dalāʾil al-Nubuwwa'', vol. 2, p. 575; Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān'', vol. 1, p. 417. </ref>
-Thus, biased polytheists and enemies of Islam could no longer reproach Muslims because of their turning toward Bayt al-Maqdis. Many other people of [[Hijaz]] who particularly loved the Ka'ba became more sympathetic to Islam. This is referred to in the Qur'an: "And whencesoever you may go out, turn your face towards the Holy Mosque, and wherever you may be, turn your faces towards it, so that the people may have no allegation against you, neither those of them who are wrongdoers."
+* Thus, biased polytheists and enemies of Islam could no longer reproach Muslims because of their turning toward Bayt al-Maqdis. Many other people of [[Hijaz]] who particularly loved the Ka'ba became more sympathetic to Islam. This is referred to in the Qur'an: "And whencesoever you may go out, turn your face towards the Holy Mosque, and wherever you may be, turn your faces towards it, so that the people may have no allegation against you, neither those of them who are wrongdoers."<ref>Qurʾān 2: 150.</ref>
-Jews of Hijaz were dissatisfied by the redirection of the qibla and began to spread propaganda against Muslims.
+Jews of Hijaz were dissatisfied by the redirection of the qibla and began to spread propaganda against Muslims.<ref>Qurʾān 2: 142.</ref> <ref>See: Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 550; Ṣāliḥī, ''Subul al-hudā'', vol. 3, p. 541.</ref>
 ==Notes==
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 {{references}}
 * Qurʾān.
-* Sayyid al-Raḍī al-. ''Nahj al-balāgha''. Edited by Ṣubḥī Ṣāliḥ. Tehran: Dār al-Uswa, 1415AH.
 * Abu l-Futūḥ Rāzī, Husayn b.ʿAlī. ''Rawḍ al-jinān wa rawḥ al-janān''. Edited by Yāḥiqī & Nāṣiḥ. Mashhad: Āstān-i Quds-i Raḍawī, 1375Sh.
 * ʿAllama al-Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār al-jāmiʿa li-durar akhbār al-aʾimma al-aṭhār''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403AH.
@@ Line 96: / Line 95: @@
 * Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya''. Edited by Mustafā Saqqā & at all. Beirut:Dār al-Maʿrifa.
 * Ibn Kathīr al-Damishqī, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1407AH-1986.
-* Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd l-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad. ''Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn''. Edited by Khalīl Shaḥāda. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1391AH.
 * Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad b. Manīʿ al-Ḥāshimī al-Baṣrī. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā''. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭā. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya,1418AH.
-* Ibn Sayyid al-Nās. ''ʿUyūn al-athar fī funūn al-maghāzī wa al-shamāʾil wa al-sīyar''. Edited by Ibrāhīm Muḥammad Ramaḍān. Beirut: Dār al-Qalam, 1414AH.
+* Ibn Sayyid al-Nās, Abu l-Fatḥ. ''ʿUyūn al-athar fī funūn al-maghāzī wa al-shamāʾil wa al-sīyar''. Edited by Ibrāhīm Muḥammad Ramaḍān. Beirut: Dār al-Qalam, 1414AH.
 * Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfi''. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffāri. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1375Sh.
-* Maqātil b. Sulaymān. ''Tafsīr Maqātil Ibn Sulaymān''. Edited by ʿAbd Allah Maḥmud Shaḥāta. Beirut: Al-Tārīkh al-ʿArabī, 1423AH.
+* Maqātil b. Sulaymān. ''Tafsīr Maqātil ibn Sulaymān''. Edited by ʿAbd Allah Maḥmud Shaḥāta. Beirut: Al-Tārīkh al-ʿArabī, 1423AH.
 * Qāʾidān, Aṣghar. ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna munawwara''. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1386Sh.
 * Qummī, ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm al-. ''Tafsīr al-Qummī''. Edited by al-Jazāʾirī. Qom: Dār al-Kitāb, 1404AH.
-* Qurṭabī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-. ''Al-Jāmiʿ li-aḥkām al-Qurʾān''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1405AH.
+* Qurṭabī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-. ''Tafsīr al-Qurtubī''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1405AH.
 * Ṣāliḥī, Muḥammad b. Yūsuf al-. ''Subul al-hudā wa al-rashād''. Edited by ʿĀdil Aḥmad & ʿAlī Muḥammad. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1414AH.
 * Samhūdi, ʿAlī b. Aḥmad al-. ''Wafāʾ al-wafā bi-akhbār dār al-Muṣṭafā''. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 2006.
+* Sayyid al-Raḍī al-. ''Nahj al-balāgha''. Edited by Ṣubḥī Ṣāliḥ. Tehran: Dār al-Uswa, 1415AH.
 * Shaykh al-Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. Bābiwayh al-. ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh''. Edited by Ghaffārī. Qom: Nashr-i Islāmī, 1404AH.
 * Shaykh al-Ṭūsī, Muḥammad  b. Ḥasan al-. ''Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Edited by al-ʾĀmilī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī.