Children of Prophet Muhammad (s): Difference between revisions

Children of Prophet Muhammad (s) (view source)

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-As it is famously known [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] had four daughters and three sons. Six of them were from [[Khadija (a)]] and one was from [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]]. All of the Prophet's (s) children died during his life time except for [[Lady Fatima (a)]]. Prophet Muhammad's (s) lineage only continued by Lady Fatima (a).
+The '''children of Prophet Muhammad (s)''', as it is famously known, include the four daughters and three sons. Six of them were from [[Khadija (a)]] and one was from [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]]. All of the Prophet's (s) children died during his life time except for [[Lady Fatima (a)]]. Prophet Muhammad's (s) lineage only continued by Lady Fatima (a).
 According to a number of researchers, Lady Fatima (a) was the only daughter of Prophet Muhammad (s) while the others were his step-daughters.
 ==Mothers==
-Only [[Khadija (a)]] and [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] had children from [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]]. It is famously known that Khadija (a) had four daughters and two sons and Maria al-Qibtiyya had only one son.
+Only [[Khadija (a)]] and [[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] had children from [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]]. It is famously known that Khadija (a) had four daughters and two sons<ref>Maqrizī, ''Imtāʿ al-asmāʾ'', vol. 5, p. 334; Ṣadūq, ''al-Khiṣāl'', p. 404.</ref> and Maria al-Qibtiyya had only one son<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 1, p. 107; Ṣadūq, ''al-Khiṣāl'', p. 404.</ref>.
 ==Children==
-According to Historical sources [[Ibrahim son of the Prophet (s)|Ibrahim]], Maria's son, was the last child of the Prophet (s). But there were different reports on the ages of Khadija's (a) children. It is said they were born on one of these order:
+===Daughters===
+[[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] had four daughters whose mothers were Khadija (a)<ref>Ṣadūq, ''al-Khiṣāl'', p. 404; Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 190.</ref>:
+* '''[[Zaynab daughter of the Prophet (s)|Zaynab]]''' was the oldest daughter of the Prophet (s) who was born in 30 [['Am al-Fil]]<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb'', vol. 4, pp. 1839, 1853.</ref>, when the Prophet (s) was thirty years old<ref>Ibn al-Athīr al-Jazarī, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 6, p. 130.</ref>. She passed away in [[8]]/629<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb'', vol. 4, p. 1853.</ref> and she was buried in [[al-Baqi']] cemetery<ref>Madanī al-Barzanjī, ''Nazhat al-nāzirīn fī masjid sayyid al-awwalīn wa l-akharīn'', pp. 312-13.</ref>.
+* '''[[Ruqayya Daughter of the Prophet (s)|Ruqayya]]''' was present in the [[migration to Abyssinia]] and [[migration to Medina|Medina]]. She passed away in [[2]]/624<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb'', vol. 3, p. 1038.</ref> and she was buried in al-Baqi' cemetery{{citation needed}}.
-* Qasim, Zaynab, 'Abd Allah, Umm Kulthum, Fatima (a), and Ruqayya
+* '''[[Umm Kulthum Daughter of Prophet Muhammad (s)|Umm Kulthum]]''' passed away in  [[9]]/630 and she was buried in al-Baqi' cemetery. Some researchers including [[al-Sayyid Ja'far Murtada al-'Amili]] believe these daughters were cousins of Khadija (a) which were regarded as step-daughters of Prophet Muhammad (s).
-* Zaynab, Qasim, Umm Kulthum, Fatima (a), Ruqayya and 'Abd Allah
-* Qasim, Zaynab, Ruqayya, Fatima (a), Umm Kulthum, 'Abd Allah
-* Zaynab, Ruqayya, Umm Kulthum, Fatima (a)
-===Daughters===
+* '''[[Lady Fatima (a)]]''': It is said she was the youngest daughter of Prophet Muhammad (s). According to [[Shi'a]] sources, she was born five years after [[Bi'that]] and [[Sunni]] sources believe she was born five years before Bi'that. [[Lady Fatima (a)]] married [['Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] and she was one of the five members of [[Ashab al-Kisa']] (Companions of the Cloak). According to [[Twelver]] Shi'a, she is one of the [[Fourteen Infallibles]]. The [[Imam al-Hasan (a)|second]] and the [[Imam Al-Husayn (a)|third]] Twelver Imams (a) were children of Fatima (a) as well. A large number of Shi'a scholars believe the term [[al-Kawthar]] stated in [[Sura al-Kawthar]] in [[Holy Qur'an]] refers to Lady Fatima (a), as the Prophet's (s) lineage continued by Lady Fatima (a) and her children were chosen as Imams<ref>Makarim Shirazi, ''Tafsir-i nimuna'', vol. 27, p. 375; see: Tabatabai'i, ''al-Mizan'', vol. 20, p. 370.</ref>.
-[[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] had four daughters whose mothers were Khadija (a):
+[[Abu l-qasim al-Kufi]], shi'a scholar of 4th/10th century and, [[al-Sayyid Ja'far Murtada al-Amili]], shi'a scholar of 15th/21st century, believe that Zaynab, Ruqayya and Umm Kulthum were not children of the Prophet (s) and Khadija; but their adopted children<ref>ʿĀmilī, ''al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-nabīyy al-aʿẓam'', vol. 2, p. 218; ʿĀmilī, ''Banat al-nabi am raba'ib-uh?'', pp. 77-79; Kufi, ''al-Istighatha'', vol. 1, p. 68.</ref>. Al-Sayyid Ja'far Murtada al-Amili authored a work entitled ''Banat al-Nabi am raba'ibuh?'' (lit. daughters of the Prophet (s) or his adopted children?) in order to prove this issue<ref>See: Kufi, ''al-Istighatha''.</ref>.
-'''[[Zaynab daughter of the Prophet (s)|Zaynab]]''' was the oldest daughter of the Prophet (s) who was born in 30 [['Am al-Fil]], when the Prophet (s) was thirty years old. She passed away in [[8]]/629 and she was buried in [[al-Baqi']] cemetery.
+===Sons===
+The majority of sources stated that the Prophet (s) had three sons: [[Al-Qasim Son of the Prophet (s)|Qasim]], [[Abd Allah Son of the Prophet (s)|Abd Allah]], and [[Ibrahim Son of the Prophet (s)|Ibrahim]]<ref>Ṣadūq, ''al-Khiṣāl'', p. 404; Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 190; Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, ''al-Iṣāba'', vol. 3, pp. 445-46.</ref>. However, some sources stated that Tayyib and Tahir are two other sons of the Prophet (s); but other scholars has stated that Tayyib and Tahir were titles of Abd Allah. [[Al-Shaykh al-Saduq]], also, believe that Tahir is the same person as Abd Allah<ref>Ṣadūq, ''al-Khiṣāl'', p. 404.</ref>.
-'''[[Ruqayya Daughter of the Prophet (s)|Ruqayya]]''' was present in the [[migration to Abyssinia]] and [[migration to Medina|Medina]]. She passed away in [[2]]/624 and she was buried in al-Baqi' cemetery.
+All the three sons of the Prophet (s) passed away in their young ages<ref>Ibn Hisham, ''al-Sira al-nabawiyya'', vol. 1, p. 190; Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 1, pp. 106, 112.</ref>. After the demise of Abd Allah<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 1, pp. 138-39.</ref>, or as some sources stated after the demise of Qasim<ref>Ibn Isḥāq, ''al-Sīyar wa al-maghāzī'', p. 245.</ref>, [['As b. Wa'il]] called the Prophet (s) "Abtar" (a person without a progeny or offspring) as he had no sons, which led to Revelation of Sura al-Kawthar{{citation needed}}.
-'''[[Umm Kulthum Daughter of Prophet Muhammad (s)|Umm Kulthum]]''' passed away in  [[9]]/630 and she was buried in al-Baqi' cemetery. Some researchers including [[al-Sayyid Ja'far Murtada al-'Amili]] believe these daughters were cousins of Khadija (a) which were regarded as step-daughters of Prophet Muhammad (s).
+===Children in age order===
+According to Historical sources [[Ibrahim son of the Prophet (s)|Ibrahim]], Maria's son, was the last child of the Prophet (s). But there are different reports on the ages of Khadija's (a) children. It is said they were born on one of these order:
-'''[[Lady Fatima (a)]]''': It is said she was the youngest daughter of Prophet Muhammad (s). According to [[Shi'a]] sources, she was born five years after [[Bi'that]] and [[Sunni]] sources believe she was born five years before Bi'that. [[Lady Fatima (a)]] married [['Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] and she was one of the five members of [[Ashab al-Kisa']] (Companions of the Cloak). According to [[Twelver]] Shi'a, she is one of the [[Fourteen Infallibles]]. The [[Imam al-Hasan (a)|second]] and the [[Imam Al-Husayn (a)|third]] Twelver Imams (a) were children of Fatima (a) as well. A large number of Shi'a scholars believe the term [[al-Kawthar]] stated in [[Sura al-Kawthar]] in [[Holy Qur'an]] refers to Lady Fatima (a), as the Prophet's (s) lineage continued by Lady Fatima (a) and her children were chosen as Imams.
+* Qasim, Zaynab, Abd Allah, Fatima, Ruqayya<ref>Maqrizī, ''Imtāʿ al-asmāʾ'', vol. 5, p. 334.</ref>.
+* Zaynab, Qasim, Umm Kulthum, Fatima, Ruqayya, Abd Allah<ref>Maqrizī, ''Imtāʿ al-asmāʾ'', vol. 5, p. 334.</ref>.
+* Qasim, Zaynab, Ruqayya, Fatima, Umm Kulthum, Abd Allah<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 5, p. 334.</ref>.
+* Zaynab, Ruqayya, Umm Kulthum, Fatima<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 5, p. 334.</ref>.
-===Sons===
+Ibn Hisham has mentioned the name and age order of the choldren of the prophet (s) differently: Qasim, Tayyib, Tahir, Ruqayya, Zaynab, Umm Kulthum and Fatima<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 390.</ref>.
-The majority of sources stated that the Prophet (s) had three sons: Qasim, 'Abd Allah, and Ibrahim. However, some sources stated that Tayyib and Tahir which were titles of 'Abd Allah, were actually the names of other sons of Prophet Muhammad (s). It is clearly stated that it was only a mistake in some sources.
-All the three sons of the Prophet (s) passed away in their young ages. After the demise of 'Abd Allah, or as some sources stated after the demise of Qasim, [['As b. Wa'il]] called the Prophet (s) "Abtar" (a person without a progeny or offspring) as he had no sons, which led to Revelation of Sura al-Kawthar.
+==Notes==
+{{notes}}
 ==References==